种植体直径和长度在Ⅳ类骨质中的优化选择

目的:应用Ansys DesignXplorer模块,进行圆柱形种植体直径和长度同时连续变化时对Ⅳ类骨质的颌骨应力影响的分析。方法:建立了包含圆柱状种植体的下颌骨Ⅳ类骨质的骨块三维有限元模型,设定种植体直径(D)变化范围为3.0～5.0mm,种植体长度(L)变化范围为6.0～16.0mm,观察D和L变化对颌骨Von Mises应力峰值的影响。同时进行颌骨Von Mises应力峰值对变量的敏感度分析。结果:随着D和L的增加,垂直向加载时,皮质骨、松质骨的EQV应力峰值分别降低了63.9%和87.9%,颊舌向加载时,皮质骨、松质骨的EQV应力峰值分别降低了76.2%和92.7%;当D>4.0mmL>11.0mm时,应力峰值的响应曲线的切斜率位于-1～0之间;在垂直向加载和颊舌向加载时,变量L和D分别对皮质骨的EQV应力峰值的影响更明显。结论:颊舌向力的力学分布更易受种植体参数影响;松质骨的应力更易受种植体参数影响;种植体直径增加更有利于改善颌骨颊舌向加载下的应力分布,种植体长度的增加更有利于改善皮质骨垂直加载下的应力分布。从生物力学角度而言,对于Ⅳ类骨质在临床上选择种植体时,种植体的直径应≥4.0mm,种植体的长度应≥11.0mm。     

种植体直径和长度在Ⅰ类骨质中的优化选择

目的:应用Ansys DesignXplorer模块,研究圆柱形种植体直径和长度同时连续变化对Ⅰ类骨质的颌骨应力影响,为临床选择和设计种植体提供理论依据。方法:建立包含圆柱状种植体的下颌骨Ⅰ类骨质骨块的三维有限元模型,设定种植体直径(D)变化范围为3.0~5.0mm,种植体长度(L)变化范围为6.0~16.0mm,观察D和L变化对颌骨Von Mises应力峰值的影响。同时进行颌骨Von Mises应力峰值对变量的敏感度分析。结果:随着D和L的增加,垂直向加载时,皮、松质骨的EQV应力峰值分别降低了54.5%和70.2%,颊舌向加载时,皮、松质骨的EQV应力峰值分别降低了73.5%和75.1%;当D大于3.8mm同时L大于9.0mm时,应力峰值的响应曲线的切斜率位于-1和0之间;在垂直向加载和颊舌向加载时,变量D比L更易影响皮质骨的EQV应力峰值。结论:种植体的直径比长度更易影响皮质骨的应力大小。从生物力学角度而言,对于Ⅰ类骨质,在临床上选择种植体时,种植体的直径应不小于3.8mm,种植体的长度应不小于9.0mm。     

连续动态加载下单种植体周围骨组织应力的三维有限元分析

目的:探讨一个咀嚼周期内连续动态加载对单种植体周围骨组织最大Von Mises应力分布的影响。方法:在同一牙种植体全瓷冠修复的三维有限元模型上模拟一个咀嚼周期0.875 s的连续动态载荷,应用ANSYS软件考察骨组织的最大VonMises应力并与假设的瞬间动态加载结果相比较。结果:一个周期动态加载0.151～0.260 s与0.261～0.300 s时种植体周围骨组织的最大Von Mises应力值比瞬间动态颊斜向舌加载与舌斜向颊加载时增加;卸载后0.574 s时种植体周围骨组织的最大Von Mises应力值在一个周期动态连续加载模式比瞬间动态舌斜向颊加载模式增加。结论:一个周期动态载荷中,力的连续加载使种植体周围骨组织的最大Von Mises应力值增加;在一个咀嚼周期末,最大Von Mises应力累积作用比较明显。     

种植体直径和长度在下颌骨Ⅱ类骨质中的优化选择

目的 研究圆柱形种植体直径和长度同时连续变化对下颌骨Ⅱ类骨质的颌骨应力的影响.方法 应用Ansys Workbench DesignXplorer模块,建立包含圆柱状种植体的下颌骨Ⅱ类骨质的骨块三维有限元模型,设定种植体直径(D)变化范围为3.00～5.00 mm,种植体长度(L)变化范围为6.00～16.00 mm,观察D和L变化对下颌骨Von Mises应力峰值的影响.同时进行下颌骨Von Mises应力峰值对变量的敏感度分析.结果 随着D和L的增加,垂直向加载时,皮、松质骨的EQV应力峰值分别降低67.9%和75.0%,颊舌向加载时,皮、松质骨的EQV应力峰值分别降低64.9%和65.4%;当D大于3.85 mm同时L大于9.00 mm时,应力峰值的响应曲线的切斜率位于-1和0之间;在垂直向加载和颊舌向加载时,变量D比L更易影响皮质骨的EQV应力峰值.结论 种植体的直径比长度更易影响皮质骨的应力大小.从生物力学角度而言,对于下颌骨Ⅱ类骨质,在临床上选择种植体时,直径应不小于3.85 mm,长度应不小于9.00 mm.     

