Influence of thermal expansion mismatch and fatigue loading on phase changes in porcelain veneered Y-TZP zirconia discs

There is a rapidly growing interest for the use of Y-TZP zirconia as core material in veneered all-ceramic prostheses. It was hypothesized that a mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion between the veneering porcelain and the Y-TZP zirconia core of these prostheses causes transformation of the tetragonal to the monoclinic structure in Y-TZP zirconia at the interface boundary when exposed to fatigue loading, resulting in fracture at the interface boundary. Y-TZP zirconia discs were veneered with three porcelains differing in coefficient of thermal expansion. Finite element analysis was used to investigate the stress distribution in the bi-layered discs because of the mismatch in thermal expansion. Two of these three groups were fatigued with the veneering ceramic in tension. X-ray diffraction was used to measure the intensity of monoclinic and tetragonal zirconia phase present at the zirconia core surface after sintering, airborne abrasion, veneering, and fatigue loading. It was found that the sintered tetragonal structure was converted to monoclinic up to a depth of 27 mum after airborne abrasion, and reversed back to tetragonal after porcelain veneering with porcelain. Fatigue loading of veneered discs did not, even with the highest possible thermal mismatch stress, cause any conversion from tetragonal to monoclinic phase.     

稀土氧化物着色钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷与饰面瓷匹配性的研究

目的:探讨通过添加稀土氧化物着色剂而制备的钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷与饰面瓷的匹配性。方法:以稀土氧化物(Pr6O11,CeO2,Er2O3)和过渡元素氧化物(MnO2)为着色剂,采用粉体掺杂方法,在四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷粉体中添加不同质量分数的着色剂,制备出6组钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷,测定其与Vita VM9饰面瓷的抗热震性能及界面结合强度。采用SAS6.12软件包对数据进行单因素方差分析。结果:6组钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷与Vita-VM9饰面瓷烧结后,各组在60℃～240℃测试过程未发现径向或层间开裂或裂纹现象,加热温度>240℃。6组钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷与VitaVM9饰面瓷界面的抗剪切强度值为(36.03±3.82)～(37.98±4.89)MPa,均高于纯四方氧化锆陶瓷组的剪切强度值,但各组与纯四方氧化锆陶瓷的抗剪切强度值无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:稀土氧化物着色钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷与饰面瓷的匹配性达到临床应用水平。     

改良液式冲蚀对3Y-TZP氧化锆基底与饰面瓷结合强度的影响

目的:探讨采用改良液式冲蚀方式对3Y-TZP氧化锆基底表面进行冲蚀后,对其与饰面瓷间结合强度的影响.方法:制作[8 mm×8 mm×3 mm(±0.02)]氧化锆试件块174个,根据不同尺寸的刚玉磨粒、不同的喷砂压强、不同的喷砂时间,采用传统喷砂方式进行分组处理(实验组),在氧化锆处理面上饰面瓷.表面未做处理的氧化锆试件直接上饰面瓷作为对照组,应用电子万能测力计检测各组试件与饰面瓷间的最大剪切力,计算剪切强度.分别用传统干式喷砂、改良液式冲蚀方式在相同条件下(150 μm,0.6 MPa,30 s)处理氧化锆试件块,用扫描电镜下观察处理面,再上饰面瓷,计算剪切强度,与对照组进行组间比较.采用SPSS17.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析.结果:采用传统干式喷砂方式,在0.4 MPa压强作用下,以110 μm A12O3喷砂粉喷砂20 s时,氧化锆与饰面瓷之间的剪切强度最大,显著大于对照组(P＜0.05);改良液式冲蚀组饰面瓷的结合强度显著大于传统干式喷砂处理组及对照组(P＜0.01).扫描电镜下可见,采用改良液式冲蚀的试件表面呈现均匀的粗糙面:采用传统干式喷砂处理的试件表面呈现不均匀的粗糙面,部分位置可见微裂纹.结论:对3Y-TZP氧化锆表面喷砂,能够增强其与饰面瓷间的结合强度;改良液式冲蚀比传统干式喷砂更适用于3Y-TZP氧化锆的表面处理.     

