超声心动图诊断原发性心脏肿瘤

目的：探讨原发性心脏肿瘤超声心动图(ECG)特征。方法：利用ECG检查42例心脏肿瘤。其中粘液瘤38例，恶性肉瘤2例，均经手术病理证实。横纹肌瘤2例，经随访证实。结果：ECG对38例粘液瘤，2例横纹肌瘤全部做出正确诊断。2例恶性肿瘤提示相应部位占位病变。粘液瘤多发生在左房，有明确的瘤蒂，肿瘤回声稀疏，活动度大。恶性肿瘤回声较强、无蒂，活动度小。横纹肌瘤多发生在室壁心肌内，呈结节状，与正常心肌间有明确的界限。结论：ECG对原发心脏肿瘤的诊断具有重要意义，可初步区分良、恶性肿瘤。     

Tumor disease and associated congenital abnormalities on prenatal MRI

Objective

Fetal tumors can have a devastating effect on the fetus, and may occur in association with congenital malformations. In view of the increasing role of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an adjunct to prenatal ultrasonography (US), we sought to demonstrate the visualization of fetal tumors, with regard to congenital abnormalities, on MRI.

Materials and methods

This retrospective study included 18 fetuses with tumors depicted on fetal MRI after suspicious US findings. An MRI standard protocol was used to diagnose tumors judged as benign or malignant. All organ systems were assessed for tumor-related complications and other congenital malformations. Available US results and histopathology were compared with MRI.

Results

There were 13/18 (72.2%) benign and 5/18 (27.8%) malignant tumors diagnosed: a cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumor in 1/18, head–neck teratomas in 4/18; ventricular rhabdomyomas in 4/18; a cardiac teratoma in 1/18; a hepatoblastoma in 1/18; neuroblastomas in 2/18; a cystic hemorrhagic adrenal hyperplasia in 1/18; a pelvic leiomyoma in 1/18; sacrococcygeal teratomas in 3/18. Tumor-related complications were present in 13/18 (72.2%) cases; other congenital abnormalities in 3/18 (16.7%). MRI diagnosis and histology were concordant in 8/11 (72.7%) cases. In 6/12 (50%) cases, US and MRI diagnoses were concordant, and, in 6/12 (50%) cases, additional MRI findings changed the US diagnosis.

Conclusion

Our MRI results demonstrate the visualization of fetal tumors, with frequently encountered tumor-related complications, and other exceptional congenital abnormalities, which may provide important information for perinatal management. Compared to prenatal US, MRI may add important findings in certain cases.     

Cross-sectional imaging work-up of adrenal masses

Advances in medical imaging with current cross-section modalities enable non-invasive characterization of adrenal lesions. Computed tomography (CT) provides characterization with its non-contrast and wash-out features. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is helpful in further characterization using chemical shift imaging (CSI) and MR spectroscopy. For differentiating between benign and malignant masses, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is useful with its qualitative analysis, as well as its ability to detect the presence of extra-adrenal metastases in cancer patients. The work-up for an indeterminate adrenal mass includes evaluation with a non-contrast CT. If a lesion is less than 10 Hounsfield Units on a non-contrast CT, it is a benign lipid-rich adenoma and no further work-up is required. For the indeterminate adrenal masses, a lipid-poor adenoma can be differentiated from a metastasis utilizing CT wash-out features. Also, MRI is beneficial with CSI and MR spectroscopy. If a mass remains indeterminate, PET imaging may be of use, in which benign lesions demonstrate low or no fluorodeoxyglucose activity. In the few cases in which adrenal lesions remain indeterminate, surgical sampling such as percutaneous biopsy can be performed.     

