Ulnar F wave generation assessed within 3 days after the onset of stroke in patients with relatively preserved level of consciousness

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to detect any significant changes of F wave variables associated with acute hemiparesis in a group of stroke patients with relatively preserved consciousness (Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) score 8 or higher) and to detect the possible clinical significance of F wave recording in acute stroke patients for diagnostic purposes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two consecutive patients with mean age 65+/-10.6 years admitted with a diagnosis of acute ischemic or primary hemorrhagic stroke were studied. A series of 40 electrical stimuli were delivered to the ulnar nerve bilaterally in order to obtain F waves. F wave studies were performed within 3 days from stroke's onset. The following variables were estimated and then compared between affected and unaffected side: F persistence, F wave latency, amplitude, duration and chronodispersion. A group of 30 healthy age-matched subjects served as control. RESULTS: F persistence was significantly lower in both affected and unaffected sides as compared to controls. There was no statistical differences of latency values between control and either side of the stroke' patients. A significant decrease of maximum F wave amplitude was detected in both affected and unaffected side as opposed to controls. Separate analysis of the subgroup of 15 patients with stroke and completely normal level of consciousness (GCS score 15) did not showed any significant differences of F wave variables in the affected or unaffected side compared with controls. CONCLUSION: The F wave persistence is not expected to be suppressed in the first few days after stroke unless the level of consciousness is reduced. The routine F wave studies are not appropriate to evaluate the severity of motor deficit, at least in the immediate period after a stroke incident.     

脑卒中患者双上肢F波的变化及其评价肢体痉挛的可靠性

目的观察脑卒中患者双上肢正中神经F波的变化特征及其与患侧上肢肌张力的关系,探讨F波在脑卒中患者上肢痉挛评价中的应用价值。方法选取2014-7—2015-7作者医院神经内科收治的脑卒中患者40例(脑卒中组),其中男24例、女16例;选取30名健康者作为正常对照组,其中男18名,女12名。应用丹麦丹迪公司生产的Keypoint.net肌电/诱发电位仪进行F波测定,对脑卒中组患者患侧、健侧及正常对照组F波的潜伏期、出现率、传导速度、波幅及面积进行比较。对脑卒中组患侧上肢进行改良Ashworth评分(MAS),并与F波部分参数进行Spearman相关性分析。结果 (1)脑卒中组患侧、健侧与正常对照组间F波潜伏期、传导速度、波幅及面积比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01),F波出现率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);(2)脑卒中组患侧F波传导速度较健侧减慢(P0.01),波幅增高(P0.01),面积增大(P0.01),而F波潜伏期与出现率变化无统计学差异(P0.05);(3)脑卒中患者患侧潜伏期较正常对照组延长(P0.01),传导速度减慢(P0.01),而健侧潜伏期及传导速度与正常对照组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);(4)脑卒中患者患侧F波波幅与腕及四指MAS评分均呈正相关(r=0.906,P0.01;r=0.685,P0.01),F波面积与腕及四指MAS评分均呈正相关(r=0.917,P0.01;r=0.669,P0.01),F波传导速度与四指MAS评分呈负相关(r=-0.524,P0.05)。结论脑卒中患者患侧上肢F波波幅及面积分别与MAS评分存在正相关,F波传导速度与四指MAS评分存在负相关,F波的传导速度、波幅及面积可作为脑卒中患者上肢痉挛程度评价客观的电生理指标。     

Dynamic F wave study in patients suffering from peripheral arterial occlusive disease

