Effects of connective tissue growth factor on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts(HPLFs).DesignHPLFs were cultured and identified. Then, different concentrations of CTGF (1, 5, 10, 50, 100 ng/ml) were added to the HPLF culture. Next, CCK-8 assays, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assays, hydroxyproline determination, alizarin red staining methods, Transwell chambers and real-time PCR methods were applied to observe the effects of CTGF on the proliferation, ALP activity, synthesis of collagen, formation of mineralized nodules and migration. We also studied expression of ALP, fiber link protein (FN), integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP), osteocalcin (OC), and integrin beta 1 (ITGB1) mRNA by HPLFs. Statistical significance was assumed if P < 0.05 or P < 0.01.ResultsThe addition of CTGF (1, 5, 10 ng/ml) remarkably promoted the proliferation and collagen synthesis of HPLFs compared with controls. CTGF (1, 5, 10, 50 ng/ml) improved ALP activity of HPLFs, and at all concentrations, CTGF (1, 5, 10, 50, 100 ng/ml) improved the expression of ALP, FN, IBSP and ITGB1 mRNA. In addition, CTGF (1, 5, 10, 50, 100 ng/ml) promoted the migration of HPLFs, which was dose-dependent, with maximal promotion in the 10 ng/ml group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).ConclusionsThus, in a certain range of concentrations, CTGF can promote the biological effects, including proliferation, migration and collagen synthesis of HPLFs, to promote the differentiation of HPLFs in the process of osteogenesis.     

Changes in transforming growth factor-beta1 in gingival crevicular fluid following periodontal surgery

OBJECTIVES: Growth factors play a major part in wound healing, including in the periodontium. However, the presence of growth factors in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in humans during periodontal wound healing has not yet been determined. Our hypothesis is that such factors are present in GCF and that changes in their levels might be of value as a prognostic marker of wound-healing activity and therapeutic progress following periodontal surgery. The aim of this study was therefore to measure transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in GCF collected from sites that have undergone guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and conventional flap (CF) surgery and to compare these with GCF collected from unaffected healthy sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: GCF samples were collected, using filter paper strips, at baseline (pre-surgical) and then at intervals up to 26 weeks from 16 patients undergoing GTR and from 11 patients undergoing CF surgery. After elution and acid treatment, TGF-beta1 levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Treatment of periodontal defect sites significantly reduced the mean probing pocket depth (PPD) and improved the mean lifetime cumulative attachment loss (LCAL). Average GCF volumes also significantly increased at all sites at 2 weeks post-surgery and thereafter declined to baseline levels, except at the GTR test sites that were still elevated at 7 weeks. TGF-beta1 could be detected in almost all GCF samples, and 2 weeks after surgery, the average levels increased two-fold at the surgically treated but not at the control sites, which remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: TGF-beta1 is readily detectable in GCF and increases transiently following periodontal surgery. This suggests that changes in the levels of this growth factor in GCF might be useful for monitoring the progress of periodontal repair and regeneration.     

HGF在人牙周膜成纤维细胞中的表达

目的：观察HGF在人牙周膜成纤维细胞中的表达及探讨转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）与HGF之间的关系。方法：分别采用IL-1β梯度浓度、最佳干预浓度和TGF-β1梯度浓度干预第5代人牙周膜成纤维细胞,并运用酶联免疫技术检测人牙周膜成纤维细胞的上清液中HGF的表达。结果：经IL-1β单独作用,人牙周膜成纤维细胞的上清液中HGF的含量较空白对照组高,并优选出IL-1β的最佳干预浓度为10 ng/mL。当一定浓度的TGF-β1和10 ng/mL的IL-1β联合干预人牙周膜成纤维细胞,该细胞上清液中HGF的含量较单独IL-1β作用组低。结论：TGF-β1能够抑制IL-1β诱导的人牙周膜成纤维细胞分泌HGF。     

水蛭素对牙龈成纤维细胞碱性成纤维细胞生长因子和转化生长因子-β1表达的影响

目的 观察水蛭素对人牙龈成纤维细胞（HGFs）碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）及转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）表达变化的规律,探讨水蛭素影响牙龈改建的可能作用机制。方法 体外培养并鉴定HGFs,利用不同浓度的水蛭素分别作用于正常（对照组）和受长期机械外力作用后增生的HGFs（实验组）,通过实时定量聚合酶链反应法和免疫细胞化学法检测TGF-β1及bFGF的表达。结果 未加入水蛭素时,受长期机械外力作用后,实验组促进HGFs增殖胶原合成的TGF-β1表达升高,而抑制胶原合成的bFGF表达降低（P<0.05）。加入水蛭素干预增生的HGFs后,可正向调节bFGF表达,而负向调节TGF-β1的表达（P<0.05）。结论 外力作用干扰了HGFs胶原合成与降解之间的平衡,水蛭素可能通过调节这一平衡而促进牙龈改建过程。     