胃肠道间质瘤的CT和MRI诊断价值(附16例分析)

目的:评价CT和MRI诊断胃肠道间质瘤的价值。方法:回顾性分析经手术和病理证实的16例胃肠道间质瘤患者的资料。结果:16例肿瘤均为单发,位于胃部9例,空肠3例,回肠、食管、直肠及后腹膜各1例。良性2例,潜在恶性4例,恶性10例。CT和MRI表现:粘膜下富血供性肿块,肿瘤倾向于腔外生长,可有囊变、坏死、出血、钙化。增强后良性者强化均匀,边界清楚,恶性者强化不均匀,可有邻近结构侵犯。结论:CT和MRI对胃肠道间质瘤的定位和定性判断,以及鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

Hallazgos de imagen de las masas cardíacas (parte II): tumores malignos y lesiones pseudotumorales

Malignant heart tumors are less common than benign ones. They can be primary or secondary. Secondary or metastatic heart tumors are 20 to 40 times more common than primary malignant heart tumors, which have an estimated incidence of 0.05%. Non-neoplastic pseudotumors can present as cardiac masses, with imaging characteristics than can suggest the diagnosis of a tumor. The aim of this article is to describe and illustrate malignant heart tumors and pseudotumors, stressing the CT and MRI findings that make it possible to differentiate them from benign cardiac tumors.     

原发性心脏心包肿瘤的MRI诊断

目的；评价MRI在原发性心脏心包肿瘤诊断中的价值。资料与方法：回顾分析14例经手术病理或临床证实的原发性心脏心包肿瘤的MRI表现，并与ICG检查结果比较。结果：除1例右心房粘液瘤漏诊，1例定位错误外，其余定位和良恶性定性均正确，10例术前组织学定性正确，与MRI比较，UCG另有3例定位定性错误，结论：MRI对心腔内肿瘤不仅定位准确，还多可定性；对肌壁肿瘤的良，恶性区别也有重要价值。对心包肿瘤多因其好发部位与特殊信号诊断不难，MRI是诊断和评价原发性心脏心包肿瘤重要的影像检查方法。     

A case of inverted left atrial appendage mimicking a tumor

We report a rare case of an inverted left atrial appendage without prior cardiac surgery. A left atrial mass was incidentally found during routine echocardiography in a 19-year-old man with mitral valve prolapse. Echocardiography revealed a hyperechoic mass in the left atrium, and a neoplastic lesion could not be excluded. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), this mass consisted of fat tissue that showed continuation to epicardial fat, indicating an inverted left atrial appendage mimicking a tumor in the left atrium. When a mass in the left atrium is observed on echocardiography, there are several differential diagnoses, including thrombus, vegetation, and intra-atrial neoplasms such as myxomas. Recently, several studies reported cases with inverted left atrial appendages mimicking tumors in patients after cardiac operations. We present a case of inverted left atrial appendage without any prior cardiac surgery. Cardiac MRI was highly useful to obtain the final diagnosis of inverted left atrial appendage.     

气管原发良性肿瘤：CT／MRI评价

气管原发良性肿瘤极为罕见。本文报道５例经手术及病理证实的气管原发良性肿瘤（平滑肌瘤２例，乳头瘤、息肉和软骨瘤各１例），其中３例行ＣＴ扫描，２例行ＭＲＩ检查。ＣＴ／ＭＲＩ均显示肿瘤起自气管壁，向腔内突出的肿块边界清楚。４例肿瘤阻塞气管腔超过７５％以上。２例肿瘤与气管壁有广基底相连，３例基底较窄，其中１例肿瘤穿过气管壁向腔外生长。本文描述了气管原发良性肿瘤的ＣＴ／ＭＲＩ特点，讨论了气管原发良、恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断要点。我们认为，ＣＴ／ＭＲＩ在气管肿瘤的评价中具有重要作用。     

Imaging of inflammatory pseudotumors of the liver

PURPOSE: To describe the imaging features of inflammatory pseudotumors of the liver. INTRODUCTION: Inflammatory pseudotumors of the liver are rare benign lesions that may simulate malignancy on imaging studies. Diagnosis is most frequently confirmed after surgical resection of the lesion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study from 1998 to 2006 of histologically proven cases of inflammatory pseudotumors of the liver. A combination of the following imaging modalities were utilized: US, contrast enhanced US, helical CT and MRI. RESULTS: A total of seven lesions (mean diameter of 61.4 mm) were detected in 6 patients (mean age of 66 years). Clinical and laboratory results were non-specific. The following imaging studies were available: US in 5 cases, including one with contrast material, CT in 5 cases and MRI in 3 cases. All tumors were hypoechoic on US, with no enhancement after injection of Levovist. The tumors were generally hypodense on noncontrast CT and enhancement, when present, was delayed and moderate. On MRI, the tumors were iso- or slightly hyperintense on T2W images and iso- or slightly hypointense on T1W images with subtle peripheral enhancement on delayed imaging. CONCLUSION: The differential diagnosis of inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver should be known to radiologists and could be suggested in a clinical context of chronic inflammatory process in patients with non-specific liver mass showing imaging features of partial fibrosis with delayed enhancement.     

