高效液相-质谱联用法（LC—MS／MS）测定延龄草苷血药浓度及其药物动力学研究

目的:进行延龄草苷在小鼠体内的药物动力学研究。方法:采用甲醇沉淀蛋白进行血浆样品预处理,选用人参皂苷 Rh2为内标,以 LC-MS/MS 法测定小鼠血浆中延龄草苷的含量。色谱柱为 MetaChem ODS-3(50mm×2.0mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水-甲酸(80:20:0.1),流速为0.2mL·min~(-1)。电喷雾离子化(ESI)方式,采用多反应监测,检测离子为正离子,分别选择 m/z 577.6→253.6amu 和 m/z 621.5→603.7amu 作为延龄草苷和内标物人参皂苷 Rh2的检测离子对。结果:延龄草苷在2.0μg·mL~(-1)～200μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9964)。方法的准确度范围为-3.0%～1.4%,日内精密度 RSD 范围为1.1%～3.3%,日间精密度 RSD 范围为3.2%～5.1%。小鼠尾静脉注射延龄草苷(7.6mg·kg~(-1))后,药-时数据符合二室模型,主要药物动力学参数:t_(1/2)为5.56h、K_e 为0.12h~(-1)、C_(max)为130.1μg·mL~(-1)、V_d 为4.6mL、Cl 为0.049mL·h·kg~(-1)。结论:建立的含量测定方法快速、准确,适用于延龄草苷在小鼠体内的药物动力学研究。     

吡虫啉在枸杞中的残留动态研究

目的:研究20%吡虫啉可溶性液剂在枸杞中的消解动态。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,样品经甲醇提取,二氯甲烷萃取,层析柱净化,采用十八烷基键合硅胶柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为0.1%磷酸-乙腈,梯度洗脱;检测波长270nm。结果:样品的添加回收率为87.6%～96.0%,RSD 为1.5%～3.1%。吡虫啉在枸杞中的半衰期为1.63 d,施药10 d 后残留量降至0.0126 mg·kg~(-1),最终残留量在0.002 mg·kg~(-1)以下。结论:在正常喷药浓度的加倍剂量2000倍条件下,安全采收间隔期为5 d 以上。     

LC-MS/MS测定人血浆中罗红霉素的浓度及其在生物等效性研究中的应用

目的建立LC-MS/MS测定人血浆中罗红霉素浓度的方法,并研究其制剂的生物等效性。方法以克拉霉素为内标,色谱柱:Alltech Alltima(2.1 mm×100 mm,3.5μm);流动相:0.1%甲酸溶液-乙腈(45∶55);流速:0.2 mL·min-1;柱温:30℃。采用三重四极杆串联质谱,电喷雾离子源,正离子模式检测,以选择反应监测(SRM)方式进行检测,罗红霉素母离子[M+H]+m/z 837.5,子离子m/z 679.2,内标克拉霉素母离子[M+H]+m/z 748.5,子离子m/z 590.2。结果罗红霉素线性范围为0.10～20.00μg·mL-1,最低检测限为0.01μg·mL-1,3种浓度的相对回收率为100.8%～103.1%,日内、日间RSD均<5.9%(n=5)。生物等效性研究表明受试制剂和参比制剂生物等效,受试制剂相对生物利用度为(100.655±9.552)%(P=0.5%)。结论该方法专属、灵敏、快速,适用于罗红霉素制剂的生物等效性研究。     