Effects of enamel matrix derivative and transforming growth factor-beta1 on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts

AIM: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of enamel matrix derivative (EMD), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), and a combination of both factors (EMD+TGF-beta1) on periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Human PDL fibroblasts were obtained from three adult patients with a clinically healthy periodontium, using the explant technique. The effects of EMD, TGF-beta1, or a combination of both were analysed on PDL cell proliferation, adhesion, wound healing, and total protein synthesis, and on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and bone-like nodule formation. RESULTS: Treatment with EMD for 4, 7, and 10 days increased cell proliferation significantly compared with the negative control (p<0.05). At day 10, EMD and EMD+TGF-beta1 showed a higher cell proliferation compared with TGF-beta1 (p<0.01). Cell adhesion was significantly up-regulated by TGF-beta1 compared with EMD and EMD+TGF-beta1 (p<0.01). EMD enhanced in vitro wound healing of PDL cells compared with the other treatments. Total protein synthesis was significantly increased in PDL cells cultured with EMD compared with PDL cells treated with TGF-beta1 or EMD+TGF-beta1 (p<0.05). EMD induced ALP activity in PDL fibroblasts, which was associated with an increase of bone-like nodules. CONCLUSION: These findings support the hypothesis that EMD and TGF-beta1 may play an important role in periodontal regeneration. EMD induced PDL fibroblast proliferation and migration, total protein synthesis, ALP activity, and mineralization, while TGF-beta1 increased cellular adhesion. However, the combination of both factors did not positively alter PDL fibroblast behaviour.     

Impaired early bone formation in periodontal fenestration defects in dogs following application of insulin-like growth factor (II). Basic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor beta 1

Abstract. Effects of a topically applied growth factor combination on fibroblast migration, collagen fiber formation and bone regeneration were studied in standardized periodontal defects in 4 beagle dogs. Following elevation of facial mucoperiosteal flaps, fenestration defects, 3 mm in diameter, were made through the cortical bone and into the dentin of maxillary and mandibular teeth. Collagen sponges, impregnated with 200 ng insulin-like growth factor II, 20 ng basic fibroblast growth factor and 6 ng transforming growth factor beta 1 were fitted to defects randomly in right or left quadrants and the flaps repositioned and sutured. Contralateral control defects received the collagen with vehicle only. Experimental procedures were staggered to allow observations of healing 3, 7, 10, and 14 days after surgery. Histometric analysis showed no differences in fibroblast and collagen density between control and growth factor defects. Bone regeneration was significantly greater in control than in growth factor defects 10 and 14 days after surgery. The rate of healing generally appeared more affected by intra-dog variations or procedural variations than by the growth factor combination.     

Cytokine secretion of periodontal ligament fibroblasts derived from human deciduous teeth: effect of mechanical stress on the secretion of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and macrophage colony stimulating factor

The periodontal ligament may play an important role in tooth eruption, root development and resorption. The tissue physiologically receives mechanical force during mastication. We focused on the effects of intermittent mechanical strain on the cytokine synthesis of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts in vitro. The cells were derived from human periodontal ligament of deciduous teeth (HPLF-Y) and permanent teeth (HPLF). The two kinds of PDL cells and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) were cultured in flexible bottomed culture plates. The cells were mechanically stretched at 5% elongation, 3-cycles/min for 24 h on d 7 in culture using a Flexercell strain unit. After the stretching, we measured DNA content and alkaline phosphatase activity in the cell layer, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) contents in the conditioned medium. The TGF-beta 1 level in the conditioned medium of HPLF was significantly higher than that of HPLF-Y and HGF. It was stimulated by mechanical stretching only on HPLF, whereas no significant effect was observed on HPLF-Y and HGF. M-CSF secretion was inhibited by the stretching on all of HPLF, HPLF-Y and HGF. 1 alpha, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 (D3) stimulated M-CSF secretion into the culture medium of both HPLF and HPLF-Y, but the stretching inhibited M-CSF secretion and completely blocked the enhancement by D3. These data suggest that periodontal ligament cells synthesize and secrete the molecules as autocrine or paracrine factors that affect bone remodelling and root resorption and the level of those factors change in response to mechanical stress.     