Post-biopsy MRI changes in the size and enhancement of intramuscular myxomas: A report of two cases

Intramuscular myxomas are benign soft-tissue tumors, characterized by bland spindle-shaped cells and fibroblasts within an abundant mucoid matrix on histologic examination. Classically, these are slowly enlarging masses which may occasionally cause pain, paresthesia, and muscle weakness secondary to mass effect. We present an interesting phenomenon of two histologically confirmed cases of intramuscular myxomas that exhibited size and enhancement changes on follow-up imaging after image-guided biopsy. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe size and enhancement changes of intramuscular myxomas after biopsy.     

腮腺肿瘤的CT及MRI诊断及鉴别诊断

目的：探讨腮腺肿瘤的CT及MRI表现,旨在提高对腮腺肿瘤的诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析经病理证实的90例腮腺肿瘤的CT及MRI的表现。结果：90例腮腺肿瘤中,良性肿瘤74例（82.2%）,恶性肿瘤16例（17.8%）。在CT/MRI上,良性肿瘤大部分表现为位于腮腺浅叶的圆形、椭圆形软组织肿块,边缘光整,密度/信号均匀;而恶性肿瘤,大部分位于腮腺深叶或跨叶,表现为不规则形软组织肿块,边缘不清,密度/信号不均匀,侵犯周围组织并伴淋巴结转移。结论：CT和MRI检查均能对腮腺肿瘤进行有效定位,并对诊断及鉴别诊断具有一定价值。     

腹盆腔孤立性纤维瘤的CT和MRI表现及征象分析

目的 分析腹盆腔孤立性纤维瘤（SFT）的CT和MRI影像学表现及征象,提高对其的认识和诊断的准确性。 方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2017年6月经手术病理证实的18例腹盆腔SFT患者[男性9例、女性9例,年龄41~71（53.0±10.6）岁]的影像学表现、临床及病理资料。18例患者中,13例行CT平扫和动态增强扫描,5例行MRI平扫和动态增强扫描,分析肿瘤的大小（最大径）、形态、密度或信号、动态增强特点、动脉期肿瘤体内血管及肿瘤周围有无血管等情况。采用卡方精确检验分析肿瘤大小、边界及形态与良恶性肿瘤的关系;Fisher检验比较三者在良恶性肿瘤中表现的差异性。 结果 ① CT影像学表现:13例患者的肿瘤直径为（10.53±6.21） cm,最大直径为2.7~23.4 cm。12例患者肿瘤的病灶边界清晰;8例呈分叶状,7例出现囊变,1例有钙化。CT动态增强扫描显示有11例呈不均匀明显强化;8例病灶内出现延迟强化区,2例表现为轻中度强化;10例动脉期病灶内显示强化血管;8例病灶周围出现迂曲血管。② MRI影像学表现:5例患者的肿瘤直径为（11.93±3.21） cm,最大直径为10.0~13.4 cm。5例患者的病灶边界均清晰;4例病灶呈分叶状;T2加权成像显示有3例出现囊变,4例病灶内见瘢痕状及片状低信号区,1例均匀等高信号;5例出现流空血管影。4例病灶表现为明显不均匀强化;4例病灶内出现延迟强化区;1例表现为均匀强化;5例动脉期在病灶内显示强化血管。③病理结果显示:18例SFT患者中,7例为恶性、11例为良性。7例恶性SFT患者中,有5例病灶最大直径超过平均直径[（10.88±5.62） cm],而良性SFT患者中仅有2例最大直径超过平均直径,差异有统计学意义（χ2=5.103,P=0.039）。 结论 腹盆腔SFT的CT及MRI表现呈多样性,当腹腔内出现丰富的血供伴瘢痕状、片状延迟强化肿瘤,同时瘤体周围出现迂曲血管及瘤体内出现点、条状动脉期强化血管的表现有助于诊断,且MRI中T2加权成像出现低信号也具有一定的诊断价值。     