氧化铝喷砂对牙科用氧化锆基底与饰面瓷结合强度的影响

目的 研究氧化铝（Al₂O₃）喷砂对牙科用氧化锆基底与饰面瓷结合强度的影响。方法 按照ISO 9693的要求,制作（25±1） mm×（3±0.1） mm×（0.5±0.05） mm的片状氧化锆试样21个,随机分为3组：A组进行110目Al₂O₃喷砂;B组进行80目Al₂O₃喷砂;对照组不做喷砂处理。测定所有基底瓷的表面粗糙度以及基底瓷与饰面瓷的结合强度,扫描电镜（SEM）观察结合界面微观形貌,能谱分析（EDS）检测界面元素分布。结果 A组、B组和对照组基底瓷表面粗糙度分别为（1.272±0.149）、（0.622±0.113）、（0.221±0.065） μm;瓷瓷结合强度分别为（28.21±1.52）、（27.71±1.27）、（24.87±3.84） MPa。统计结果显示：各组间表面粗糙度的差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;A组和对照组之间结合强度的差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,而B组与A组和对照组之间的差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。破坏模式以结合界面附着破坏为主。SEM观察结果显示瓷瓷结合界面结合紧密,EDS结果表明界面无明显元素渗透现象。结论 Al₂O₃喷砂能提高基底瓷与饰面瓷的结合强度,但其作用不明显。     

Current status of zirconia restoration

During the past decade, zirconia-based ceramics have been successfully introduced into the clinic to fabricate fixed dental prostheses (FDPs), along with a dental computer-aided/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system. In this article (1) development of dental ceramics, (2) the current status of dental CAD/CAM systems, (3) CAD/CAM and zirconia restoration, (4) bond between zirconia and veneering ceramics, (5) bond of zirconia with resin-based luting agents, (6) surface finish of zirconia restoration and antagonist enamel wear, and (7) clinical evaluation of zirconia restoration are reviewed.Yttria partially stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) showed better mechanical properties and superior resistance to fracture than other conventional dental ceramics. Furthermore, ceria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline and alumina nanocomposites (Ce-TZP/A) had the highest fracture toughness and had resistance to low-temperature aging degradation. Both zirconia-based ceramics have been clinically available as an alternative to the metal framework for fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). Marginal adaptation of zirconia-based FDPs is acceptable for clinical application. The most frequent clinical complication with zirconia-based FDPs was chipping of the veneering porcelain that was affected by many factors. The mechanism for the bonding between zirconia and veneering ceramics remains unknown. There was no clear evidence of chemical bonding and the bond strength between zirconia and porcelain was lower than that between metal and porcelain.There were two alternatives proposed that might avoid chipping of veneering porcelains. One was hybrid-structured FDPs comprising CAD/CAM-fabricated porcelain parts adhering to a CAD/CAM fabricated zirconia framework. Another option was full-contour zirconia FDPs using high translucent zirconia. Combined application of silica coating and/or silane coupler, and 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate is currently one of the most reliable bonding systems for zirconia. Adhesive treatments could be applied to luting the restorations and fabricating hybrid-structured FDPs. Full-contour zirconia FDPs caused concern about the wear of antagonist enamel, because the hardness of Y-TZP was over double that of porcelain. However, this review demonstrates that highly polished zirconia yielded lower antagonist wear compared with porcelains. Polishing of zirconia is possible, but glazing is not recommended for the surface finish of zirconia.Clinical data since 2010 are included in this review. The zirconia frameworks rarely got damaged in many cases and complications often occurred in the veneering ceramic materials. Further clinical studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are required to investigate the possible influencing factors of technical failures.     