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively detect significant transient F wave abnormalities obtained after exercise in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and to assess the potential diagnostic sensitivity of dynamic F wave study in such a context. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A series of 40 electrical stimuli were delivered to the peroneal and the posterior tibial nerves of 25 patients with PAD in order to obtain F waves at rest and post-exercise. The following variables were estimated and the obtained pre- and post-exercise data were compared: F persistence, F wave latency, amplitude, duration and F chronodispersion. For each nerve studied, the minimum, average and maximum values were calculated. Conventional electrophysiological data were also collected pre- and post-exercise and the data obtained were also compared. Twenty-five healthy age-, gender- and height-matched individuals served as controls. RESULTS: No evidence of conventional nerve conduction abnormalities was recorded either pre- or post-exercise in the group of patients. As regards the peroneal nerve, the significantly reduced F wave persistence (P = 0.007) and maximum F wave amplitude post- as opposed to pre-exercise (P = 0.05)- were the main findings to emerge. The average (P = 0.017) and the minimum duration (P = 0.005) of tibial F waves were also significantly increased post- compared with pre-exercise. Insignificant differences were observed between pre- and post-exercise neurophysiological and F wave values in the group of controls. CONCLUSION: Given the observed absence of conventional neurophysiological abnormalities, the detection of dynamic F wave changes supports the view of an increased diagnostic sensitivity of this method in patients with mild PAD.     

Subtypes of carpal tunnel syndrome: median nerve F wave parameters

The carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) provides a model for analyzing the effects of focal nerve injury on F waves. We studied 127 patients (164 CTS) with clinical and electrophysiological CTS and 35 healthy controls in order to determine the alteration of F wave parameters in different types of CTS and to evaluate the most predictive F wave abnormality for each type. Minimal, maximal and mean F wave latencies, F wave persistence and chronodispersion recorded from abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle with wrist stimulation were compared. Twenty-three patients (29 CTS) had prominent demyelinating type CTS, 37 patients (45 CTS) had prominent axonal type CTS and 60 patients (90 CTS) slight demyelinating CTS according to electrophysiological parameters. The amplitude of APB muscle and F wave persistence were correlated significantly (r: 0.36, P<0.001). Minimal F wave latency was more prolonged in demyelinating group than in the axonal and slight demyelinating groups (P=0.001). In conclusion, F wave determination, as a simple and valuable method, allows the discrimination between demyelinating injury and axonal degeneration and increases the diagnostic yield in CTS.     

F wave study in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: assessment of balance between upper and lower motor neuron involvement.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to record significant F wave variable changes in ALS patients having no advanced disease. Furthermore, an interpretation of these F wave abnormalities in the context of upper (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) dysfunction was attempted. METHODS: Standard motor and sensory conduction study was performed to the ulnar nerves of 23 patients with ALS (13 males and 10 females with mean age 67.2+/-5.3 years), having a clinically predominant LMN syndrome. A series of 40 electrical stimuli were also delivered to both their ulnar nerves in order to obtain F waves. The following F wave variables were estimated: F persistence, F wave latency, amplitude, duration and F chronodispersion. Twenty-three, age-and gender-matched healthy volunteers served as controls. RESULTS: Both the distal and proximal ulnar a-CMAPs (P=0.001) and the MCV (P=0.014) values were significantly decreased in patients, than the controls. The sensory conduction study was normal. The ulnar F wave persistence in the ALS patients was significantly lower than that of the controls (P=0.0007). The mean (P=0.0001), minimal (P=0.0001) and maximal (P=0.0001) F wave latencies were significantly prolonged, the F wave amplitudes (P=0.0001) were significantly higher and the F wave chronodispersion (P=0.014) was significantly increased in the patients than the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Significant F wave abnormalities occur in patients with ALS, even those patients having no advanced disease. Increased F wave amplitudes combined with low persistence is a pattern consistent with ALS. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results show that patients with ALS having predominantly LMN involvement also have electrophysiological UMN dysfunction.     

F wave duration in mild S1 radiculopathy: comparison between the affected and unaffected sides.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the F wave duration (Fdur) of the tibial nerve in mild S1 radiculopathy. We evaluated the difference in this parameter between the affected and unaffected sides, and discussed the clinical significance of this difference. METHODS: Bilateral tibial F waves were obtained from 46 normal subjects (control group) and 27 patients with L5/S1 intervertebral disc herniation (patient group). Minimum latency of F wave (Fmin) and Fdur were analyzed. RESULTS: Fmin and Fmin corrected by the subject's height (Fmin/H) were both significantly longer on the affected side than on the unaffected side and in the normal group, but the incidence of abnormality was very low for both parameters. Even patient showing normal Fmin or Fmin/H sometimes exhibited Fdur values prolonged beyond the reference range. Judgment of abnormal Fdur based on the difference between the two sides was the most sensitive method for detecting the root injury. No patients showed decreased Fdur. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the amplitude of compound muscle action potential of the abductor hallucis. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggested that evaluation of the difference in Fdur between the two sides was a valuable means of decreasing false-negative results in F wave study in mild S1 radiculopathy cases.     

