苯巴比妥在癫(癎)儿童中的群体药动学研究

目的 通过临床数据研究儿童苯巴比妥的群体药动学。方法采集298例儿童癫痫患者服用苯巴比妥常规治疗的监测资料数据,利用CPKDP程序分析药动学参数，结合Ｂayesian反馈法及二步迭代估算儿童个体药动学参数。结果癫痫儿童苯巴比妥群体药动学主要参数Ke、Vd、CL在单用苯巴比妥组分别为0.351 h-1、0.452 L·kg-1和5.135 L·h-1·kg-1；其中性别、身高以及辅助用药、用药持续时间未见明显影响；儿童年龄、体重、合并丙戊酸（vaproic， VPA）、氯硝西泮（clonazepam ， CNP）、托吡酯（topiramate ，TPM）、苯妥因（phenytion ，PHT）、卡马西平（carbamazepine， CBZ）为影响苯巴比妥清除率的重要因素，其中VPA、CBZ和PHT均增加PB的清除率，而CNP、TPM则会降低其清除率。结论 根据癫痫儿童的群体药动学模型，结合患儿的年龄、体重、服药剂量以及合并药等资料，可估算其清除率，预测患儿体内的药物浓度，制定个体化给药方案。     

NONMEM法估算中国癫痫患者卡马西平的清除率

目的　考察中国癫痫患者卡马西平的群体药动学参数。方法　癫痫病例来自上海、北京两地 4所医院 ,采集服用卡马西平的 5 92例患者的稳态血药浓度 (n =70 3)。NONMEM程序估算分析时 ,采用一级吸收和消除的药动学模型并固定吸收速率、生物利用度和表观分布体积参数。结果　体重 (TBW )、剂量 (Dose)、合用丙戊酸钠 (VPA)且其日剂量大于 2 0mg·kg-1·d-1、苯妥英 (PHT)、苯巴比妥 (PB)和年龄大于 6 5岁的老年人 (ELDER)均为卡马西平清除率(CL)的影响因素。性别、合用氯硝西泮、妥吡酯不改变卡马西平的清除率。最终模型为 :CL(CL/F) (L/h) =1 32·Dose(g·kg-1·d-1) 0 42 1·TBW (kg) 0 .691·1 2 0 VPA·1 4 3PHT·1 14 PB·0 836 ELDER。讨论　根据中国癫痫患者的群体药动学模型 ,结合患者服用的剂量、体重和合并用药可估算其清除率 ,制定给药方案     

常用抗癫痫药物间的相互作用

苯巴比妥(Phenobabital,PB)、苯妥英钠(Pheny-tion,PHT)、卡马西平(Carbamazepine,CBZ)和丙戊酸钠(Valproate,VPA)目前仍是临床上常用的抗癫痛药物(AED),在临床治疗中当单一AED疗效欠佳时常常联合用药。本文就这4种AED之间的相互作用及作用机制作一简要概述。1 PB PHT 在抗癫痫治疗中,二者合用是传统的用药方法。二者均是药酶诱导剂,相互作用较复杂。冯春荣等报道,长期合用,大多数患者PHT达不到有效治疗浓度,停PB后PHT血浓度又逐渐上升,原因可能是PB加速了PHT代谢。沈鼎烈等报道3例,血清PHT游离浓度(FC)与总浓度(TC)比值,由单用时     

中药中抗癫痫化学药品的血药浓度检测分析

目的:分析服用市售中药治疗的抗癫痫药中常用化学药物血药浓度监测结果,探讨临床合理用药.方法:采用荧光偏振免疫分析方法测定仅服抗癫痫中药患者血中丙戊酸钠(VPA)、卡马西平(CBZ)、苯巴比妥(PB)、苯妥英钠(PHT)存在的种类及浓度.结果:40例患者中,血中测定含VPA 11例,浓度(14.0±17.4)mg·L;含CBZ 24例,浓度(1.4±1.8)mg·L-1;含PB 26例,浓度(10.1±8.7)mg·L-1;含PHT 35例,浓度(4.5±6.0)mg·L-1;所有患者血中均测出1～4种化学药品,其中90%患者测出2～4种化学药品.结论:许多市售中药中含不同成分和浓度的抗癫痫常用化学药物,给癫痫患者的合理治疗造成很大困难.     