钇稳定氧化锆基底材料与饰面瓷结合性能的实验研究

目的考察国产氧化钇稳定四方晶体氧化锆（3Y-TZP）与4种氧化锆专用饰面瓷界面的结合性能。方法粉浆涂塑方法分别将VITA VM9、SHOFU VINTAGE ZR、IPS e.max Ceram、Cercon ceram kiss 4种氧化锆专用饰面瓷烧结在15 mm×5 mm×5 mm的3Y-TZP核瓷试件上,另外制作相同尺寸镍铬合金烤瓷试件作为对照,测试界面剪切强度。制作氧化锆基底与饰面瓷双层瓷试件,扫描电镜（SEM）观察结合界面微观形貌;能谱分析（EDS）检测界面元素分布。结果氧化锆与VITA VM9、SHOFU VINTAGE ZR、IPS e.max Ceram、Cercon ceram kiss 4种氧化锆专用饰面瓷的剪切强度分别为（18.83±1.77）MPa、（23.83±7.05）MPa、（17.87±2.30）MPa、（22.26±7.45）MPa,各组与金属烤瓷对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。各3Y-TZP烤瓷组试件破坏模式以界面破坏为主。扫描电镜观察氧化锆和饰面瓷结合界面结合紧密;能谱分析结果显示二者存在化学元素渗透。结论国产3Y-TZP与饰面瓷材料界面结合良好,可以满足临床需要。     

A simple 3-point flexural method for measuring fracture toughness of the dental porcelain to zirconia bond and other brittle bimaterial interfaces

PurposePorcelain fused to zirconia prostheses are widely used, but porcelain chipping, fracture, spalling and delamination are common clinical problems. Conventional bond strength testing is inherently unsuited for studying interfacial failure by cracking in brittle materials. Instead, fracture toughness is a more meaningful parameter because it can assess the robustness of the interface when subjected to loading, but fracture mechanics approaches have only rarely been used. Our purpose was to develop a novel, simple, 3-point flexural methodology and mathematical analysis to measure the fracture toughness of the porcelain to zirconia interface.MethodsEquations were derived to estimate the fracture toughness of the bond by computing the interfacial energy release rate for a novel simple 3-point flexural test model. The test was validated using two different configurations of layered zirconia/porcelain beams (n = 10), approximating the dimensions of a fixed dental prosthesis, fabricated from a tetragonal polycrystalline zirconium dioxide partially stabilized with yttria and a feldspathic dental porcelain.ResultsCracking along the bimaterial interface was produced and measured as a discrete event. Fracture toughness means (standard deviations) computed from the measured energy release rate, for the porcelain to zirconia interface in two different specimen configurations were 7.9 (1.3) and 5.3 (1.6) J/m².ConclusionsEquations were derived to measure interfacial fracture toughness of brittle materials using a novel simple 3-point flexural test method. The test was then validated; estimates for the fracture toughness for the porcelain to zirconia bond, overlapped with previously published data derived from more complex 4-point notched tests.     

3种锆瓷表面形貌对氧化锆瓷与饰瓷结合强度的影响

目的探讨计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造(CAD/CAM)切削表面形貌对氧化锆瓷与饰瓷结合强度的影响。方法将40个Upcare氧化锆基底材料以CAD/CAM切削烧结瓷块试件,随机等分为4组。其中对照组按常规操作进行打磨、喷砂及抛光等处理。实验组均采用CAD/CAM时预设程序,分别使切削产生的刀路与剪切强度测试加力方向呈垂直(A组)、平行(B组)及突起(C组),并对试件进行喷砂处理。测量并比较各组试件的表面粗糙度和剪切强度。扫描电镜观察断裂界面的情况。结果各组的剪切强度分别为:A组(27.64±4.24)MPa、B组(27.12±5.32)、C组(36.86±7.21)MPa、对照组(24.14±2.74)MPa,其中对照组与A组、B组之间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),对照组与C组之间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各组的表面粗糙度分别为:A组(5578.34±1165.58)Ra、B组(5227.98±1440.29)Ra、C组(5699.97±1234.28)Ra、对照组(5964.92±1013.834)Ra,各组之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,试件表面粗糙度与剪切强度之间无线性相关关系(P>0.05)。扫描电镜观察显示C组较其他组氧化锆瓷与饰瓷结合更致密,未见气泡,无孔隙存在。结论固位突起的锆瓷表面形貌可有效增加锆瓷与饰瓷间的结合强度,而表面粗糙度对界面的结合强度无明显影响。     

Effect of autoclave induced low-temperature degradation on the adhesion energy between yttria-stabilized zirconia veneered with porcelain

Objective

To investigate the effect of autoclave induced low-temperature degradation on the adhesion energy between yttria-stabilized zirconia veneered with porcelain.