急性脑卒中并发肺部感染危险因素分析

目的探讨急性脑卒中并发肺部感染的危险因素及其特点。方法对57例急性脑卒中并发肺部感染患者与同期55例急性脑卒中无感染者进行回顾性调查,分析其医院感染的危险因素。结果感染组的NIHSS评分显著高于对照组,GCS评分显著低于对照组。感染组的吞咽障碍评分高于非感染组,差异有统计学意义。感染组的血糖值显著高于对照组,白蛋白数值则低于对照组,二组差异有统计学意义。脑卒中合并肺部感染组既往患心脏病者明显高于对照组。高血压、糖尿病及慢性支气管炎史2组间无统计学差异。感染组接受侵袭性操作者显著高于非感染对照组。结论患者并发肺部感染与其神经功能缺损程度重、意识障碍、吞咽困难、侵袭性操作、心脏疾病、高血糖和低白蛋白水平有关。     

急性HICH患者行FVEP ICP监测的临床应用价值

目的 探讨对急性高血压性脑出血(HICH)患者用闪光视觉诱发电位(FVEP)进行无创颅内压(ICP)监测的临床价值。方法 选取本院神经内科收治的110例急性HICH患者作为研究对象,根据患者治疗28 d的结局分为存活组87例和死亡组23例,分别对比2组患者入院后第12、24、48、72 h的ICP值,同时分析ICP值与患者的格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ)、FVEP各波潜伏期的关系。结果 存活组患者的出血量、血弹值、WBC、中线移位发生率均显著低于死亡组(P<0.05); 在入院第12、24、48及72 h存活组患者的ICP值均显著低于死亡组患者(P<0.05); 在入院第12 h存活组患者的GCS评分显著高于死亡组患者(P<0.05),APACHEⅡ评分、FVEP各波潜伏期(P2、N2、P3、N3)均显著低于死亡组患者(P<0.05); 在入院第12 h HICH患者的ICP值与GCS评分呈显著负相关(r=-0.572,P<0.05),与APACHEⅡ评分、FVEP各波潜伏期(P2、N2、P3、N3)呈显著正相关(r=0.496,P<0.05)。结论 通过监测HICH患者的ICP值能够密切反映患者的病情程度、预后情况,对于指导临床治疗具有一定的价值。     

慢性意识障碍患者阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征的临床分析

目的 探讨慢性意识障碍患者阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征（PSH）的发生率、与意识障碍严重程度的关系以及对意识的影响。方法 回顾性分析126例慢性意识障碍患者的临床资料,根据临床特征分为PSH组和对照组,发病后1年进行格拉斯哥结局量表（GOS）评分。比较两组患者性别、年龄、损伤机制、格拉斯哥昏迷量表（GCS）评分、修改版昏迷恢复量表（CRS-R）评分、脑电图结果（按照Synek标准分级）、重症监护时间（ICU时间）和GOS评分的差异。结果 慢性意识障碍患者PSH的发生率为26.19%（33/126）。在随访成功的83例患者中,PSH组26例,对照组57例;PSH组患者年龄（35.19±13.11）岁较对照组（42.86±16.17）岁年轻、GOS评分（1.88±0.99）分较对照组（2.53±1.36）分低、意识恢复的患者（6例,23.08%）较对照组（28例,49.12%）少,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两组患者在性别、损伤机制、GCS评分、CRS-R评分、脑电图分级和ICU时间方面的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 PSH是慢性意识障碍患者的常见并发症,其发病年龄相对年轻,PSH的出现会阻碍患者意识恢复。     

Effect of neck flexion on F wave, somatosensory evoked potentials, and magnetic resonance imaging in Hirayama disease

