肺癌脑转移MRI增强扫描诊断

目的：讨论MRI增强扫描对肺癌脑转移的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析了我院53例经临床及手术病理证实的肺癌脑转移，全部病例均行MRI平扫及增强检查。结果：多发病灶43例，单发病灶10例，病灶发生在幕上者26例，幕下者2例，幕上及幕下均有25例，2例有脑膜转移。平扫时发现病灶216个，增强后发现病灶269个，并且病灶多数呈环形和实质性强化，而且病灶显示更清楚。结论：增强扫描是MRI诊断肺癌脑转移所必须的。     

MRI增强及延迟扫描在脑转移瘤诊断中的应用

目的：进一步探讨MRI T1WI增强及延迟扫描在脑转移瘤诊断中的应用。材料和方法：回顾性分析近两件来经临床或手术病理证实的48例脑转移瘤MR图像，采用平扫、增强及增强后延迟扫描，比较增强前后及延迟扫描后病灶显示情况。结果：①平扫发现病灶直接征象约占60%。②增强后除1例强化不明显外，其余47例均见不同程度和形式的强化，较平扫时更清楚显示病灶形态、大小、边界、浸润范围。有17例显示出平扫无水肿、未显示的65个病灶。③延迟8-10min扫描病灶显示更清楚者17例，比增强后即时扫描增多者10例，共28个病灶。结论：临床疑有脑转移瘤而行MRI检查的病人，增强扫描应成为常规，它能为诊断和治疗方法的选择提供更为丰富的资料，而增强后的延迟扫描，能提供更多，更全的信息，在脑转移瘤的诊断中，有一定价值。     

MRI增强扫描对脊髓转移瘤的诊断价值

1．目的 评价磁共振增强扫描对脊髓转移瘤的诊断价值。     

低场MR增强扫描对脑转移瘤的诊断价值

目的：探讨低场MR增强扫描对脑转移瘤的诊断价值.方法：回顾分析70例脑部转移瘤病人用0.5T超导型磁共振扫描仪做的平扫和Gd-DTF＇A增强扫描的MRI征象.结果：70例脑转移瘤病人,平扫检出118个转移灶,Gd-DTP＇A增强扫描检出239个转移灶.平扫检出最小病灶直径0.9 cm,增强扫描栓出最小病灶直径0.2 cm.结论：低场磁共振Gd-DTPA增强扫描既能发现平扫难以发现的脑转移瘤,又可以准确发现微小和特殊部位的转移灶,同时又可以明确病灶形态、边缘以及内部情况.为临床治疗方案的确定提供可靠依据.     

脑转移瘤的CT诊断

报告27例脑转移瘤，其中25例原发肿瘤为肺癌，以脑部症状为首诊者11例（40．7％）。我们认为CT发现脑部占位性病变后常规胸部X线检查对病变的定性诊断是有帮助的。CT增强扫描能显示比平扫更多的瘤灶，特别是可显示出脑膜转移。     

三维MR增强扫描在多发脑转移瘤诊断中的价值

目的 探讨三维MR增强扫描(3DE MR)在诊断多发性脑转移瘤(BM)中的价值.方法 筛选临床拟诊为BM患者64例行MR平扫及增强检查,增强扫描包括2DE MR和3DE MR两种扫描方式,根据3DE MR的图像特征及临床病史,选取有多发BM病灶的患者35例.对两种不同增强扫描方式图像质量进行分析,并在显示病灶数目、大小方面进行比较.结果 (1)图像质量.3DE MR图像上平均病灶与脑白质比值(LBR)为1.43±0.33,平均信噪比(SNR)为21.98±10.1,平均对比噪声比(CNR)7.72 ±4.45,2DE MR图像上平均LBR为1.21±0.22,平均SNR为30.52±11.28,平均CNR为6.63 ±4.60,利用配对资料t检验对两种扫描方式所得图像的参数进行统计学分析,得出LBR和SNR两个指标在两种扫描方式间有差异,CNR在两种扫描方式间无差异.(2)病灶数目比较.在35例BM患者中3DE MR较2DE MR多发现121个病灶,平均每例多发现3.4个病灶.(3)病灶大小比较.本组病例中,以2DE MR扫描方式中所发现的336个病灶为准,测量对应病灶在不同扫描方式中的大小,在2DEMR中所测病灶平均大小为(8.87±0.42)mm,3DE MR中平均大小为(9.76 ±0.43) mm,利用配对资料的t检验对两种扫描方式所测得病灶大小进行统计学分析,所有病灶在两种扫描方式中所测大小存在差异.结论 3DE MR较常规2DE MR发现BM更敏感,在显示病灶数目、大小方面明显优于2DE MR,可明显降低2DE MR扫描方式的漏诊率及误诊率,应成为临床BM常规增强扫描方式.     