牙种植体即刻负载骨界面应力分布的三维有限元分析

目的：用三维有限元法分析牙种植体即刻负载骨界面的力学特性。方法：采用CT扫描和自主开发的USIS软件建立螺纹种植体即刻负载的三维有限元下颌骨模型，用ANSYS计算垂直加载、颊舌向450及近远中向45°加载150N力时种植体骨界面的Yon Mises应力、应变值。结果：垂直加载时骨界面的Yon Mises应力集中于颈部舌侧骨皮质，应变分布均匀，以颈部骨皮质、底部颊侧骨松质及颊侧螺纹接触部位的松质骨较为集中：颊舌向加载时骨界面的Yon Mises应力也集中于颈部舌侧骨皮质，但最大值是垂直加载时的4．15倍，应变分布不均匀，主要集中于颈部舌侧骨皮质，最大值是垂直加载时的3．98倍；近远中斜向加载时骨界面的Yon Mises应力集中于颈部远中侧骨皮质，最大值是垂直加载时的3．72倍，应变集中于底部近中侧骨松质，最大值是垂直加载时的1．51倍。结论：即刻垂直加载时，种植体周围骨质应力及应变无明显集中，分布较均匀，颊舌向及近远中向加载时应力、应变明显增大，分布不均匀。     

种植体直径和长度在Ⅲ类骨质中的优化选择

目的应用Ansys DesignXplorer模块，分析圆柱形种植体直径和长度同时连续变化时对Ⅲ类骨质的颌骨应力的影响，为临床选择和设计种植体提供理论依据。方法建立包含圆柱状种植体的下颌骨Ⅲ类骨质的骨块三维有限元模型，设定种植体直径变化范围为3．0～5．0mm，种植体长度变化范围为6．0～16．0mm，观察直径和长度变化对颌骨Von Mises应力峰值的影响。同时进行颌骨Von Mises应力峰值对变量的敏感度分析。结果随着直径和长度的增加，垂直向加载时，皮、松质骨的EQV应力峰值分别降低了65．3％和76．8％；颊舌向加载时，皮、松质骨的VonMises应力峰值分别降低了76．1％和78．0％；当直径大于3．95mm，同时长度大于10．5mm时，应力峰值响应曲线的切斜率位于-1和0之间；在垂直向加载和颊舌向加载时，长度和直径分别对皮质骨EQV应力峰值的影响更明显。结论种植体直径增加更有利于改善颌骨颊舌向加载下的应力分布，种植体长度的增加更有利于改善颌骨垂直加载下的应力分布。从生物力学角度而言，对于m类骨质在临床上选择种植体时，种植体的直径应不小于3．95mm。种植体的长度应不小于10．5mm。     

上颌前磨牙区种植单端桥及骨组织的三维有限元分析

目的 分析上颌前磨牙区种植单端桥基牙及其周围支持骨组织在静态加载方式下的应力分布状况。方法 采用三维有限元分析方法，研究分别在分散垂直和斜向加载条件下，单端固定桥中基牙种植体及其周围骨组织的应力分布情况。结果 上颌前磨牙区两类骨质中种植单端桥在不同加载方式下，种植体-基台复合体所受应力均集中于对应颈部皮质骨部位的种植体远中部位；周围骨组织中皮质骨应力高于松质骨，均以颈部皮质骨远中部位最大，各向加载时D3模型皮质骨的最大应力值均小于D4模型；与垂直加载比较，颊舌向加载时两类模型最大位移均增大，各向加载时D3模型的种植体-基台复合体最大位移均小于D4模型。结论 从生物力学角度分析上颌前磨牙区种植单端桥的设计具有合理性；高密度松质骨（D3）更有利于上颌前磨牙区种植单端桥的应力分布。     