BACKGROUND: Flexion myelopathy is one of the suggested mechanism for Hirayama disease (HD) but simultaneous radiological and neurophysiological evaluation is lacking. This study therefore evaluates the effect of neck flexion in HD using somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), F waves, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHOD: Eight HD patients and seven matched controls were subjected to median and ulnar F wave (minimal latency, FM ratio, persistence, and chronodispersion), and SEPs evaluating N9, N13, and N20 potentials in neutral and neck flexion. Spinal MRI was carried out in neutral and neck flexion and evaluated for cord atrophy, signal changes, cord compression, posterior epidural tissue, and loss of dural attachment. RESULTS: The patients were aged 19 to 30 years. Minimal F latency, FM ratio, persistence, and chronodispersion in neutral and neck flexion did not show any change nor was there any change in N13 latency and amplitude on median and ulnar SEPs. The difference in these parameters in neutral and neck flexion were also not significant in HD compared with controls. The change in N13 was also not related to loss of dural attachment and posterior epidural tissue. CONCLUSION: Neck flexion does not produce significant changes in N13 and F wave parameters and is not related to dynamic MRI changes. The other mechanisms for HD should therefore be explored.     

Utility of minimum F‐wave latencies compared with F‐estimates and absolute reference values in S1 radiculopathies: Are they still needed?

Introduction: The utility of F‐waves in assessing radiculopathies is debated. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of abnormal minimum tibial F‐wave latencies compared to an F‐estimate and an absolute reference value in patients with electromyography (EMG) confirmed S1 radiculopathies. Methods: A retrospective review of F‐waves in patients with an EMG‐confirmed isolated S1 radiculopathy was performed. The minimum and mean latencies of 8 tibial F‐waves were compared with the calculated F‐estimate and to an absolute reference value, and the frequencies of abnormal responses were determined. Results: Of the 50 patients with an S1 radiculopathy, 4% had prolongation of the minimum reproducible F‐wave latency, and 8% had prolongation of the mean latency relative to the calculated F‐estimate. Conclusions: The minimum and mean F‐wave latencies are infrequently abnormal when compared with an estimated F‐wave latency in S1 radiculopathies and are insensitive in the assessment of S1 nerve root injury. Muscle Nerve 49 : 809–813, 2014     

Effects of stimulus repetition rate on ABR threshold, amplitude and latency in neonatal and adult Mongolian gerbils.

The ABR wave forms of 16-day-old and adult Mongolian gerbils were evoked by click stimuli presented at rates ranging from 1 to 80/sec. Wave I and wave IV thresholds were determined for each of 5 click rates. Amplitudes and latencies of waves I and IV were measured at each of 7 click rates and 3 intensity levels (15, 40 and 65 dB above threshold). Thresholds for waves I and IV in the adult gerbil and wave I in the 16 day gerbil were unaffected by changes in stimulus repetition rate. Neonatal wave IV thresholds were unaffected by click rate for rates below 25/sec but increased approximately 7 dB/decade increase in click rate when rate exceeded 25/sec. Increasing click rate produced greater reductions in ABR amplitude among neonates than adults for both waves I and IV. Decreases in amplitude due to increasing rate were independent of intensity level in both neonatal and adult subjects. Increasing rate produced similar increases in wave I latency among 16 day and adult subjects, but produced much greater increases in wave IV latency among neonates. Stimulus intensity level and click rate acted independently on wave I and wave IV latency in adult subjects and wave I latency in neonates. However, an interaction between rate and intensity was observed with respect to neonatal wave IV latency.     

慢性意识障碍患者阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征的临床分析

目的探讨慢性意识障碍患者阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征(PSH)的发生率、与意识障碍严重程度的关系以及对意识的影响。方法回顾性分析126例慢性意识障碍患者的临床资料,根据临床特征分为PSH组和对照组,发病后1年进行格拉斯哥结局量表(GOS)评分。比较两组患者性别、年龄、损伤机制、格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分、修改版昏迷恢复量表(CRS-R)评分、脑电图结果(按照Synek标准分级)、重症监护时间(ICU时间)和GOS评分的差异。结果慢性意识障碍患者PSH的发生率为26.19%(33/126)。在随访成功的83例患者中,PSH组26例,对照组57例;PSH组患者年龄(35.19±13.11)岁较对照组(42.86±16.17)岁年轻、GOS评分(1.88±0.99)分较对照组(2.53±1.36)分低、意识恢复的患者(6例,23.08%)较对照组(28例,49.12%)少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者在性别、损伤机制、GCS评分、CRS-R评分、脑电图分级和ICU时间方面的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PSH是慢性意识障碍患者的常见并发症,其发病年龄相对年轻,PSH的出现会阻碍患者意识恢复。     

