多层螺旋CT尿路成像在尿漏中的诊断作用

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT尿路成像（MSCTU）在肾盂、输尿管、膀胱尿漏中的诊断价值。方法：对15例经临床证实发生尿漏的患者进行三期MSCTU检查,采用多种CT图像后处理技术（MPR、MIP、VR）综合分析其MSCTU表现特点。结果：15例尿漏患者中,肾盂尿漏5例,输尿管漏8例,膀胱漏2例。尿漏患者MSCTU的排泄期表现为对比剂外溢,MIP、VR并结合MPR可以清晰显示漏口的部位及范围,并可显示伴发的肾实质破裂,肾包膜下血肿、肾周间隙积液、原发肿瘤（宫颈癌转移瘤侵及右输尿管）及泌尿系先天畸形等。结论：多层螺旋CT尿路成像（MSCTU）能清晰显示尿漏的部位、漏口并初步判断尿漏发生的原因,可以作为诊断尿漏的首选方法。     

Comparison of computed tomography and conventional cystography for detection of traumatic bladder rupture

Computed tomography (CT) is the method of choice for evaluating patients with blunt abdominal and/or pelvic trauma. However, the sensitivity of CT for detecting bladder ruptures has been questioned. We reviewed both the conventional cystograms and the CT examinations of 25 patients who had both studies as the initial evaluation of blunt abdominal and pelvic trauma in the last 5 years. Five of these 25 patients had bladder ruptures, three extraperitoneal and two intraperitoneal. All five injuries were detected by both CT and conventional cystography. In one patient the conventional cystogram was falsely positive. In this case the correct diagnosis was made by CT, and a repeat cystogram confirmed that no bladder injury was present. Our results indicate that CT, if properly performed, is as sensitive for detection of bladder injuries as conventional cystography.     

Comparison of computed tomography and conventional cystography for detection of traumatic bladder rupture

Computed tomography (CT) is the method of choice for evaluating patients with blunt abdominal and/or pelvic trauma. However, the sensitivity of CT for detecting bladder ruptures has been questioned. We reviewed both the conventional cystograms and the CT examinations of 25 patients who had both studies as the initial evaluation of blunt abdominal and pelvic trauma in the last 5 years. Five of these 25 patients had bladder ruptures, three extraperitoneal and two intraperitoneal. All five injuries were detected by both CT and conventional cystography. In one patient the conventional cystogram was falsely positive. In this case the correct diagnosis was made by CT, and a repeat cystogram confirmed that no bladder injury was present. Our results indicate that CT, if properly performed, is as sensitive for detection of bladder injuries as conventional cystography.     

Idiopathic renal hematuria in a military working dog.

A 1.5-year-old male Belgian Malinosis Military Working Dog presented with a 1-month history of intermittent hematuria. Diagnostic ultrasound and contrast radiography demonstrated large blood clots in the urinary bladder and a filling defect in the right renal pelvis. At surgery, clotted blood was present in the right ureter and bladder. Following right nephrectomy, the dog returned to training. One month later, elevations in urea nitrogen and creatinine were noted. Hematuria recurred at 3 months and the dog was found dead in its kennel. Necropsy showed a blood-filled left renal pelvis and ureter.     

Spontaneous rupture of bladder diverticulum after postoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a case report

We present a case of spontaneous rupture of bladder diverticulum three years after postoperative whole pelvic irradiation (50.4 Gy) for carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The patient had suffered from a neurogenic bladder after hysterectomy, but excretory urography revealed no abnormalities. Bladder diverticulum was found two years later. Spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder is one of the late complications associated with radiotherapy, although it is very rare. Postoperative neurogenic bladder may also be associated with rupture. We should be aware of this rare complication in patients who receive pelvic irradiation.     

Bladder injury and pelvic fractures

This study had two goals. The first was evaluating the relationship of intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal bladder injury to pelvic fractures. To determine that 10 patients with bladder rupture and no pelvic fracture were compared with 24 patients having both bladder injury and pelvic fracture following blunt trauma. In patients with pelvic fractures, extraperitoneal bladder ruptures were more common (15 of 24) than intraperitoneal tears. An extraperitoneal rupture was unlikely in the absence of a pelvic fracture (1 of 16). It thus appears that the compressive force that deforms and fractures the pelvic bones and ligaments exerts a shearing force on the bladder base resulting in an extraperitoneal injury. Intraperitoneal bladder rupture was more common (7 of 10 patients) without pelvic fractures and most likely resulted from sudden compression of a distended bladder. The inebriated patient appears to be at increased risk for intraperitoneal rupture. The second goal was to determine if the vector mechanism causing pelvic injury determines the frequency and type of bladder laceration. Toward that goal 127 patients with pelvic fracture and no lower urinary tract injury were compared with 24 patients suffering a combined pelvic fracture and bladder rupture. Based on the radiographic pattern of pelvic fracture, we found no statistically significant difference in the frequency of bladder injury with lateral compression, anteroposterior compression, vertical shear, or complex pelvic fractures.     