种植体-基台连接形式对种植体周围骨组织应力分布的影响

目的分析种植体-基台连接形式对种植体周围骨组织应力分布的影响，从生物力学角度探讨平台转换连接形式防止或减少种植体周围骨吸收的可能机制。方法利用COSMOSM2．85软件包建立种植体支持的下颌第一磨牙三维有限元模型，种植体-基台的连接形式分别采用平齐对接（模型A）和平台转换（模型B）。采用垂直和斜向两种形式加载，载荷均为200N，比较两种模型种植体周围骨组织的应力分布情况以及种植体-骨界面颊舌侧相同位置的von Mises应力大小。结果不同加载条件下两种模型种植体周围骨组织应力集中在种植体颈部颊舌侧骨皮质内，斜向加载时最大von Mises应力值高于垂直加载时。模型A和模型B骨组织内最大von Mises应力值在垂直加载时，分别为11．61MPa和7．15MPa，斜向加载时分别为22．07MPa和11．87MPa。距离种植体-基台连接处越远，von Mises应力值越小，骨皮质到骨松质交界处的应力变化最明显。与模型A相比，模型B种植体-骨界面相同节点的最大von Mises应力值较小。结论与平齐对接形式相比，平台转换设计可改善种植体周围骨组织的应力分布，降低种植体颈部骨组织所受的应力。     

不同(牙合)特征对后牙种植单冠生物力学影响的有限元分析

目的 通过有限元方法探究即刻负荷状态下不同■特征对后牙种植单冠种植体-骨界面生物力学变化的影响,以期为临床■特征的选择提供参考。方法 利用过盈配合法建立即刻负荷种植义齿及周围骨组织有限元模型后,参照天然牙设计6种不同的■特征,使用Ansys Workbench 2021 R2软件分别进行轴向200 N静态加载分析,对所有数据进行对比分析后,评估不同■特征对种植体-骨界面位移、Von Mises应力等的影响。结果 A-B-C咬合接触可获得最小的种植体及周围骨皮质和骨松质的位移（10.52μm、5.67μm、9.34μm）;修复平台咬合（3点）接触产生了最大的种植体、骨皮质、骨松质位移（15.24μm、8.94μm、12.15μm）。与其他■接触类型相比,A-B咬合接触产生了最大的种植体Von Mises应力（71.91 MPa）,明显降低了骨皮质和骨松质的最大Von Mises应力（18.04 MPa,17.81 MPa）。结论 即刻负荷状态下不同的■特征显著影响种植体-骨界面的位移及Von Mises应力分布,改变了应力集中位点;A-B-C咬合接触有利于减小种植体及周围骨组织的...     

圆柱状、根端带缝及膨胀式种植体在骨质疏松状态时生物力学比较的三维有限元分析

目的:比较圆柱状、根端带缝与膨胀式种植体在骨质疏松条件时功能状态下的生物力学效果。方法:分别建立包含柱状、根端带缝和膨胀式种植体的骨质疏松颌骨骨块三维有限元模型。对种植体轴向和颊舌向分别施加100 N和30 N的力,评估皮质骨和松质骨的最大应力和种植体-基台复合体的最大位移。结果:与圆柱状种植体相比,根端带缝种植体使皮质骨在轴向和颊舌向加载下应力峰值分别增加了3.62%和7.49%,膨胀式种植体则使其降低了11.3%和9.60%;对于在松质骨,带缝种植体使其应力峰值分别增加了37.8%和65.0%,而膨胀式种植体使其增加了107%和89.2%;轴向加载时带缝种植体和膨胀式种植体的种植体-基台复合体的最大位移分别增加了1.12%和减少了0.60%,在颊舌向加载时,最大位移分别增加了6.37%和7.04%。结论:在骨质疏松状态下,皮质骨的应力对种植体外形变化更敏感;膨胀式种植体表现出比圆柱状种植体和带缝种植体更好的应力分布和更低的应力值。     

上部结构材料对无牙下颌种植固定修复影响的三维有限元分析

目的:通过三维有限元方法探讨上部结构材料对无牙下颌种植固定修复生物力学的影响,为无牙颌修复治疗提供参考。方法:构建无牙下颌种植固定修复三维有限元模型,用6种牙科材料（纯钛、钴铬合金、金合金、氧化锆、聚醚醚酮及碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮）分别对种植上部结构进行赋值,得到6种模型,模拟斜向加载,对种植体、周围骨组织及上部结构进行应...     