Cortical evoked potential changes in a rat model of acute ischemic stroke Detection of somatosensory evoked potential and motor evoked potential

BACKGROUND:Studies have shown that latency changes of some elements in a somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) and motor evoked potential (MEP) can reflect electrical activity of cerebral cortical neurons and conduction of white matter nerve fibers. However, there is a paucity of information regarding the dynamic observation of SEP and MEP following cerebral ischemic injury. OBJECTIVE:To explore SEP and MEP changes following acute ischemic stroke, and investigate the role of evoked potentials in monitoring brain function in stroke. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING:A randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from September 2007 to August 2008.MATERIALS:Hydrogen blood flow detector was purchased from Soochow University Medical Instrument Co., China, and Power lab system was purchased from AD Instruments, Inc., USA. METHODS:A total of 36 healthy, adult, male, Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 9), including three ischemia groups (12, 24 and 72 hours of ischemia) and a sham-surgery group. The rat model of acute ischemic stroke was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the left hemisphere.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:SEP and MEP of the left limbs were detected, and cerebral blood flow was measured by the hydrogen cleaning method.RESULTS:The latency of positive wave 1 (P1), negative wave 1 (N1) and positive wave 2 (P2) waves in SEP, and latency of negative wave 1, 2 (N1, N2) waves in MEP were significantly prolonged with increasing ischemic duration following MCAO (P < 0.01), but cerebral blood flow was significantly decreased (P < 0.05, or P < 0.01).CONLUSION:Ischemic stroke prolongs the latency of SEP waves (P1, N1, P2) and MEP waves (N1, N2), and cerebral cortical evoked potential may correlate with cerebral blood flow changes. This indicates that SEP and MEP can be used to evaluate brain function following acute ischemic stroke.     

The importance of sample size for the estimation of F wave latency parameters in the peroneal nerve

We studied the peroneal nerve F waves in 20 healthy subjects and 20 patients with neuropathy to assess the effect of sample size on the accuracy of measurements of the following F wave latency parameters: F wave minimum latency, mean latency, median latency and F chronodispersion. The values obtained from a large sample (65–110 F responses) were compared with the corresponding values from smaller samples of 10, 20 and 40 responses. The results indicated that equally accurate measurements for all parameters were provided by larger F wave samples in patients, compared with healthy subjects. Amongst the various parameters, FchR required the largest and FLmean the smallest sample, in order to achieve results of the same accuracy. A sample of 40 fulfilled the requirements for all F wave latency parameters of the peroneal nerve in almost all subjects, a finding which is in good agreement with that of a similar study for the ulnar nerve.     

Diagnostic utility of F waves in cervical radiculopathy: electrophysiological and magnetic resonance imaging correlation

OBJECTIVE: F wave study is a simple, non-invasive method commonly utilized for evaluation of cervical root lesions. Its diagnostic sensitivity is low. There are no large series comparing F wave studies with MRI as a reference standard. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed F wave studies in 30 controls (15 men; mean age: 50 years; standard deviation: 17.9 years; range: 21-80 years) and, prospectively, 31 patients (19 men; mean age: 48 years; standard deviation: 16.2 years; range: 26-79 years) referred for evaluation of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy (CSR). All patients' MRIs were compared with F wave parameters. RESULTS: Combined utilization of minimal F latency, F chronodispersion, F persistence and side to side differences resulted in 55% sensitivity and 100% side concordance for detecting CSR, with MRI as a comparison standard. F wave parameters also provided complementary information to needle electromyography in the diagnostic evaluation of CSR. Although F waves were not indicative of radiculopathy levels, 4/31 (13%) of cases had at least one abnormal F wave parameter, despite normal electromyography findings. CONCLUSIONS: Combined utilization of multiple F wave parameters is a useful, diagnostic adjunct in the electrophysiological evaluation of CSR.     