Methods

The strain energy release rate using a four-point bending stable fracture test was evaluated for two different porcelains [leucite containing (VM9) and glass (Zirox) porcelain] veneered to zirconia. Prior to veneering the zirconia had been subjected to 0 (control), 1, 5, 10 and 20 autoclave cycles. The specimens were manufactured to a total bi-layer dimension of 30 mm × 8 mm × 3 mm. Subsequent scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometry, electron backscatter diffraction and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed to identify the phase transformation and fracture behavior.

Results

The strain energy release rate for debonding of the VM9 specimens were significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to the Zirox specimens across all test groups. Increasing autoclave cycles lowered the strain energy release rate significantly (p < 0.05) from 18.67 J/m² (control) to the lowest of 12.79 J/m² (cycle 10) for only the VM9 specimens. SEM analyses showed predominant cohesive fracture within the porcelain for all cycle groups. XRD analysis of the substrate prior to veneering confirmed a tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation with increasing the number of autoclave cycles between 5 and 20. The monoclinic phase reverted back to tetragonal phase after undergoing conventional porcelain firing cycles. EBSD data showed significant changes of the grain size distribution between the control and autoclaved specimen (cycle 20).

Significance

Increasing autoclave cycles only significantly decreased the adhesion of the VM9 layered specimens. In addition, a conventional porcelain firing schedule completely reverted the monoclinic phase back to tetragonal.     

Microstructure of veneered zirconia after surface treatments: A TEM study

Objective

Clinical studies reveal that veneer chipping is one major problem associated with zirconia based dental restorations, the underlying mechanisms being still investigated. We semi-quantitatively analyzed the effects of different surface treatments (thermal etching, 35/105 μm sandblasting and coarse bur drilling (150 μm)) on the microstructure of a zirconia veneered dental ceramic.

Methods

The relative monoclinic content on zirconia surfaces was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure at the zirconia–veneer interface has thereafter been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) was used to qualitatively assess the depth of the stress-induced phase transformation.

Results

Sandblasting or bur drilling significantly roughened the zirconia surface. A reverse transformation of already transformed monoclinic zirconia grains back into the tetragonal polymorph has been observed after thermal veneering treatment. In TEM, the mechanically treated samples revealed a highly damaged area of 1–3 μm from the interface. The presence of monoclinic phase in veneered zirconia samples has been observed in SAED up to depths of 4 μm (35 μm sandblasted), 11 μm (105 μm sandblasted) and 9 μm (150 μm diamond drilled) below the interface.

Significance

Regardless of the treatment protocol and produced roughness, the veneering ceramic perfectly sealed the zirconia surface. XRD showed an increased amount of monoclinic phase on the surface treated zirconia. However after thermal treatment, the monoclinic phase was re-transformed into the tetragonal polymorph. TEM/SAED analysis has found indication for a greater extend of the monoclinic transformation into the bulk zirconia compared to the treatment related defective zone depth.     

Effect of resin cement selection on the microtensile bond strength of adhesively veneered 3Y-TZP

Abstract

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resin cement selection on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of adhesively veneered 3Y-TZP. Materials and methods. 3Y-TZP discs were fabricated from commercial powders and treated by sandblasting and zirconia primer. Porcelain discs were sectioned from a feldspathic block and conditioned with 5% HF and silane agent. Pre-treated surfaces of zirconia and porcelain discs were bonded together using one of the three following resin cements: Multilink N (MN), Panavia F (PA) or RelyX Unicem (RU), respectively. After light-curing the joined discs were cut into microbars where 15 microbars per group were randomly chosen for μTBS test until failure occurred (24 h storage in water in advance, crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min). The data were analysed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Fractured zirconia surfaces were examined using both a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope to identify the failure mode. Results. Significant differences in the μTBS values among three groups were found (p < 0.001) and the descending order was PA, RU and MN. No zirconia or feldspathic failure occurred, but the zirconia/cement interfaces suffered from fracture for all samples. Cement cohesive failure and/or feldspathic/cement interfacial failure sometimes were involved. Failures were mainly adhesive for RU, while they were mixed for MN and PA. Conclusion. When using the adhesive veneering method, Panavia F offers better bond strength than Multilink N or RelyX Unicem, which is probably due to the content of the 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogenphosphate (10-MDP) monomer.     