单发星形细胞瘤与单发脑转移瘤的CT诊断与鉴别诊断

目的：研究单发星形细胞瘤与单发脑转移瘤的ＣＴ诊断及鉴别诊断。方法：观察两种肿瘤的ＣＴ评扫片与对比增强片。结果：两种肿瘤在好发单位，临床表现及呈环形强化时具有一定特征。结论：为对于幕上皮层或皮层下肿瘤在诊断为单发星形细胞瘤时，要考虑到单发脑转移瘤的可能性。     

低场强MRI强化扫描对脑转移瘤的诊断价值（附49例分析）

目的：研究分析低场强MRI对脑转移瘤的诊断价值。方法：用西门子open 0.2T扫描仪，在常规扫描后再静脉快速推注Gd-DTPA 0.2-0.4ml/kg，选用T1WI条件取相应的断面。结果：49例中单发脑转移瘤11例，多发脑转移瘤38例，共检出瘤体灶133个，强化扫描比平扫多发现49个，病灶发生在幕上的121个，幕下的12个。在133个病灶中，呈弥散快速强化的87个，呈环状结节强化的有46个，均为明显强化性肿瘤。结论：低场强MRI强化扫描对脑转移瘤的病理特点的反应是敏感的。     

MR灌注成像在鉴别单发脑转移瘤与高级别胶质瘤中的价值

目的探讨MR灌注成像在鉴别单发脑转移瘤与高级别胶质瘤中的作用及价值。方法对10例单发脑转移瘤和15例高级别胶质瘤患者行手术前MR灌注成像扫描。分析其MR灌注曲线及伪彩图像,测量肿瘤实质部分及瘤周水肿区最大相对脑血容积(rCBV)值及相应部位相对平均通过时间(rMTT)数值并将所测值进行t检验。结果单发脑转移瘤的MR灌注曲线形态和伪彩图像中的色彩特点与高级别胶质瘤有明显区别。单发脑转移瘤与高级别胶质瘤肿瘤实质部分的最大rCBV值分别为3.70±2.34、6.01±2.17,瘤周水肿区则分别为0.80±0.28、1.77±1.19。单发脑转移瘤与高级别胶质瘤肿瘤实质相应部位的rMTT值分别为1.17±0.39、1.11±0.18,瘤周水肿区则分别为1.17±0.38、1.02±0.20。两者肿瘤实质部分和瘤周水肿区的rCBV值均数之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而相应的rMTT值均数之间差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论MR灌注成像对术前鉴别单发脑转移瘤与高级别胶质瘤有临床实用价值。     

Magnetic resonance imaging of human cerebral infarction: Enhancement with Gd-DTPA

Summary Five patients (1 female and 4 males) with cerebral infarction of 4 h to 27 months duration were studied 9 times with magnetic resonance (MR) using Gd-DTPA. Spin-echo (SE) MR images (MRI) were obtained before and after the administration of Gd-DTPA, and correlative CT scans were performed on the same day. In 2 cases, 4 h and 27 months after the ictus, there was no enhancement with Gd-DTPA. There was faint enhancement in 2 cases with cerebral infarction of about 24h duration and obvious enhancement in all cases in the subacute stage. Compared with enhanced CT, MR using Gd-DTPA demonstrated more obvious enhancement of infarcted areas. MR enhancement using Gd-DTPA showed a gradual increase and the accumulated Gd-DTPA in infarcted areas slowly diffused to the periphery. MR enhancement with Gd-DTPA is similar to that of enhanced CT, but may be more sensitive in the detection of blood brain barrier breakdown.     

钆塞酸二钠和钆喷酸葡胺肝脏多期动态增强呼吸伪影对比研究

目的:比较静脉注射钆塞酸二钠(Gd-EOB-DTPA)和钆喷酸葡胺(Gd-DTPA)的动脉期呼吸伪影,寻求减少Gd-EOB-DTPA动脉期呼吸伪影的可能方案.方法:搜集在1年内行Gd-EOB-DTPA和Gd-DTPA磁共振动态增强扫描的患者75例,由两位有经验的磁共振医师采用盲法对两种对比剂扫描方案的动脉期、门脉期及延迟期图像采用5分法评分,以≤3分定义为中重度伪影.两种对比剂扫描方案的呼吸伪影比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验和配对卡方检验.结果:Gd-EOB-DTPA组发生动脉晚期呼吸伪影的比例明显高于Gd-DTPA组(分别为49.3％和6.7％,Z=-5.058,P＜0.001),其中中重度伪影的比例亦明显高于Gd-DTPA(分别为33.33％和2.67％,x2=21.04,P＜0.001);而Gd-EOB-DT-PA组动脉早期出现呼吸伪影和中重度呼吸伪影的比例与Gd-DTPA组差异无统计学意义(Z=-1.513,P=0.130;x2=0.25,P=0.625).结论:静脉注射Gd-EOB-DTPA较Gd-DTPA更易引起动脉期伪影,减少单期屏气时间和采用动脉期监测技术可能提高Gd-EOB-DTPA动脉期采集的图像质量.     