Lack of hemispheric dominance for consciousness in acute ischaemic stroke

BACKGROUND: Previous reports have suggested left hemispheric dominance for maintaining consciousness, although there is controversy over this claim. OBJECTIVE: To compare early impairment of level of consciousness between patients with right and left hemispheric stroke. METHODS: Data from 564 patients with ischaemic stroke enrolled in the placebo arm of a trial of a putative neuroprotectant were analysed. All patients had major hemispheric stroke with cortical dysfunction, visual field deficit, and limb weakness, with symptom onset within 12 hours of enrolment. Patients were prospectively evaluated on a predefined scale (1-6; 1 = fully awake, higher scores representing greater impairment) to measure level of consciousness at multiple time points over the initial 24 hours after presentation. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) stroke scale score at presentation and infarct volume at 30 days were determined. RESULTS: Some degree of impairment in level of consciousness was observed in 409 of the 564 patients (73%). Median maximum sedation score was 2 for both right and left hemispheric stroke (p = 0.91). Mean sedation score over 24 hours was 1.5 for both right and left stroke (p = 0.75). There was no difference between level of consciousness scores in right and left stroke at any individual time point during the 24 hour monitoring period. No association between side and impairment in level of consciousness was seen after adjustment for stroke severity and infarct volume. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to previous reports, there was no evidence for hemispheric dominance for consciousness in the setting of a major hemispheric stroke.     

开颅血肿清除术与微创钻孔引流术治疗高血压脑出血的对照研究

目的通过对比高血压脑出血开颅血肿清除术与微创钻孔引流术后患者血清肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、S100β蛋白、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）水平及GCS评分的变化,比较2种方法对脑损伤的影响。 方法选取山西医科大学第一医院神经外科自2016年7月至2017年7月收治的高血压脑出血患者46例,分为钻孔组（22例）和开颅组（24例）;对照组为同期健康体检者20例。钻孔组和开颅组术后1、3、7、14 d检测血清TNF-α、S100β、NSE并进行GCS评分,对照组检测血清TNF-α、S100β、NSE。比较钻孔组和开颅组术后1、3、7、14 d及对照组的血清TNF-α、S100β、NSE及GCS评分。 结果钻孔组与开颅组术后初期的血清TNF-α、S100β、NSE均高于正常水平,先达到高峰,之后逐渐下降（TNF-α：F=38.629,P=0.000;S100β：F=33.381,P=0.000;NSE：F=25.619,P=0.000）;2组GCS评分于术后1~7 d均较低,术后14 d有所增加,但仍低于正常水平（F=11.569,P=0.000）。术后1、3、7、14 d,钻孔组与开颅组血清TNF-α、S100β、NSE和GCS评分差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论开颅血肿清除术与钻孔引流术对高血压脑出血患者血清TNF-α、S100β、NSE及GCS评分的影响无差异,即两种方案对脑损伤的影响无差异,不能断定开颅血肿清除术较钻孔引流术效果差,两种术式各有优缺点,临床上需根据不同情况灵活应用。     

Characteristics of brainstem auditory evoked potential of neonates with mild or moderate hyperbilirubinemia