Delayed imaging of the pelvis with diluted and filled bladder: a simple and efficient method in FDG PET/CT imaging of bladder carcinoma

A 53-year-old man with recent diagnosis of urinary bladder carcinoma was referred to our PET/CT unit. There was no sign and symptom other than hematuria. Urinary ultrasound showed a mass lesion at the right wall of the urinary bladder. FDG PET/CT was performed for initial staging. One-hour whole-body PET/CT images were normal, whereas delayed pelvic images with "diluted and filled bladder" demonstrated that intense hypermetabolic lesion at the right lateral wall of the urinary bladder.     

磁共振尿路造影在临床泌尿道梗阻中的诊断价值

目的：评估磁共振尿路造影在临床泌尿道梗阻中的诊断价值。方法：回顾性对61例例泌尿系统梗阻患者的的MRU检查所见与手术和病理结果对照分析。结果：61例泌尿系梗阻患者，输尿管癌7例，输尿管结石8例，下腔静脉后输尿管1例，输尿管良性狭窄11例，先天性输尿管狭窄27例，膀胱癌侵及输尿管4例，泌尿系改道手术后再次发生良性梗阻患者3例，所有病例MRU均确定梗阻水平并且清晰显示梗阻端形态和特征。结论：NMR是一种安全、可靠、无创的检查方法，尤对IVU不显影或仅显示扩张的肾盏、肾孟影的重度肾积水病例或对比剂过敏的患者更有诊断价值。     

A pitfall of FDG-PET image interpretation: accumulation of FDG in the dependent area of the urinary bladder after bladder irrigation--the usefulness of the prone position

In F-18 FDG PET studies, retrograde irrigation of the urinary bladder is usually used to reduce the interference with physiological urinary accumulation of F-18 FDG in patients with possible pelvic lesions. A 34-year-old female who had recently been diagnosed with cervical cancer had an F-18 FDG-PET scan performed for whole-body evaluation. The bladder was irrigated with physiological saline and filled with 200 mL of irrigation fluid through a 3-way balloon catheter inserted before the scan. Two areas with high FDG accumulation were noted in the posterior pelvis. Tumor invasion or metastasis could not be ruled out. Additional focal imaging of the pelvis was performed with the patient in the prone position. The lesion on the left side of the patient was still noted, whereas the lesion on the right had disappeared, which proved that it was a false-positive lesion. Great caution is required when assessing imaging results to avoid misdiagnosis in patients after bladder irrigation.     

Matrix stone in ureter and bladder simultaneously

Matrix stone is a rare form of urinary calculi. We report the imaging findings of urinary matrix stones in a patient with a history of diabetes mellitus. The stones, located in the left ureter and bladder, were characterized as calcified peripheral enclosing a large amount of gas on computed tomography (CT). To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of matrix stones located both in the ureter and bladder simultaneously.     

CT-Urographie bei Frauen mit prim?ren oder rezidivierenden Beckentumoren

Malignant tumors of the female pelvis account for 12-13% of newly diagnosed solid neoplasms among women in the USA and Germany. German guidelines advocate diagnostic imaging for local recurrence and metastasis while there are no recommendations for primary tumors. As excretory urography has been replaced by the excretory phase of computed tomography urography (CTU) in many institutions, two independent observers retrospectively evaluated CTUs of primary or recurrent female pelvic tumors to rule out associations between CTU findings and subsequent urologic measures. Among 31 CTUs of 27 women (age 29-84 years, mean 57 years) with 15 primary and 13 recurrent tumors, 83-100% of unremarkable proximal, middle and distal ureter segments were completely delineated in the excretory phase (delay 6-29 min, mean 16 min). The most common pathological findings included distal ureter obstruction (n=19, 61%), bladder compression (n=13, 42%) and bladder invasion (n=8, 26%). Out of 20 pathologically altered urinary tracts 8 were subsequently subjected to urologic measures (2-tailed Fisher exact test, p=0.0215) but none of the 10 unremarkable urinary tracts were treated. It appears that CTU is a sensible pre-therapeutic test for the urinary tract for primary and recurrent female pelvic tumors.     