Effect of thermal expansion mismatch on the Y-TZP/veneer interfacial adhesion determined by strain energy release rate

PurposesThe aim of this study was to assess the effect of differences in the thermal expansion behaviour of veneering ceramics on the adhesion to Y-TZP, using a fracture mechanics approach.MethodsSeven veneering ceramics (VM7, VM9, VM13, Lava Ceram, Zirox, Triceram, Allux) and one Y-TZP ceramic were investigated. Thermal expansion coefficients and glass transition temperatures were determined to calculate residual stresses (σ_R, MPa) between core and veneer. Subsequently, the veneering ceramics were fired onto rectangular shaped zirconia specimens, ground flat and notched on the veneering porcelain side. Then specimens were loaded in a four-point bending test and load-displacement curves were recorded. The critical load to induce stable crack extension at the adhesion interface was evaluated to calculate the strain energy release rate (G, J/m²) for each system.ResultsResidual stresses ranged from ?48.3 ± 1.5 MPa (VM7) to 36.1 ± 4.8 MPa (VM13) with significant differences between all groups (p < 0.05). The strain energy release rate of the Y-TZP/veneer specimens ranged from 8.2 ± 1.7 J/m² (Lava Ceram) to 17.1 ± 2.8 J/m² (VM9). Values for G could not be obtained with the VM7, Allux and VM13 specimens, due to spontaneous debonding or unstable crack growth. Except for Triceram and Zirox specimens, strain energy release rate was significantly different between all groups (p < 0.05).ConclusionThermal residual stresses and strain energy release rates were correlated. Slight compressive stresses in the region of ?20 MPa were beneficial for the Y-TZP/veneer interfacial adhesion. Stresses higher or lower than this value exhibited decreased adhesion.     

Four-point flexural strength and microtensile bond strength of digitally and conventionally veneered zirconia

This study intended to evaluate the effect of digital veneering on four-point flexural strength (FS) and microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of veneered zirconia. Two different zirconia blocks, a lithium disilicate and a feldspathic ceramic block, and two different layering ceramics were used. IPS e.max Zir CAD (ZC) and Vita In-Ceram YZ (YZ) with yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y-TZP) were used as substructures. IPS e.max CAD (LD), Vita Mark II (VMII), IPS e.max Ceram (EC) and Vita VM9 (VM9) were used for veneering. Resin cement and fusion ceramic were placed between veneer and zirconia substructure for digital veneering. A total of one hundred and fifty specimens in five groups (n = 30) were prepared for FS and tested in universal machine at 1.0 mm/min. One hundred specimens in five groups (n = 20) were obtained for the μTBS and tested at 1.0 mm/min. Statistical analysis was made by one way ANOVA and Tukey HSD. Conventional veneering showed statistically significant FS. ZC veneered with EC had the highest mean FS and the lowest was obtained in groups veneered through resin cement. YZ layered with VM9 had the highest mean μTBS. ZC veneered through fusion ceramic and YZ veneered through resin cement showed significantly lower and similar μTBS.     

A thick frame decreases the fracture toughness of veneering ceramics used for zirconia-based all-ceramic restorations

Purpose

To investigate the influence of firing condition and thickness of a yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) frame on the fracture toughness of veneering ceramics.

Influence of porcelain veneering on the marginal fit of Digident and Lava CAD/CAM zirconia ceramic crowns

PURPOSE

Marginal fit is a very important factor considering the restoration''s long-term success. However, adding porcelain to copings can cause distortion and lead to an inadequate fit which exposes more luting material to the oral environment and causes secondary caries. The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal fit of 2 different all-ceramic crown systems before and after porcelain veneering. This study was also intended to verify the marginal fit of crowns originated from green machining of partially sintered blocks of zirconia (Lava CAD/CAM system) and that of crowns obtained through machining of fully sintered blocks of zirconia (Digident CAD/CAM system).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

20 crowns were made per each system and the marginal fit was evaluated through a light microscope with image processing (Accura 2000) at 50 points that were randomly selected. Each crown was measured twice: the first measurement was done after obtaining a 0.5 mm coping and the second measurement was done after porcelain veneering. The means and standard deviations were calculated and statistical inferences among the 2 groups were made using independent t-test and within the same group through paired t-test.