HPLC-MS法测定鸡肉中氯吡多的残留

目的:建立鸡肉中氯吡多残留的 HPLC—MS 检测方法。方法:鸡肉组织经乙腈提取,用氧化铝柱和葡聚糖凝胶阴离子交换柱净化,洗脱液浓缩后用含内标物对乙酰氨基酚的甲醇溶液溶解。采用 Ultimate XB—C_(18)色谱柱(100 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以0.1%甲酸溶液-乙腈(85:15)作为流动相;定量离子通道为[M H]~ m/z 192(氯吡多)和 m/z 152(内标),以同位素离子通道 m/z 194,196,192中氯吡多的峰面积比值作为定性依据。结果:氯吡多的线性范围为20～400 ng·mL~(-1)(r=0.9994);将氯吡多以0.005,0.010,0.015 mg·kg~(-1)。分别添加到空白鸡肉组织中,测得回收率分别为84.0%,86.8%,84.8%,RSD 均小于7%;用该方法测定鸡肉中氯吡多残留的检测限、CCα和 CCβ分别为0.0002,0.011,0.012 mg·kg~(-1)。结论:该方法专属性好、灵敏度高,可用作鸡肉中氯吡多残留的检测。     

高效液相串联质谱法测定大鼠血浆中咪哒唑仑的浓度

目的:建立测定大鼠血浆中咪哒唑仑浓度的液相色谱串联质谱法。方法:以伊曲康唑为内标,色谱柱为XTerra MSC18(150mm×2.1mm,3.5μm);流动相为乙腈-0.02%醋酸铵(75∶25);流速为0.2mL.min-1;质谱仪为电喷雾-三重四极杆质谱,以多反应监测(MRM)方式对咪哒唑仑(m/z326.2→m/z291.2)和伊曲康唑(m/z705.3→m/z392.1)进行测定。结果:咪哒唑仑在125～50 000μg.L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.996 8),最低检测限为5.0μg.L-1。低、中、高浓度的平均回收率为97.22%,101.88%,90.57%;日内及日间精密度均小于10%。结论:本方法简单、快速、灵敏,能有效检测大鼠血浆中咪哒唑仑的浓度。     

液相色谱-质谱联用法测定癫痫患者血浆中丙戊酸及其代谢产物2-丙基-4-戊烯酸浓度

目的建立液相色谱-质谱联用法同时测定丙戊酸(VPA)及其毒性代谢产物2-丙基-4-戊烯酸(4-ene-VPA)浓度。方法人血浆样品用乙腈直接沉淀蛋白后,色谱柱:Agilent Eclipse Plus-C₁₈(2. 1 mm×10. 0 mm,3. 5μm),流动相:乙腈-10 mmol·L^-1醋酸铵水溶液(均含0. 1%甲酸),梯度洗脱,用电喷雾离子化源,负离子方式,扫描方式为多反应监测(MRM),用于监测的离子反应分别为m/z 143. 2→143. 2(丙戊酸)、m/z 140. 8→140. 8(2-丙基-4-戊烯酸)和m/z 373. 0→329. 1(内标银杏酸(C17:1))。考察该方法的专属性、标准曲线与定量下限、精密度与回收率、基质效应和稳定性。结果 VPA和4-eneVPA分别在0. 50～200. 00μg·m L^-1和0. 05～12. 50μg·m L^-1内线性关系良好(r分别为0. 998 4和0. 997 5),定量下限分别为0. 50和0. 05μg·m L^-1批内、批间RSD均小于8. 59%,提取回收率分别为76. 45%～86. 78%和78. 44%～83. 46%,内标归一化基质效应因子分别为93. 67%～97. 82%和92. 04%～104. 35%。结论本方法简洁、灵敏、专属性好,适用于人血浆中同时测定VPA和4-eneVPA浓度,可用于丙戊酸钠的血药浓度监测。     

HPLC法测定血浆中盐酸依匹斯汀浓度

目的:建立测定人血浆中盐酸依匹斯汀浓度的HPLC方法。方法:采用Waters Symmetry shield C_(18)(150 mm×3.9 mm,5μm)色谱柱;以乙腈-0.3%三乙胺(磷酸调pH为3.5)(22:78)为流动相;流速为1.0 ml·min~(-1);紫外检测波长为220 nm。结果:线性范围为2～200μg·L~(-1);最低检测浓度为2μg·L~(-1);方法回收率为98.17%～102.19%;日内RSD 6.87%～10.81%;日间RSD 3.6%～4.4%。结论:本方法灵敏、准确,可用于人血浆中盐酸依匹斯汀的浓度测定。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定10批参须中人参皂苷Rg_1、Re和Rb_1的含量