Induction of cementogenesis and periodontal ligament regeneration by recombinant human transforming growth factor-beta3 in Matrigel with rectus abdominis responding cells

Background and Objective: In primates and in primates only, the transforming growth factor‐β proteins induce endochondral bone formation. Transforming growth factor‐β3 also induces periodontal tissue regeneration. Two regenerative treatments using human recombinant transforming growth factor‐β3 were examined after implantation in mandibular furcation defects of the nonhuman primate, Papio ursinus. Material and Methods: Class III furcation defects were surgically created bilaterally in the mandibular first and second molars of two adult Chacma baboons (P. ursinus). Different doses of recombinant transforming growth factor‐β3 reconstituted with Matrigel^® matrix were implanted in the rectus abdominis muscle to induce heterotopic ossicles for subsequent transplantation to selected furcation defects. Twenty days after heterotopic implantation, periodontal defects were re‐exposed, further debrided and implanted with minced fragments of induced heterotopic ossicles. Contralateral class III furcation defects were implanted directly with recombinant transforming growth factor‐β3 in Matrigel^® matrix with the addition of minced fragments of autogenous rectus abdominis muscle. Treated quadrants were not subjected to oral hygiene procedures so as to study the effect of the direct application of the recombinant morphogen in Matrigel^® on periodontal healing. Histomorphometric analyses on undecalcified sections cut from specimen blocks harvested on day 60 measured the area of newly formed alveolar bone and the coronal extension of the newly formed cementum along the exposed root surfaces. Results: Morphometric analyses showed greater alveolar bone regeneration and cementogenesis in furcation defects implanted directly with 75 μg of transforming growth factor‐β3 in Matrigel^® matrix with the addition of minced muscle tissue. Conclusion: Matrigel^® matrix is an optimal delivery system for the osteogenic proteins of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily, including the mammalian transforming growth factor‐β3 isoform. The addition of minced fragments of rectus abdominis muscle provides responding stem cells for further tissue induction and morphogenesis by the transforming growth factor‐β3 protein.     

Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) in odontogenic cysts

AIM: To evaluate the positivity to transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) in different types of odontogenic cysts. METHODOLOGY: A total of 30 radicular cysts (RCs), 27 follicular cysts (FCs) and 28 odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) were evaluated for immunohistochemical analysis of TGF-beta 1. TGF-beta 1 was evaluated in blood vessels, stromal cells (fibroblasts) and pluristratified squamous epithelium. TGF-beta 1 expression was determined by evaluating the number of positive elements. TGF-beta 1 expression was determined by evaluating 1000 cells in the pluristratified squamous epithelium (500 in the basal and parabasal layers, and 500 in the superficial layer) and 500 cells (the fibroblasts in the stroma) for each specimen, and counting the number of positive cells. The number of positive vessels was evaluated in 10 high power fields (HPF). The Chi-square test was used to evaluate differences between the two groups (RC + FC and OKC). A P-value <0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS: A higher and statistically significant positivity was found in the basal-suprabasal epithelial layers (P=0.0011), superficial epithelium (P=0.053) and stromal cells (P=0.0002) of orthokeratotic and parakeratotic OKC as compared with RC and FC. CONCLUSIONS: These differences suggest that control of the cell cycle may be abnormal in orthokeratotic OKCs. These OKCs may have an intrinsic growth potential not present in other cyst types.     

Fiber system degradation,and periostin and connective tissue growth factor level reduction,in the periodontal ligament of teeth in the absence of masticatory load

Choi JW, Arai C, Ishikawa M, Shimoda S, Nakamura Y. Fiber system degradation, and periostin and connective tissue growth factor level reduction, in the periodontal ligament of teeth in the absence of masticatory load. J Periodont Res 2011; 46: 513–521.© 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: The periodontal ligament (PDL), which is interposed between the alveolar bone and roots, supports teeth against mechanical stress. Periostin and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) might play essential roles in maintaining PDL fiber integrity under mechanical stress. However, this relationship has not been studied at the protein and gene levels. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the PDL fiber system without masticatory load to determine the structural changes in the PDL in the absence of mechanical stress. Material and Methods: The study included 45 Wistar male rats (12 wk of age) whose upper‐right first molars were relieved from occlusion for 24 h, 72 h, 7 d or 21 d. The PDL was examined histologically, and changes in the gene and protein levels of periostin and CTGF were investigated. Results: The PDL space width was reduced significantly. Histologically, an initial reduction in the fiber number and thinning of PDL fibers were observed, followed by disarrangement of the PDL fibers and their attachments to the alveolar bone; finally, the PDL fibers lost their meshwork structure. Real‐time RT–PCR results revealed sharp down‐regulation of the periostin and CTGF mRNA levels at 24 and 72 h, respectively, which continued throughout the experiment. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that periostin localized to both the cellular elements and the extracellular matrix, whereas CTGF localized only to the cellular elements. Periostin and CTGF immunoreactivities became very weak without masticatory load. Conclusion: In the absence of mechanical stress, the PDL fiber system undergoes degradation concomitantly with a reduction in the periostin and CTGF levels in the PDL.     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对人牙周膜成纤维细胞内核心蛋白多糖基因表达的影响