RESULTS

The means and standard deviations of the marginal fit were 61.52 ± 2.88 µm for the Digident CAD/CAM zirconia ceramic crowns before porcelain veneering and 83.15 ± 3.51 µm after porcelain veneering. Lava CAD/CAM zirconia ceramic crowns showed means and standard deviations of 62.22 ± 1.78 µm before porcelain veneering and 82.03 ± 1.85 µm after porcelain veneering. Both groups showed significant differences when analyzing the marginal gaps before and after porcelain veneering within each group. However, no significant differences were found when comparing the marginal gaps of each group before porcelain veneering and after porcelain veneering as well.

CONCLUSION

The 2 all-ceramic crown systems showed marginal gaps that were within a reported clinically acceptable range of marginal discrepancy.     

气孔缺陷对磨牙双层全瓷冠力学性能影响的有限元研究

目的研究饰瓷气孔缺陷对磨牙二硅酸锂（LDG）及氧化锆（Y-TZP）双层全瓷冠力学性能的影响。 方法制作上颌第一磨牙LDG双层全瓷冠,使用显微CT扫描并三维重建分析饰瓷内气孔缺陷的尺寸及分布。分别构建上颌第一磨牙LDG及Y-TZP双层全瓷冠三维有限元模型,根据CT数据于饰瓷内添加气孔缺陷并进行加载;A组为对颌牙以200 N加载于牙冠模拟牙尖交错位时的垂直向受力;B组为以200 N与牙长轴呈45°加载于牙冠近、远中舌尖颊斜面,模拟侧方受力;C组为压头垂直位移1 mm加载于牙冠中央窝,模拟体外实验中的加载;计算最大主应力并分析气孔缺陷对其数值的影响。 结果LDG与Y-TZP在各载荷条件下的应力分布近似;垂直向加载时牙尖接触区应力集中,最大应力分别为51.683、50.084 MPa,存在气孔时,应力集中于牙尖接触应力区的气孔缺陷,最大应力上升至290.72、285.92 MPa;45°斜向加载时拉应力集中于核瓷颈部,气孔缺陷无应力集中,最大应力不变;体外加载时中央窝、沟及加载点应力集中,最大应力为107.3、125.41 MPa,存在气孔时,应力集中于拉应力区的气孔缺陷,最大应力上升至359.93、322.39 MPa。 结论饰瓷气孔缺陷对双层全瓷冠应力分布的影响与受载方式有关,位于拉应力集中区的气孔缺陷是导致冠失效的因素。     

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目的定性分析不同基底材料与饰面瓷之间化学结合的方式。方法本研究于2011年3—9月在大连市口腔医院和大连交通大学完成。以上颌侧切牙为模型,选用镍铬(Ni-Cr)合金、氧化锆、金钯(Au-Pd)合金、压铸瓷、钴铬(Co-Cr)合金、混合Au-Pd合金6种基底材料,按照厂家的操作要求在不同基底材料上烧结饰面瓷。然后用扫描电镜观察各基底材料与饰面瓷界面,并用能谱分析仪进行元素分析。结果 Ni-Cr合金、氧化锆、Au-Pd合金、Co-Cr合金、混合Au-Pd合金5种基底与饰面瓷之间均发生了程度不同的元素扩散,扩散范围约1～2μm。随着远离界面,扩散元素含量逐渐降低直至消失。压铸瓷基底在实验条件下未明显观察到饰面瓷与压铸瓷的结合界面。结论 Ni-Cr合金、氧化锆、Au-Pd合金、Co-Cr合金、混合Au-Pd合金及压铸瓷基底在和饰面瓷的烧结过程中均发生了化学结合。     