Computed tomography of cardiac and pericardiac masses

Cardiac and paracardiac masses include benign and malignant tumors and nontumoral mass lesions. Metastatic tumors are far more common than primary cardiac tumors. Although echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the most frequently used imaging examinations, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is often used to evaluate these masses, particularly when MRI is contraindicated. MDCT is not only fast but also has high spatiotemporal resolution, multiplanar reconstruction capabilities, and a wide field of view, providing detailed evaluation of cardiac and paracardiac masses and adjacent structures, including the lungs. Knowledge of the characteristic and atypical imaging appearances is essential for thorough evaluation of these masses. In this pictorial review, the CT appearances of the most common cardiac and paracardiac masses are discussed and illustrated.     

小儿眼部恶性肿瘤的CT诊断

目的：总结分析小儿眼部恶性肿瘤的CT表现,提高影像诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析经过手术病理、临床证实的儿童眼部恶性肿瘤患者54例,分析其CT影像学改变。其中视网膜母细胞瘤41例,其它肿瘤13例,包括：白血病眼部浸润4例,横纹肌肉瘤3例,淋巴瘤2例,脉络膜黑色素瘤、恶性婴儿色素性神经外胚层瘤、转移性神经母细胞瘤、肌源性转移瘤各1例。结果：视网膜母细胞瘤以眼球内含有钙化的不规则肿块为明确的CT征象;其它肿瘤（如白血病的绿色瘤）多有不规则的生长方式以及周围骨质结构破坏而可以得出恶性肿瘤的诊断,结合临床资料可以得出相对准确的病理诊断;但是横纹肌肉瘤可因病变范围局限且境界清楚而恶性征象不明显。结论：在CT图像上,累及小儿眼部的大部分恶性肿瘤通常都有影像学的恶性征象,对定性诊断有重要的临床应用价值。     

Cardiac lipoma and lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings

Cardiac lipomas are uncommon, usually asymptomatic benign primary tumors of the heart that may incidentally be discovered during computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although the finding of a low-attenuation mass with density similar to fat on CT is pathognomonic, the MRI appearances of fatty cardiac masses are variable depending on the sequences employed. The MRI findings of 4 patients with cardiac lipomas or lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum are presented. All patients had lesions with characteristic low-signal-intensity margins and high central signal intensity on "bright-blood" balanced gradient-echo cardiac MRI sequences with very low repetition and echo times. It is proposed that this appearance results from intravoxel phase cancellation effects occurring at the fat/tissue interface and is sufficiently characteristic to obviate the need for confirmatory CT.     

腹膜后神经鞘瘤CT、MRI表现

目的 :研究腹膜后神经鞘瘤的CT、MRI表现及良恶性鉴别。方法 :本组经病理证实 13例 ,男 10例 ,女 3例 ,平均年龄45 .0岁。 13例中良性 4例 ,恶性 9例。 11例进行了CT平扫 ,其中CT强化 4例 ;MRI扫描 4例。结果 :肿瘤多见于脊柱旁腹膜后区及侧盆间隙。肿瘤 12 / 13例质地不均匀 ,9/ 13例有明显囊变区 ,未见淋巴结转移。良性者较小 ,边缘光滑 ;恶性者较大 ,呈不规则结节状 ,3/ 9例平扫CT可见钙化 ,4/ 4例CT强化不规则 ,7/ 9例显示侵犯特征 ,3/ 9例术后复发 ,4/ 9例出现转移。结论 :腹膜后间隙发生 ,有明显囊变征象肿瘤应考虑本病诊断 ,影像学表现可鉴别肿瘤良恶性质。     