一线抗癫癎药物血药浓度监测结果分析

目的:对一线抗癫癎药物血药浓度监测结果进行回顾性分析,指导临床合理用药。方法:对801例服用一线抗癫癎药物病人的血药浓度进行分类汇总,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果:各药在有效血药浓度范围内的病例百分率差异显著(P<0.01),分别为丙戊酸钠(VPA)75.2%、苯巴比妥(PB)67.3%、卡马西平(CBZ)53.1%、苯妥英钠(PHT)20.8%。VPA使用率最高,为60.5%,其血药浓度存在性别差异(P<0.01)。CBZ血药浓度存在年龄差异(P<0.01)。多药联用血药浓度升高的病例增加(P<0.01),以PHT/CBZ方案最为突出。CBZ/VPA、PB/VPA方案在控制率、安全性方面比较好。结论:血药浓度监测对癫癎治疗具有极其重要的临床意义。     

卡马西平在癫痫患儿中的群体药动学研究

目的:研究卡马西平(CBZ)在癫痫患儿中的群体药动学。方法:回顾性收集我院119例服用CBZ的门诊癫痫患儿的稳态血药浓度(n=122)。用非线性混合效应模型(NONMEM)法进行数据分析,定量考察年龄、性别、体重、日剂量和合用其他抗癫痫药对CBZ清除率的影响。采用一房室开放模型和一级吸收和消除的药动学模型,按照固定吸收速率常数文献值,最终求算CBZ的清除率。结果:最终拟合群体药动学模型为:CL=0.593·(体重/28.5)0.63·日剂量0.569。性别、合用丙戊酸钠不影响CBZ的清除率。结论:用NONMEM法估算CBZ的清除率和推荐剂量,可为临床制订个体化给药方案、提高疗效、降低药物的毒副作用提供依据。     

非线性混合效应模型法估算门诊癫痫患者丙戊酸的相对清除率

目的 :用非线性混合效应模型 (NONMEM)法估算门疹癫患者丙戊酸 (VPA)的相对清除率。方法 :5 6例门诊癫患者 po VPA达稳态 ,得到谷浓度数据 71点 ,用 FPIA法进行检测。采用 NONMEM法估算其清除率 (CL ) ,并定量考察体重、合并用药、VPA剂量对清除率的影响。结果 :按口服一房室开放模型得到 CL(L/ h)的最终回归方程为 :CL=(0 .0 0 896· WT 0 .0 919·L 0 .787· DCBZ)· (1 0 .2 96· m)。其中 WT为患者的体重 (kg) ;L 的值当体重小于 30 kg时为 1,其余为 0 ;DCBZ的值为卡马西平 (CBZ)按体表面积折算的日剂量 (g· m- 2 · d- 1 ) ;m的值当 VPA剂量大于 1.3g/ d时为 1,否则为 0。结论 :当VPA剂量 >1.3g/ d或合并使用 CBZ时 ,CL 增加 ,儿童 CL/ WT大于成人。     

群体药动学原理建立卡马西平和丙戊酸的定时定量给药模型及临床应用

目的:建立国人卡马西平和丙戊酸的群体药动学模型,并将其应用于临床,建立定时定量给药的癫痫临床药学服务模式。方法:筛选国内多中心卡马西平(carbamazepine,CBZ)和丙戊酸(valproic acid,VPA)的稳态谷浓度数据,建立适合神经内科癫痫患者个体化给药的群体药动学(population pharmacokinetics,PPK)模型,利用建模中心外数据评价所建模型的预测能力。结果:建立了CBZ的PPK最终模型: K_a(h^-1)=1.2, CL(CL/F)(L·h^-1)=0.074×TAMT_CBZ^0.41×WT^0.267×1.42(若合用苯妥因钠,否则为1)×1.18(若合用苯巴比妥,否则为1)×0.84(若年龄>65岁,否则为1),V(V/F)(L)=1.21×WT; VPA的PPK最终模型:K_a(h^-1)=1.9,CL(CL/F)(L·h^-1)=0.102×(WT/60)^0.696×TAMT_VPA^0.197×1.36(若合用CBZ,否则为1)×1.25(若合用苯妥英钠,否则为1)×1.11(若合用苯巴比妥,否则为1),V(V/F)(L)=0.14×WT;其中,K_a为吸收速率常数,CL为表观清除率,V为表观分布容积,F为生物利用度,TAMT_CBZ、TAMT_VPA为CBZ、VPA的日剂量(mg·d^-1),WT为体质量(kg)。经建模中心外数据验证,所建模型预测能力较强。建立的定时定量药学服务应用于临床后,取得了较好的临床疗效(案例略)。结论:新临床药学服务有助于医疗团队提高抗癫痫治疗质量。     