Endoluminal sonography of the urinary tract: preliminary observations

Endoluminal sonography of the urinary tract was performed by using endoluminal ultrasound transducers contained within 2-mm-diameter catheters. The catheters were inserted into the urinary bladder via the urethra and advanced into the ureters and renal pelvis under cystoscopic control; then, cross-sectional images of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis were obtained. Two dogs and seven human patients were studied. In one dog, a 4.5-mm pseudopolyp, which was surgically created in the bladder wall, was successfully imaged; in the other, stones 2 mm or larger inserted into the bladder were identified. Of the seven patients, sonography showed stones embedded in the renal parenchyma (one patient) and the mucosa of the distal ureter (one patient). These were ultimately confirmed by their eventual removal. In a third, sonography showed a tumor of the distal ureter and identified the depth of the tumor. This was confirmed by biopsy. In a fourth, sonography clearly showed a crossing vessel as the cause for narrowing of the proximal ureter. In a fifth, sonography showed that the cause of a ureteral stricture was idiopathic. In the last two cases, sonography did not reveal a cause for hematuria. In these last three cases, negative sonographic results were confirmed by direct ureteroscopic examinations and follow-up studies. Our observations based on this limited study suggest that endoluminal sonography is a useful procedure for diagnosing diseases of the urinary tract. Further study is warranted.     

经阴道超声诊断女性下泌尿路病变的价值

目的:探讨经阴道超声(TVUS)诊断女性下泌尿路病变的价值。材料和方法:对48例已婚女性下泌尿路病变患者,采用TVUS观察病变特点,超声检查结果与临床病理结果对照分析。结果:本组共发现输尿管病变20例,膀胱病变24例,尿道病变4例,其中诊断输尿管病变TVUS诊断率为100%(20/20),可以更清晰显示输尿管肿物的血供情况和输尿管异位开口;对膀胱三角区病变的观察,在显示病变位置、形态、血流分布特点等细节方面,TVUS比TAUS清晰。TVUS还有助于盆腔囊性病变与输尿管和膀胱关系的判断。诊断尿道病变以TVUS观察更准确。结论:对女性输尿管下段病变和膀胱三角区和尿道病变,应用TVUS可以提高超声诊断的正确率。     

Ectopic prostate tissue presenting as a giant pelvic mass with seeding nodules

We report a case of ectopic prostate tissue presenting as multiple lesions resembling a giant pelvic mass with seeding nodules. A 60-year-old man was admitted to the general surgery department of our hospital with an incidentally discovered pelvic mass on computed tomography performed at an outside hospital. The computed tomography scan showed a well-demarcated heterogeneous enhancing mass of 14 cm on the right side of the urinary bladder, and other similarly small nodules were observed in the pelvic cavity and perianal area. Physical examination showed a palpable mass in the suprapubic area; however, the patient did not complain of urinary system symptoms. Laboratory examination showed an elevated level of prostate-specific antigen (12.18 ng/mL). Suprapubic incision and mass resection were performed. The surgeon removed two of the masses and dissected the pelvic lymph nodes. Pathological examination confirmed that both masses were ectopic prostate tissues, and focal adenocarcinoma (<5%) was noted in the largest mass (Gleason score, 3 + 3 = 6). The Prostate-specific antigen level returned to normal postoperatively.     

轮缘征在CT诊断输尿管结石中的价值

目的：评价轮缘征对输尿管结石在ＣＴ诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值。材料与方法：腹部平片无异常,在静脉尿路造影像上怀疑输尿管阴性结石患者５１例,随后进行ＣＴ平扫来验证输尿管阴性结石的存在与否以及轮缘征的显示率。结果：除２例因结石染色明确诊断外,４９例ＣＴ扫描显示结石者４３例,检出率为８７．７％。其中输尿管结石伴轮缘征者２９例,占６７．４％,结石平均直径为３．７ｍｍ,ＣＴ值１００～４２２ＨＵ。轮缘征最大直径１３．０ｍｍ,平均６．４ｍｍ,ＣＴ值为１４～２２ＨＵ。未出现轮缘征者１４例,结石平均直径为５．８ｍｍ。结论：轮缘征是诊断输尿管结石较可靠的ＣＴ征象,具有较高的诊断价值,此征还可与静脉石和其他性质的钙化具有鉴别意义。     