胸膜局限性纤维性肿瘤影像学诊断

目的探讨胸膜局限性纤维性肿瘤(LFTP)的影像学表现特征。方法10例经手术病理证实的LFTP均行CT检查,其中3例MR I检查,对其影像学表现进行分析。结果9例为良性,1例为恶性。CT表现为单发的附着于胸膜表面软组织肿块,边界清楚,平扫密度均匀或不均匀,增强后呈均匀或不均匀明显强化;“胸膜肿块帽征”是定位胸膜肿块的特征性表现;胸膜肿块与邻近胸膜夹角呈锐角或钝角,其与肿块大小及形态有关。MR I表现T1W I及T2W I为低或中等信号,肿块信号不均,1例巨大LFTP T2W I为混杂信号散乱交错分布,巨大胸膜肿块内侧瘤蒂与心包相连。结论CT是LFTP的主要影像学诊断方法,MR I对较大胸膜肿块的定位及内部特征的显示优于CT。胸膜肿块瘤蒂的显示对LFTP的诊断具有重要价值。     

眼球肿瘤的CT和MRI表现及其临床价值

目的：探讨眼球肿瘤的CT和MRI表现及其在诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值。资料与方法：73例眼球肿瘤行CT扫描，45例行MRI扫描，回顾性分析眼球肿瘤的CT和MRI表现。结果：28例视网膜母细胞瘤CT表现为有钙化的肿块；26例色素膜黑色素瘤MRI显示为短T1短T2信号，增强后轻至中度强化；9例脉络膜骨瘤CT表现为眼球壁高密度扁平性肿块；6例转移瘤MRI表现为扁平性肿块，呈略长T1长T2信号；4例脉络膜血管瘤呈长T1明显长T2信号，增强后明显均匀强化。结论：CT和MRI可显示眼球肿瘤的形态、大小及内部特征，有助于诊断和鉴别诊断。     

原发性心脏肿瘤（非粘液瘤）的影像学诊断

目的：研究与比较原发性心脏肿瘤的各种影像学特征性表现及其诊断价值。材料和方法：1957年至1994年间经手术病理证实原发性心脏肿瘤17例。良性11例(海绵状血管瘤2例、错构瘤2例、纤维瘤4例、纤维间皮瘤2例、脂肪组织浸润1例)．恶性6例(平滑肌肉瘤2例、血管肉瘤4例)。影像学检查有：胸片(正侧位）及UCG各17例：CT2例；MRI4例；ACG(电影或DSA)9例；冠状动脉造影3例。结果：X线平片检查无特征性表现，UCG征象为云絮状或团块状回声(敏感性100%)。MRI图像能显示肿块轮廓．大小、与心腔壁的关系及有无心包积液等．优于一般CT，ACG（DSA或Cine)能在动态下观察肿瘤对血液动力学的影响及与周围组织(如瓣膜、大血管等）的关系．结论：UCG及MRI对心脏肿瘤诊断敏感性高，且能同时显示心包及心肌的改变，能确诊．应作为首选和必需的检查方法。ACG在准备手术的病例中应用。不同性质肿瘤之间鉴别困难。     

Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of lung cancer

MRI is used most efficaciously in the evaluation of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma when employed as a tailored examination designed to answer specific questions relevant to patient management. CT continues to be used more generally in staging lung cancer when imaging beyond conventional chest radiography is required. Specific areas in which MRI can provide important and unique information (which may supplement a CT study) include the following: (1) evaluation of the local extent of superior sulcus tumors, and (2) distinction between stage IIIA (resectable) and stage IIIB (unresectable) tumors. Confirmation of tumor invasion of major mediastinal structures is necessary before depriving a patient of potential curative resection. MRI may contribute important information when CT findings are indefinite, particularly with regard to invasion of major cardiovascular structures (eg, superior vena cava, pulmonary artery, pericardium, and heart); invasion of the tracheal carina or bilateral involvement of main bronchi; and the presence of contralateral mediastinal or hilar lymphadenopathy. MRI should be considered as a primary imaging modality to evaluate central tumors in patients for whom intravenous contrast agents are contraindicated, and as a problem-solving modality when CT is inconclusive in the detection of a possible hilar or mediastinal mass. Other specific applications of MRI include the identification of tumor recurrence in the presence of radiation fibrosis, assessment of the extent of chest wall invasion of peripheral lung tumors, and the noninvasive characterization of adrenal masses. The scope of these MRI applications in patients with lung cancer may expand in the future with refinements in motion suppression techniques, implementation of ultrafast MRI (using variations of the echoplanar method), and further development of MRI spectroscopy and MRI contrast agents.