动态载荷下种植体位置和直径对悬臂梁种植固定义齿应力影响的三维有限元研究

目的 应用三维有限元法分析动态加载下种植体植入位置和直径对悬臂梁种植固定义齿应力的影响。方法 建立左下颌第二前磨牙、第一磨牙、第二磨牙缺失种植固定义齿的三维有限元模型,远中种植体的位置和直径保持不变;近中种植体依次向远中移动形成中轴与第一前磨牙远中面距离D分别为5.5、8.0、10.5、13.0 mm的悬臂梁种植固定义齿,分别采用4.1和4.8 mm两种直径的种植体;以250 N 牙合力模拟咀嚼周期0.875 s的动态载荷加载于颊尖和舌尖上,应用有限元分析软件MSC.Marc和Partran分析种植体-骨组织界面的Von Mises应力情况。结果 随着近中种植体逐渐向远中移动,近远中种植体Von Mises应力均有不同程度增高,近中种植体中轴与第一前磨牙远中面距离D≤8.0 mm范围内种植体最大Von Mises应力增幅缓和,D>8.0 mm时应力急剧加大;近中种植体直径增大,则近远中种植体的应力减小;各加载阶段最大Von Mises应力均处于近远中种植体颈部与皮质骨交界处;斜向加载种植体应力显著大于垂直加载。结论 种植体植入位置是影响悬臂梁种植固定义齿应力的重要因素,悬臂梁长度不超过前磨牙宽度时行种植固定义齿设计是可行的,直径的选择要考虑骨量和悬臂梁长度双重因素。     

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the effect of different bone quality on stress distribution in an implant-supported crown

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Primary implant stability and bone density are variables that are considered essential to achieve predictable osseointegration and long-term clinical survival of implants. Information about the influence of bone quality on stress distribution in an implant-supported crown is limited. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 different bone qualities on stress distribution in an implant-supported mandibular crown, using 3-dimensional (3-D) finite element (FE) analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 3-D FE model of a mandibular section of bone with a missing second premolar tooth was developed, and an implant to receive a crown was developed. A solid 4.1 x 10-mm screw-type dental implant system (ITI; solid implant) and a metal-ceramic crown using Co-Cr (Wiron 99) and feldspathic porcelain were modeled. The model was developed with FE software (Pro/Engineer 2000i program), and 4 types of bone quality (D1, D2, D3, and D4) were prepared. A load of 300 N was applied in a vertical direction to the buccal cusp and distal fossa of the crowns. Optimal bone quality for an implant-supported crown was evaluated. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that von Mises stresses in D3 and D4 bone quality were 163 MPa and 180 MPa, respectively, and reached the highest values at the neck of the implant. The von Mises stress values in D1 and D2 bone quality were 150 MPa and 152 MPa, respectively, at the neck of the implant. A more homogenous stress distribution was seen in the entire bone. Conclusion For the bone qualities investigated, stress concentrations in compact bone followed the same distributions as in the D3 bone model, but because the trabecular bone was weaker and less resistant to deformation than the other bone qualities modeled, the stress magnitudes were greatest for D3 and D4 bone.     

Comparative evaluation of the effect of diameter, length and number of implants supporting three-unit fixed partial prostheses on stress distribution in the bone.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the diameter, the length and the number of implants on stress distribution in the bone around the implants supporting three-unit fixed partial prostheses in the mandibular posterior edentulism. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A mandibular Kennedy II three-dimensional finite element model was constructed. Four fixed partial prostheses with two terminal implant supports of various lengths and diameters, and two fixed partial prostheses with three implant supports of various lengths were designed. In separate load cases, 400 N oblique, 200 N vertical, and 57 N horizontal forces were simulated. The tensile and the compressive stress values in the cortical bone around the collar of the implants and Von Mises stresses in the implants were evaluated. RESULTS: Although the change in the length of implants did not decrease the stress levels, lower tensile and compressive stress values were observed in the bone for wider implant placement configurations. Similar stress distributions and close stress levels were observed for two wider implant supports in comparison with the three-implant-supported fixed partial prostheses. CONCLUSION: With the use of two implants of 4.1-mm diameter and 10-mm length as terminal supports for three-unit fixed prostheses, the magnitude and the distribution of stresses in the cortical bone around the implant collar is within the normal physiological limits.     

The influence of occlusal loading location on stresses transferred to implant-supported prostheses and supporting bone: A three-dimensional finite element study