目的研究碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）对人牙周膜成纤维细胞内核心蛋白多糖（decorin）的影响,探讨bFGF在牙周再生中的意义。方法体外原代培养人牙周膜成纤维细胞,用外源性bFGF刺激细胞,半定量RTPCR法检测牙周膜成纤维细胞内decorin基因表达的变化。结果电泳结果表明,bFGF抑制人牙周膜成纤维细胞内decorin的mRNA合成,并且随着质量浓度的增加抑制作用减弱。结论decorin具有很多生物学功能,bFGF对decorin的抑制作用很可能是牙周炎损伤修复过程中一个重要的调节因素,为bFGF在牙周组织再生中的作用提供理论基础。     

Glucose modulates growth of gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells: correlation with expression of basic fibroblast growth factor

Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease with profound effects on oral health and periodontal wound healing. Uncontrolled diabetes adversely affects surgical wound healing and is often associated with abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts, excessive angiogenesis and poor bone regeneration. Human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells from both diabetics and non-diabetics were evaluated for growth responses following culture in 20 mM glucose, a concentration compatible with blood glucose levels in uncontrolled diabetics. Gingival fibroblasts derived from 9 non-diabetic patients and 3 insulin-dependent diabetics either proliferated or showed little change of growth in elevated glucose. Enhanced proliferation was observed following 1 wk of culture in glucose. Growth of periodontal ligament cells from 5 non-diabetic patients was inhibited by 20 mM glucose. Fibroblasts that were markedly growth stimulated were probed for expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) using a reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results indicate that fibroblasts exhibiting the greatest increase in growth in response to high glucose also exhibited increased expression of bFGF. No changes were observed in mRNA expression for platelet-derived growth factor-AA, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, insulin-like growth factor and transforming growth factor-β₁. Mitogenic effects induced by the cytosol of fibroblasts exhibiting increases of growth in 20 mM glucose were abrogated by neutralizing antibodies to bFGF. In addition, some periodontal ligament cells that were growth inhibited by high glucose had reduced expression of bFGF. These data suggest that bFGF may play a role in the abnormal wound healing associated with periodontal surgery of uncontrolled diabetics.     

重组人结缔组织生长因子对牙髓细胞增殖与成牙本质分化的影响

目的：研究重组人结缔组织生长因子（recombinant connective tissue growth factor, rCTGF）对牙髓细胞（human dental pulp cells,hDPCs）增殖及分化的影响。方法：利用不同浓度（0、1、10、100 ng/mL）rCTGF分别处理牙髓细胞,CCK8法检测牙髓细胞增殖情况;茜素红染色和半定量试验检测细胞矿化结节的形成变化,qRT-PCR测定成牙本质分化相关基因DMP-1、DSPP和OC的表达情况,Western 免疫印迹法测定rCTGF刺激牙髓细胞后,ERK1/2信号通路的磷酸化水平。采用SAS 9.3软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果：高浓度的rCTGF（100 ng/mL）可以促进牙髓细胞增殖;经矿化诱导后,10 ng/mL rCTGF促进牙髓细胞矿化结节形成的效果最好,钙盐沉积量最明显（P<0.05）,成牙本质分化相关基因DMP-1、DSPP的表达显著上调（P<0.05）。Western 免疫印迹结果显示,10 ng/mL rCTGF刺激牙髓细胞后,p-ERK1/2蛋白的表达升高。结论：rCTGF可能通过激活ERK1/2信号通路,促进牙髓细胞的增殖与分化。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对牙周膜细胞表皮生长因子受体基因表达的影响

目的研究碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）对人牙周膜细胞（PDLC）表达表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）的影响,探讨bFGF在牙周组织分化再生中的意义。方法体外原代培养人PDLC,有限稀释法形成单细胞克隆,用外源性bFGF刺激单细胞克隆,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测克隆细胞内EGFR基因表达的变化。结果bFGF促进人PDLC内EGFR mRNA的合成,并且随着质量浓度的增加促进作用增强。结论bFGF对EGFR的促进作用很可能是牙周炎损伤修复过程中一个重要的调节因素,为牙周组织分化再生提供部分理论基础。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对牙周膜成纤维细胞整合素β1亚单位mRNA表达的影响

目的研究碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）对人牙周膜成纤维细胞整合素β1亚单位mRNA表达的影响,探讨bFGF在牙周组织再生中的意义。方法体外培养人牙周膜成纤维细胞,分别用质量浓度0.1、1.0、10.0 ng·mL-1的bFGF刺激细胞,培养24、48、72 h,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应法检测牙周膜成纤维细胞内整合素β1亚单位mRNA表达的变化。结果bFGF可促进人牙周膜成纤维细胞内整合素β1亚单位mRNA的合成,在培养24、48、72 h时,1.0 ng·mL-1组整合素β1亚单位表达均明显高于对照组;培养72 h时各实验组整合素β1亚单位表达均明显高于培养24、48 h时。结论bFGF通过提高整合素β1亚单位mRNA的表达,促进牙周膜成纤维细胞的黏附,在牙周组织修复再生中起作用。