BACKGROUND: Brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) has been widely used to evaluate the functional integrity and development of injured auditory system and brain, especially to objectively evaluate the function of auditory system and brain stem of very young babies, such as neonates and sick babies. OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes of BAEP of neonates with hyperbilirubinemia, and to investigate the relationship of bilirubin concentration and BAEP. DESIGN: An observation experiment. SETTING: Department of Pediatrics, the 309 Clinical Division, General Hospital of Chinese PLA. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-eight neonates with mild or moderate hyperbilirubinemia exhibiting jaundice within 24 hours after born, who received the treatment in the Department of Pediatrics, the 309 Clinical Division, General Hospital of Chinese PLA between January 2004 and May 2007, were recruited in this study. The involved neonates, 31 boys and 27 girls, had gestational age of 37 to 46 weeks. They had no history of birth asphyxia, and were scored 8 to 10 points when born. Written informed consents of examination and treatment were obtained from the guardians of the neonates. This study was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee. According to serum total bilirubin value, the neonates were assigned into 3 groups: low-concentration bilirubin group (n =16), moderate-concentration bilirubin group (n =27) and high-concentration bilirubin group (n =15). According to mean daily bilirubin increase, the subjects were sub-assigned into bilirubin rapid increase group (n =39) and bilirubin slow increase group (n =19). METHODS: After admission, all the neonates received drug treatment. Meanwhile, their 116 ears were examined with a myoelectricity evoked potential equipment (KEYPOINT) in latency, wave duration, amplitude and wave shape differentiation of each wave of BAEP. BAEP abnormal type was observed and abnormal rate of BAEP was calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Abnormal rate and abnormal type of BAEP. ② Latency of waves Ⅰ, Ⅲ　and Ⅴ, and wave duration of waves Ⅰ to Ⅲ, Ⅲ to Ⅴ, and Ⅰ to Ⅴ. RESULTS: Fifty-eight neonates with mild or moderate hyperbilirubinemia were involved in the final analysis. ①Abnormal type and abnormal rate of BAEP of neonates with hyperbilirubinemia: Among the 116 ears, unilateral or bilateral waves Ⅰ, Ⅲ, Ⅴ still existed. The latency of waves Ⅰ, Ⅲ and Ⅴ was +2.5 s longer than the normal level in 8, 4 and 15 ears, respectively. The wave duration of waves Ⅰ to Ⅲ and waves Ⅲ to Ⅴ was +2.5 s longer than the normal level in 6 and 14 ears, respectively. The wave duration of waves Ⅲ to Ⅴ was longer than that of ipsilateral waves Ⅰ to Ⅲ in 24 ears. The latency difference of wave Ⅴ between two ears was larger than 0.4 ms in 31 neonates with hyperbilirubinemia; The amplitude of wave Ⅴ to that of ipsilateral wave I was lower than 0.5 in 29 neonates. Totally 52 ears were abnormal, and the abnormal rate was 44.8%. One to two months later, 98% abnormal neonates with hyperbilirubinemia recovered. The abnormal rate in the low-, moderate-, and high-concentration bilirubin groups was 37.5%, 44.4% and 53.3%, respectively. ② Comparison of latency and wave duration of each wave of BAEP: Latency of waves Ⅰ, Ⅲ and Ⅴ, and wave duration of waves Ⅰ to Ⅲ and Ⅲ to Ⅴ were gradually prolonged in low-, moderate-, and high-concentration bilirubin groups, but significant difference did not exist between two groups (P > 0.05). ③ There were no significant differences in latency of waves Ⅰ, Ⅲ and Ⅴ, and wave duration of waves Ⅰ to Ⅲ, Ⅲ to Ⅴ and Ⅰ to Ⅴ between bilirubin rapid increase group and bilirubin slow increase group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Auditory acuity and brainstem of neonates with mild or moderate hyperbilirubinemia are damaged to some extent. High-concentration bilirubin causes BAEP abnormality easily. Bilirubin increase and its concentration change are not consistent with nervous lesion degree.     

正常人正中神经、尺神经运动传导速度及F反应的检测研究

目的 研究正常人不同年龄、性别运动神经传导速度（MCV）和F反应的正常值,为临床诊断提供合理的数据。方法 健康志愿者155人,18－82岁,男76人,女79人。分别检测双侧正中神经、尺神经MCV和腕点刺激F反应。分析指标包括远端潜伏期、近端潜伏期、MCV、F波潜伏期、F－M波间期、F波传导速度（FCV）和F波比值等。结果 不同年龄、性别间M波潜伏期、MCV、F波潜伏期、F－M波间期、FCV均有显著差异。女性的各潜伏期较男性为短,传导速度则快于男性,不同年龄、性别、不同神经间及同名神经左、右侧间F波比值无显著差异。MCV近端快于远端。结论 MCV和F反应各参数随年龄增长出现进行性变化,性别也有差别,故不同年龄组和性别应沿用各自的正常值。F波比值可作为粗略计近远端传导功能状态的手段之一。