目的建立同时检测参须中人参皂苷Rg1、Re和Rb1含量的HPLC-MS/MS方法,测定10批参须中人参皂苷Rg1、Re和Rb1的含量。方法采用液质联用(HPLC-MS/MS)法,色谱柱为SHIMADZU VP-ODS(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸水,梯度洗脱(0~3 min,60%乙腈;3~5 min,90%乙腈),流速0.5 m L·min-1,柱温40℃。质谱条件:正离子检测模式,用于定量分析的离子对分别为:人参皂苷Rg1 m/z 823.3→643.6,人参皂苷Re m/z 969.7→789.6和人参皂苷Rb1 m/z1131.5→365.3。结果人参皂苷Rg1在0.43~27.6μg·m L~(-1)与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.9950,平均回收率为94.0%(RSD=1.5%);人参皂苷Re在0.46~29.6μg·m L~(-1)与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.9990,平均回收率为95.3%(RSD=1.1%);人参皂苷Rb1在0.41~26.4μg·m L~(-1)与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.9980,平均回收率为93.4%(RSD=1.2%)。结论该方法简便、准确、快速,可用于参须中人参皂苷Rg1、Re和Rb1的含量检测。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中尼古丁浓度

目的建立简单、快速且灵敏的液质联用法检测人血浆中尼古丁的浓度。方法 血浆样品经二氯甲烷萃取后,采用Thermo Hypurity CN柱(2.1mm×150mm,5μm)分离,以乙腈-20mmol.L-1甲酸铵(50∶50,v/v)为流动相,流速为0.30mL·min-1。采用电喷雾离子源(ESI源)正离子多反应监测(MRM)扫描分析,尼古丁和d-4-尼古丁的离子选择通道分别为:m/z163→130和m/z 167→133.9。结果尼古丁的线性范围为0.597～76.48ng·mL-1,最低检测浓度为0.597ng·mL-1,平均提取回收率为70.7%～86.8%,日内和日间变异均<15%。结论本方法简单、灵敏、快速、重现性好,适用于尼古丁的人体临床药物代谢动力学及生物等效性研究。     

正负离子切换液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定人血浆中头孢他啶和他唑巴坦

目的:建立灵敏、专属的液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定人血浆中头孢他啶和他唑巴坦,并用于临床药代动力学研究。方法:血浆样品经乙腈沉淀蛋白后,以乙腈-5 mmol.L-1醋酸铵-甲酸(20∶80∶0.16,v/v/v)为流动相,使用VenusilASB-C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)分离。采用电喷雾电离源,多反应监测模式(MRM),以正负离子切换同时测定头孢他啶和他唑巴坦,切换时间在进样后3.8 min。头孢他啶采用正离子检测,用于定量的离子反应分别为m/z 547→468(头孢他啶),m/z 364→208(内标头孢羟氨苄),头孢他啶和内标头孢羟氨苄的保留时间分别为3.0 min和2.8 min;他唑巴坦采用负离子检测,用于定量的离子反应分别为m/z 299→138(他唑巴坦),m/z 232→140(内标舒巴坦),他唑巴坦和内标舒巴坦的保留时间分别为4.4 min和4.9 min。结果:头孢他啶和他唑巴坦的线性范围分别为0.250～250μg.mL-1和0.0250～25.0μg.mL-1,日内、日间精密度(RSD)均小于10.8%,准确度(RE)在-7.6%～2.1%之间。本法被成功应用于健康受试者静脉滴注不同剂量头孢他啶/他唑巴坦钠(6∶1)注射液(头孢他啶/他唑巴坦含量分别为1 g/0.167 g,2 g/0.333 g,4 g/0.667 g)的药动学研究。结论:该方法专属性强,灵敏度高,操作简便,适用于注射用头孢他啶/他唑巴坦临床药代动力学研究。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.