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Information about the influence of occlusal loading by location on the stress distribution in an implant-supported fixed partial denture and supporting bone tissue is limited. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of loading at 1 to 3 different locations on the occlusal surface of a tooth on the stress distributions in an implant-supported mandibular fixed partial denture (FPD) and surrounding bone, using 3-dimensional finite element analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 3-dimensional finite element model of a mandibular section of bone (Type 2) with missing second premolar and its superstructures were used in this study. A 1-piece 4.1 x 10-mm screw-shape ITI dental implant system (solid implant) was modeled for this study. Cobalt-Chromium (Wiron 99) was used as the crown framework material and porcelain was used for occlusal surface.The implant and its superstructure were simulated in a Pro/Engineer 2000i program. Total loads at 300 N were applied at the following locations: 1) tip of buccal cusp (300 N); 2) tip of buccal cusp (150 N) and distal fossa (150 N); or 3) tip of buccal cusp (100 N), distal fossa (100 N), and mesial fossa (100 N). RESULTS: The results demonstrated that vertical loading at 1 location resulted in high stress values within the bone and implant. Close stress levels were observed within the bone for loading at 2 locations and 3 locations; the former created the most extreme stresses and the latter the most even stresses within the bone. With loading at 2 or 3 locations, stresses were concentrated on the framework and occlusal surface of the FPD, and low stresses were distributed to the bone. CONCLUSION: For the loading conditions investigated, the optimal combination of vertical loading was found to be loading at 2 or 3 locations which decreased the stresses within the bone. In this situation, von Mises stresses were concentrated on the framework and occlusal surface of the FPD.     

不同基台时种植体支持全瓷单冠的应力分析

目的：观察氧化铝、氧化锆全瓷基台和钛基台支持时种植体全瓷单冠各部位的应力分布情况。方法：建立种植体支持下颌第一前磨牙全瓷单冠的三维有限元模型，基台分别选用氧化铝、氧化锆和钛，采用垂直和水平加载两种方式，分析全瓷冠、基台、种植体及其周围骨组织的应力分布情况和最大应力。结果：全瓷基台和钛基台支持时应力分布基本类似，最大应力在水平加载时大于垂直加载时。全瓷冠内部应力集中在加载部位和舌侧肩台处，全瓷基台支持时最大应力无明显差异，稍低于钛基台支持时。基台内部应力集中在基台-种植体连接处的颊侧，瓷基台内部的最大应力高于钛基台，位移量小于钛基台。种植体及骨组织内部应力集中在种植体颈部皮质骨，最大应力在垂直加载条件下不同基台时无明显差异，在水平加载条件下钛基台高于全瓷基台。结论：全瓷基台支持时全瓷冠、种植体和骨组织内部应力较小；两种全瓷基台内部应力无明显差异，均高于钛基台。     

Stress analysis of implant-supported partial prostheses in anisotropic mandibular bone: in-line versus offset placements of implants

Three-dimensional, anisotropic finite element models were executed to investigate the biomechanical effects of in-line and offset placements of implants on implant-supported partial prostheses. Three implant placements of finite element models were created: in-line, buccal offset and lingual offset placements. The mesh models of a cadaver mandibular segment and a three-united crown containing the 2nd premolar, the 1st molar and the 2nd molar were constructed by computer tomography images. The material properties of mandible were applied as transversely isotropic and linearly elastic. Two loading modes (100N), vertical and oblique, were evaluated in all models. Insignificant difference was observed in implant stresses between the in-line and offset placements under the vertical loading mode. Under the oblique loading, however, the offset placement decreased the implant stress by a maximum of 17%. The maximum stress at cortical bone and trabecular bone around each implant did not show conspicuous difference between the in-line and offset placements. This study demonstrated the mechanisms of how stresses were distributed between the in-line and offset placements. Even though the offset placements showed the benefit of decreasing implant stresses, justified from the bone stress the offset placements provided no advantage for the stress decreasing over the in-line placement.     

Different bone loading patterns due to fixation of three-unit and five-unit implant prostheses

BACKGROUND: It has been considered that implant prostheses ought to display passive fit. The objective of this finite element analysis (FEA) was to simulate the bone loading resulting from the fixation of implant-supported three and five-unit fixed partial dentures (FPDs). METHODS: Based on a patient case, six different FPD-groups were fabricated using either two or three implants for support. Strain gauges on the pontics of the prostheses were used for in vivo measurements. Based on the values obtained, bone loading models were simulated using three-dimensional finite element analysis and the results obtained were represented as von Mises equivalent stress. RESULTS: The mean strain (epsilon) values ranged from 15 micro epsilon to 170 micro epsilon for the three-unit FPDs and from 32 micro epsilon to 302 micro epsilon for the five-unit FPDs. FEA revealed von Mises stresses up to 30 MPa in the cortical area, while in trabecular bone values up to 5 MPa were observed. Static implant loading of similar magnitude can be provoked through 200 N axial load. CONCLUSIONS: Although the in vivo measured strain levels (epsilon) were of higher magnitude for the five-unit prostheses, FEA revealed bone loading of comparable magnitude for both three- and five-unit FPDs. Multi-unit prostheses may demonstrate greater inaccuracies compared with single implant restorations, but due to the absence of moment loading the multi-implant configuration appears to compensate for the higher strain development.