牙科着色氧化钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷的结构与性能

目的添加不同着色剂组合,配制着色的牙科氧化钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆（3Y-TZP）陶瓷,分析着色后材料的显微和晶相结构,并测定其理化、机械及抗低温时效性能。方法将TZ-3Y-S粉体与一定组分的着色剂球磨混合后,在200 MPa压力下等静压成型,先于1 050 ℃预烧结2 h,然后在1 500 ℃终烧结2 h,烧制5种具有一定颜色的氧化锆材料,测量烧结体的密度、收缩率、热膨胀系数、维氏硬度、三点弯曲强度、断裂韧性和化学稳定性;通过扫描电镜和X线衍射观察着色后材料的显微和晶相结构,并测试着色对材料抗低温时效性能的影响。结果着色后3Y-TZP陶瓷烧结密度在99.7%以上,烧结收缩率约20%,热膨胀系数为11×10-6·℃-1;晶粒大小均匀,主要断裂方式为穿晶断裂,主晶相为四方相氧化锆（t-ZrO2）;在弱酸性条件下具有较好的化学稳定性;5组着色氧化锆陶瓷的三点弯曲强度较未着色组略有降低,但均在900 MPa以上,断裂韧性略有提高,经低温时效处理后四方相到单斜相（m-ZrO2）的相变量约40%,但弯曲强度没有降低。结论3Y-TZP陶瓷经过着色后,具有优良的理化和机械性能,能够满足牙科临床应用的要求。     

Making yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia translucent

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to provide a design guideline for developing tetragonal yttria-stabilized zirconia with improved translucency.MethodsThe translucency, the in-line transmission in particular, of 3 mol.% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia (3Y-TZP) has been examined using the Rayleigh scattering model. The theory predicts that the in-line transmission of 3Y-TZP can be related to its thickness with grain size and birefringence the governing parameters. To achieve a threshold value of translucency, the critical grain size of 3Y-TZP was predicted for various thicknesses (0.3–2.0 mm). The threshold value was defined by a measured average in-line transmission value of a suite of dental porcelains with a common thickness of 1 mm. Our theoretical predictions were calibrated with one of the very few experimental data available in the literature.ResultsFor a dense, high-purity zirconia, its in-line transmission increased with decreasing grain size and thickness. To achieve a translucency similar to that of dental porcelains, a nanocyrstalline 3Y-TZP structure was necessitated, due primarily to its large birefringence and high refractive index. Such a grain size dependence became more pronounced as the 3Y-TZP thickness increased. For example, at a thickness of 1.3 mm, the mean grain size of a translucent 3Y-TZP should be 82 nm. At 1.5 mm and 2 mm thicknesses, the mean grain size needed to be 77 nm and 70 nm, respectively.SignificanceA promising future for zirconia restorations, with combined translucency and mechanical properties, can be realized by reducing its grain size.     

Fracture strength of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals crowns with different design: an in vitro study

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different types and design of zirconia frameworks as well as the effect of different veneering ceramics on the fracture strength of crowns. The importance of different abutment materials was also evaluated. Materials and methods: Eighty cores, 40 in a fully‐sintered zirconia material and 40 in a pre‐sintered zirconia material were made. Twenty cores of each material were made with a core of even thickness shape (ES) and 20 were made with a core with anatomical shape (AS). The cores were divided into subgroups and veneered with one of two different veneering ceramics: a porcelain and a glass–ceramic material. In total eight groups of 10 crowns were made. They were all cemented onto abutments made of resin. One extra group of 10 AS, pre‐sintered zirconia cores veneered with glass–ceramic were made and cemented onto titanium abutments. All crowns underwent thermocycling and mechanical pre‐load and were finally loaded until fracture. Results: AS crowns withstood significantly higher loads than ES crowns (P‐value <0.001), and crowns with titanium abutments withstood significantly higher loads than crowns supported by abutments made of inlay pattern resin (P‐value <0.001). Three types of fracture were noted: minor and major fracture of the veneering ceramic, and complete fracture through core and veneer. ES crowns showed significantly more major fractures of the veneering ceramic than AS crowns. Conclusions: This in vitro study indicates that the design of the core, as well as the abutment support, significantly influences fracture load and fracture mode of yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals crowns. To cite this article :
Larsson C, El Madhoun S, Wennerberg A, Vult von Steyern P. Fracture strength of yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals crowns with different design: an in vitro study. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23 , 2012; 820–826.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02224.x