2554例癫痫患者血药质量浓度监测结果回顾性分析

目的了解癫痫患者药物使用情况,促进抗癫痫药物的临床合理使用,提高治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2000-2006年我院门诊或住院患者服用苯妥英钠(PHT)、苯巴比妥(PB)、丙戊酸(VPA)或卡马西平(CBZ)治疗的2554例癫痫患者血药质量浓度监测情况。结果4种抗癫痫药物中血药质量浓度在治疗窗内的百分率分别是卡马西平68.14%,苯巴比妥62.50%,丙戊酸48.91%,苯妥英钠23.01%。其中苯妥英钠血药质量浓度在治疗窗内的比例最低,且波动幅度大。结论抗癫痫药物的血药质量浓度监测对医生调整用药剂量、实现个体化给药有着重要的临床意义。     

卡马西平血浓度监测及苯妥英钠对其血浓度的影响

46例癫痫患者,30例单用卡马西平(CBZ)治疗,16例CBZ 合用苯妥英钠(PHT)、服药剂量与血药浓度呈正相关。CBZ 的血药浓度与抗癫痫作用之间存在着较大的个体差异,本组资料提示CBZ 血药浓度以6～12μg/ml 为宜。加用PHT0.2±0.1/d,CBZ 的血浓度显著下降。     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Susceptibility to erythromycin of anaerobes of the genera Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Sphaerophorus, Veillonella, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of erythromycin were determined by broth dilution tests for 313 anaerobic strains, most of which were clinical isolates. All the gram-positive anaerobes tested (84 Peptococcaceae, including 21 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and 15 Peptococcus variabilis; 65 Corynebacterium acnes and 29 Clostridium strains, including 13 C. perfringens) were sensitive (MIC values 0.012 through 3.12 microgram erythromycin/ml); so were 111 cultures of gram-negative anaerobes (52 Bacteroides fragilis, 12 B. thetaiotaomicron, 7 B. vulgatus, 13 B. oralis, 4 B. melaninogenicus, 10 Sphaerophorus necrophorus, 2 Veillonella sp., 11 members of other species). Erythromycin at concentrations of 6.25 through 200.0 microgram/ml was active against 24 strains (1 B. fragilis, 4 Fusobacterium fusiforme, 9 Sph. freundi, 10 Sph. varius). The present results are compared to the limited number of reports existing with regard to the susceptibility of anaerobes to erythromycin.     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

New antiretroviral drugs: a review of the efficacy,safety, pharmacokinetics,and resistance profile of tipranavir,darunavir, etravirine,rilpivirine, maraviroc,and raltegravir

Background: The introduction and approval of new antiretroviral agents in the US and Canada bring new opportunities and new challenges. Arguably, for the first time ever, clinicians have the drugs necessary to achieve the goal of suppressing HIV RNA to levels less than 50 copies/mL in even the most treatment-experienced patients and in those with extensive drug-limiting resistance mutations. However, the use of these new agents is complicated by many drug–drug interactions and – to some extent – pre-existing mutations. To derive maximum durability from the use of these newer drugs, a thorough understanding of their indications and limitations is critical. Objective: To thoroughly review the six most recently approved or soon-to-be-approved antiretroviral drugs in the US and Canada: tipranavir, darunavir, etravirine, rilpivirine, maraviroc, and raltegravir. Methods: Discussion of the indications for, and pharmacokinetics, resistance profile, activity, toxicity, and clinical trials results of, the six new agents. Results/conclusions: These six new agents have resulted in marked progress towards the goal of being able to provide HIV-infected individuals with the drugs necessary to achieve decades of durable suppression of HIV without substantial toxicity.     