Multiple slice FLASH imaging: An improved pulse sequence for contrast enhanced MR brain studies

Summary A multisclice gradient echo sequence (FLASH) was compared with a conventional spin-echo (SE) technique with regard to its value for contrast enhanced brain studies. In 50 patients with contrast enhancing intracranial lesions, MR studies (0.5 Tesla MR tomograph) were performed with SE images (SE 400/30; four images/3.4 min) and FLASH scans (FLASH 315/14, 90°; 15 images/1.4 min) before and after Gd-DTPA. Based on visual and quantitative assessment diagnostic results of postcontrast SE- and FLASH images were equivalent with respect to contrast enhancement, lesion/brain-contrast, lesion/edema-contrast, and lesion delineation. Although image quality generally was excellent on postcontrast FLASH images, susceptibility artifacts were more severe on FLASH scans than on SE images. However, with the exception of postoperative patients with artifacts due to metal remains, diagnostic information was not decreased by artifacts on postcontrast FLASH images. In conclusion, because of the clearly higher efficiency of the multisclice FLASH technique, this pulse sequence offers the opportunity to speed up contrast enhanced brain imaging.     

顺磁性对比剂动态增强MR脑灌注成像

随着MR快速成像技术的发展,顺磁性对比剂的应用,基本平面回波技术的顺磁性对比剂动态增强MR脑灌注成像已应用于颅脑检查的许多方面,并且在急性脑卒中、脑肿瘤等部分疾病检查中已成为常规,并逐渐延伸至脑变性疾病、烟雾病及吸毒者及功能评估等更为广泛的领域。对疾病除早期显示病变外,还可指导疾病的治疗及判断预后。就其成像原理、计算参数、检查方法入临床应用进行介绍。     

MRI各序列诊断创伤性脑损伤的价值比较 MRI各序列诊断创伤性脑损伤的价值比较

目的：比较MRI各序列诊断创伤性脑损伤（traumatic brain injury,TBI）的价值.方法：对260例TBI患者行MRI序列组合扫描,包括FLASH、FLAIR、SE T1WI、TSE T2WI,分析不同类型TBI的影像特点,比较各序列对病灶的显示率.结果：260例中,FLASH显示244例（93.8％）,FLAIR显示249例（95.8％）,T2WI显示200例（76.9％）,T1WI显示199例（76.5％）,FLASH与FLAIR比较、T2WI与T1 WI比较,显示率差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）;FLASH、FLAIR分别与T2WI、T1WI相比,显示率差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.01）,FLASH、FLAIR对TBI病变的显示优于T2WI、T1WI.结论：MRI各序列显示TBI病灶总体敏感性由高至低依次为FLAIR、FLASH、T2WI、T1WI.FLAIR、FLASH应作为MRI诊断TBI的首选序列.     

颅脑磁共振弥散张量成像应用进展

磁共振弥散张量成像技术是利用水分子的弥散运动各向异性进行成像,是目前唯一反映人体活体组织空间组成信息及病理状态下各组织成分之间水分子交换功能状况的检查方法,可以从细胞及分子水平来研究疾病状况。本文回顾DTI的原理和潜在的临床应用,如脑缺血性疾病、脑发育、脑肿瘤、外伤性脑损伤和癫痫、多发性硬化、代谢性疾病等。     

Manganese accumulation in the brain: MR imaging

Manganese (Mn) accumulation in the brain is detected as symmetrical high signal intensity in the globus pallidi on T1-weighted MR images without an abnormal signal on T2-weighted images. In this review, we present several cases of Mn accumulation in the brain due to acquired or congenital diseases of the abdomen including hepatic cirrhosis with a portosystemic shunt, congenital biliary atresia, primary biliary cirrhosis, congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt without liver dysfunction, Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome with a diffuse intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, and patent ductus venosus. Other causes of Mn accumulation in the brain are Mn overload from total parenteral nutrition and welding-related Mn intoxication.     

Contrast-enhanced MR imaging with fat suppression in adult-onset septic spondylodiscitis

Spinal infections typically involve vertebrae as well as discs, and for this reason they are called septic spondylodiscitis. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most sensitive imaging method for the evaluation of this group of spinal diseases. The use of contrast-enhanced T1-weighted sequences with fat suppression, if correctly applied, may increase information provided by MRI. Firstly, this technique allows the primary vertebral focus, which often precedes disc involvement, to be identified at a very early stage. When the disease spreads, T1-weighted fat-suppressed gadolinium dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) enhanced images provide macroscopic details of the primary vertebral focus, disc involvement patterns, and pathways of infection diffusion. All this information, when correlated with laboratory tests, may be useful in identifying the infectious agents (tuberculous vs piogenic forms), thus enabling a suitable therapy to be started. This technique is also useful in the assessment of the real extension of the disease, providing a clear depiction of paravertebral space involvement and of psoas muscle abscesses. Dangerous complications, such as meningitis, myelitis, and epidural abscesses, may be more promptly diagnosed and fully evaluated with fat-suppressed post-contrast T1-weighted images. Finally, this imaging technique may help to differentiate infectious processes from degenerative disorders, extradural neoplastic processes, and rheumatic diseases. Electronic Publication