MSCTU对泌尿系统先天性疾病的诊断价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT尿路造影及图像后处理技术对泌尿系先天性疾病的诊断价值。材料和方法:对28例经手术证实或临床证实的泌尿系先天性疾病患者行MSCT平扫、肾实质期扫描(延迟80s)及延迟扫描,将原始资料送至工作站进行最大密度投影(MIP)、多平面重建(MPR)、表面遮盖法重建(SSD)和容积重建(VR),获得完整的尿路造影。结果:28例中,输尿管瓣膜症7例,肾盂、输尿管重复畸形6例,输尿管囊肿3例,膀胱憩室2例,肾旋转不良2例,巨输尿管2例,额外肾2例,肾盂憩室1例,输尿管开口异位1例,肾柱肥大1例,迷走血管压迫输尿管1例。结论:多层螺旋CT尿路造影适用于泌尿系先天性疾病的患者,它具有超高速、大范围和薄层扫描的优点,可作为临床诊断的一种有效的辅助检查手段。     

Whitaker test after pyeloplasty: establishment of normal ureteral perfusion pressures

Twenty-seven patients underwent percutaneous ureteral perfusion after successful surgical repair of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in order to determine the perfusion pressures in ureters without obstruction. In each patient, the postoperative ureteropelvic junction appeared widely patent and the rest of the ureter appeared entirely normal. Ureteral perfusion was performed via percutaneous puncture of the collecting system; the pressure in the pelvis was measured through this needle and bladder pressure was monitored through a urethral catheter. "Absolute" (renal pelvic) and "differential" (renal pelvic minus bladder) pressures were measured at 10, 15, and 20 ml/min perfusion rates. Absolute and differential pressures rose as the perfusion rates increased; absolute pressure rose but differential pressure fell as the bladder was filled. The upper limit of normal differential pressure encountered with the bladder empty was 13 cm of water during perfusion at 10 ml/min.     

Ileourethral fistula following cystectomy: A rare complication

Fistulae between the urinary and intestinal tracts of adult male patients usually result from trauma, inflammatory diseases, necrosis and infiltration of a neoplasm of either the bladder, prostate or colon, or radiation therapy. We report 2 patients who developed an ileourethral fistula following cystectomy which had been performed for carcinoma of the bladder in 1 patient and leukoplakia of the bladder in the other. The diagnosis of an ileourethral fistula was established by retrograde urethrography and a barium follow-through study. Computed tomography performed in 1 patient showed a tumor mass in the pelvis.     

Radiographic and clinical predictors of bladder rupture in blunt trauma patients with pelvic fracture

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Bladder rupture is a potentially serious injury in blunt trauma patients. We determined whether location and displacement of pelvic fractures and the degree of hematuria can accurately predict bladder injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective database of 721 blunt trauma pelvic fractures that presented to a single large regional level 1 trauma center between January 1, 1997, and July 15, 2003, was expanded to include data on bladder injury and the initial urinalysis. Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine if an association exists between pelvic fracture pattern, degree of hematuria, and bladder injury. A potential clinical prediction rule was then derived using a point system for four independent, significant risk factors identified from the logistic regression results. RESULTS: There were 37 bladder ruptures (5.0%), all of which presented with hematuria >30 red blood cells per high-powered field (RBC/HPF). Pelvic injuries that were independently associated with bladder injury included diastasis of the pubic symphysis >1 cm, RR = 9.8 (95% CI 4.6-20.9), and fracture of the obturator ring with displacement >1 cm RR = 3.2 (95% CI 1.6-6.5). No patient with isolated acetabular fractures sustained bladder injury. A clinical prediction rule was derived, consisting of a single point for each of the significant pelvic injury sites in patients with hematuria >30 RBC/HPF. Patients with a prediction score of 0 had a 2.3% probability of bladder injury, whereas patients with scores of 1 and 2 had probabilities of bladder injury of 9.2% and 43.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with isolated acetabular fractures and patients with <30 RBC/HPF did not sustain bladder injury. In addition to hematuria, specific pelvic injury patterns are associated with bladder rupture. If validated, a clinical prediction rule derived from this data has the potential to guide the care of the blunt trauma patient.     

Fungal infection of the urinary tract: demonstration by antegrade pyelography and drainage by percutaneous nephrostomy.

Most fungal infections of the urinary tract involve the drainage structures rather than the kidney parenchyma. They usually occur in patients with diabetes or other chronic debilitating diseases and in the presence of urinary stasis. Conglomeration of fibrillar hyphae results in fungal balls which produce nonopaque filling defects in the renal pelvis, ureter, or bladder. Such fungal ball colonies were demonstrated by percutaneous (antegrade) pyelography in the upper urinary tract in two cases. A percutaneous nephrostomy was performed in one patient to provide drainage of pus in the renal pelvis.