Disposition of fluvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-COA reductase, in mouse, rat, dog, and monkey

The physiological disposition of fluvastatin, a potent inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and thus cholesterol synthesis, has been studied in the mouse, rat, dog, and monkey using 14C- or 3H-labeled drug. Oral doses of fluvastatin were absorbed at a moderate to rapid rate. The extent of absorption was dose-independent and was essentially complete in all four species studied. However, the drug was subject to extensive presystemic hepatic extraction followed by direct excretion via the bile, thus minimizing the systemic burden and yielding high liver/peripheral tissue concentration gradients for fluvastatin and its metabolites. Only at high doses far exceeding the intended human daily dose of ca 0.6 mg kg-1 did fluvastatin bioavailability approach unity, apparently due to saturation of the first-pass effect. Dose-normalized blood levels of fluvastatin and total radioactivity were higher in the dog than in the other species, suggesting a smaller distribution volume in the former. Fluvastatin was partially metabolized before excretion, the extent of metabolism being smallest in the dog and greatest in the mouse. The half-life of intact fluvastatin ranged from 1-2h in the monkey to 4-7h in the dog. Regardless of the dose or dose route, the administered radioactivity was recovered predominantly in feces, with the renal route accounting for less than 8 per cent of the dose. No tissue retention of radioactivity was observed, and material balance was essentially achieved within 96h after dosing.     

Strength of drug habits: For heroin,morphine, methadone,alcohol, barbiturates,pentobarbital, benzedrine,cocaine, and marijuana

The drug habits for 78 confirmed opiate addicts were studied on eight scales from the Process Association Test of Addiction (PATA) for many drug names. Through cluster analysis eight stages of addiction were defined: “to be clean”, “to learn about drugs”, “to hustle”, “to chip” (also “to be high”), to be psychologically dependent or “to need a shot”, “to be hooked”, “to kick a habit” and “to be in treatment”. Associations stimulated by the words heroin and morphine were very similar over the eight stages of addiction in opiate addicts. The subjects were especially inclined to associate morphine and heroin with the most severe level of addiction, “to be hooked”. Associations to both methadone and cocaine were elevated at the “hooked” stage, but in other respects associations to these drugs were opposite. Thus, associations to cocaine were focused on the stage of psychological dependence and the lower intermediate stage of addiction, “to chip” and “to be high”, whereas associations to methadone suggested a turning away from addiction as indicated by avoidance associations (“to come down” and “to kick a habit”) as well as associations to “treatment” and “to be clean”. Marijuana, Benzedrine, “goofball” (barbiturates) and alcohol habits were prominent at an intermediate stage of addiction (“to chip” and “to be high”). Avoidance associations were common for Benzedrine and “goofballs” (also pentobarbital) but not for marijuana or alcohol. “Hustling” associations were frequent for marijuana but not for alcohol.     

Simultaneous measurement of bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, meperidine, mepivacaine, and methadone

A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous measurement of bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, meperidine, mepivacaine, and methadone in serum is described. The drugs and the internal standard, prilocaine, are extracted from 1 ml of serum. The procedure involves a two-step extraction and injection of the extract into a gas chromatograph equipped with a 10-ft OV-11 glass column and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The temperature gradient program results in a run time of 16 min and retention times for meperidine, prilocaine (internal standard), lidocaine, etidocaine, mepivacaine, methadone, and bupivacaine of 3.8, 5.4, 6.0, 8.7, 11.0, 11.7, and 14.8 min, respectively. Standard curves for all drugs were linear over the 80 to 2,000-ng/ml range and recovery of all components averaged 97 +/- 2% with the lowest detection limit of 10 ng/ml for all drugs except meperidine and methadone, which were 20 ng/ml. The within-day coefficients of variation ranged from 12 to 8% at 500 ng/ml. The day-to-day coefficients of variation of the slope and intercept values ranged from 2 to 0% and 130 to 3%, respectively. Response factors of the nitrogen-specific collector varied with the drug analyzed and resulted in peak area variation at constant offset and attenuation of 30%. This method is intended and adequate for therapeutic monitoring of chronically treated pain patients who are being given various combinations of local anesthetic and/or narcotic agents.     

马蹄金中铁、钙、镁、铜、锌、锰、镍的形态分析

目的：研究马蹄金全草中微量元素的存在形态。方法：采用超声波提取。电感耦合等离子发射光谱法（ICP—AES）对马蹄金不同形态中Fe、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Ma、Ni等元素进行分析。结果：Fe元素在马蹄金中含量最高，而Cu元素含量最低；Ca的提取率最高，Fe的提取率最低；Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni6种元素的可溶态均大于悬浮态；且渣中的微量元素含量较高。结论：马蹄金中的微量元素是以无机态为主，多种形态共存的复杂体系。