麻疹母传抗体水平及6～8月龄接种麻疹疫苗的免疫效果监测

[目的]了解8月龄以下婴儿麻疹母传抗体水平及6～8月龄婴儿接种麻疹疫苗的免疫效果和安全性,探讨控制小月龄婴儿麻疹的免疫策略。[方法]在南昌市的12个县(区)随机抽取0～8月龄婴儿各70余名,监测麻疹母传抗体;对6～8月婴儿初免麻疹疫苗后免疫效果及安全性观察,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测免前和免后1个月的麻疹IgG抗体滴度。[结果]8月龄以下婴儿母传抗体几何平均滴度为1︰209,各月龄组抗体几何平均滴度均未达保护水平;6月龄、7月龄、8月龄初免后GMT分别为1︰1407、1︰1897、1︰2410,初免前后GMT差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),初免后3组的阳性率均≥90%,免疫成功率﹥85%,接种MV未出现异常反应,提示6月龄的MV初免程序是可行的;但6、7、8月龄3组间免疫成功率差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),免前母传抗体阴性和阳性的免疫成功率差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),提示婴儿母传抗体的存在对MV的免疫成功率有干扰作用。[结论]婴儿麻疹母传抗体滴度均较低,无有效保护作用;6足月后接种麻疹疫苗安全有效。建议进行育龄妇女孕前接种MV和提前婴儿MV初免时间的成本效益研究,制定安全有效的免疫策略,减少小月龄婴儿麻疹发病率。     

麻疹减毒活疫苗初次免疫月龄对免疫效果影响的Meta分析

目的研究婴儿初次接种麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)的免疫成功率、抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)与婴儿月龄的关系。方法全面收集同时进行MV 6月龄、8月龄初次免疫并报告了相应免疫成功率、抗体GMT的文献,运用RevMan软件对免疫成功率、抗体GMT进行Meta分析;并对免疫成功率进行敏感性分析。结果共有10篇文献符合纳入标准,8月龄与6月龄初免成功率差值d-=0.06,其95%可信区间(0.03~0.10),8月龄、6月龄抗体GMT的平均数分别为1∶1 539.17、1∶909.60,GMT的比值为1.77(1.13~2.75);免疫成功率的敏感性分析,Z=2.78,P=0.005,不改变原分析结果的性质。结论8月龄接种MV免疫成功率及抗体GMT均可超过6月龄接种,宜采取继续以8月龄为MV初次免疫月龄及开展强化免疫、做好常规免疫的策略来消除麻疹。     

婴儿麻疹胎传抗体及初次接种麻疹疫苗免疫效果的观察

本文对278名5-8月龄儿童麻疹胎传抗体及其麻疹疫苗的免疫应答情况进行了研究。同时对120对新生儿及母亲、282名18-38岁育龄期妇女，观察其麻疹抗体消退情况进行了观察。结果表明：新生儿脐血与其母亲和18。36岁育龄妇女的抗体水平相一致；5-8月龄儿童麻疹胎传抗体阳性率在14．86％-55．71％之间，且7-8月龄阳性率显著低于5。6月龄（x^2=11．69，P〈0．01）；新生儿阳性率及GMT远高于5—8月龄婴儿，不同月龄的婴儿，阳性率及GMT随着月龄的增大，出现下降的趋势；而278名5—8月龄婴儿初免麻疹疫苗后，其免疫成功率为84．89％，GMT平均为1：1154．8，6-8月龄免疫成功率显著高于5月龄的婴儿（x^2=8．55、14、64、25．73，P〈0．01），尤其以8月龄婴儿免疫应答为好。另外，初免麻疹疫苗前IgG抗体滴度对免疫应答结果有明显的影响：180名IgG抗体≤1：200的婴儿，其免疫成功率为86，11％，19名IgG抗体滴度为≥1：800的婴儿，有10名免疫成功。综合以上结果，我们认为预防我市出现麻疹发病向低年龄组转化的趋势，在同时考虑麻疹疫苗免疫成功率及胎传麻疹抗体对麻疹疫苗免疫应答的影响的情况下，我们可以选择两种干预措施，第一种是麻疹疫苗的初免月龄还是定为8月龄为宜，从联合免疫等方面考虑也比较科学合理，对申请结婚的育龄期妇女中接种一针麻疹疫苗，将会有效提高母传麻疹抗体的水平，进而降低婴儿麻疹的发病率，这与国内有关文献报道结论一致。第二种是建议在麻疹流行期内，应急接种可从6月龄开始，从而可为更多的婴儿提供保护性抗体。     

西安市婴儿麻疹发病原因及防治策略的探讨

近年来,西安市未及接种麻疹疫苗（MV）的周岁内婴儿麻疹发病有增高趋势,为查明原因,在2000年春季对西安市儿童医院收治的436例≤7岁麻疹患儿进行了分析。结果＜8月龄未接种MV的病例占34.40％,发病最多的是6、7、8月龄,分别占周岁内病例数的18.18％、15.91％和21.82％。同时随机抽取51名5～8月龄未接种MV未患过麻疹的健康婴儿和63名育龄期妇女,用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）间接法检测麻疹IgG抗体,结果7名5月龄儿童麻疹抗体阳性率为57.14％,GMT为1∶148.4,随月龄增长抗体阳性率逐渐下降,12名8月龄婴儿均为阴性。63名育龄期妇女抗体阴性占15.87％,抗体处于低水平占58.73％,中等水平19.05％,高水平只占6.35％。此结果表明,婴儿发生麻疹主要是母亲麻疹抗体水平低,导致婴儿母传抗体水平低、维持时间短,不能保护婴儿至8月龄MV初种时。因此建议对育龄期妇女进行婚前MV接种,并将MV初种月龄调整至6月龄。     

麻疹胎传抗体的跟踪观察及初免月龄的探讨

目的：通过了解婴儿胎传抗体衰减情况和不同月龄婴儿对麻疹疫苗的免疫应答情况,探讨减少小月龄麻疹病例的对策。方法：采用ELESA方法测定血清中麻疹IgG抗体水平。月龄时降低50％,6月龄和8月龄降到15％左右,几乎无保护作用,且6月龄和8月龄婴儿接种疫苗后免疫成功率间无差别。结论：目前新生儿麻疹抗体水平低,到6月龄时大部分婴儿胎传抗体已降到保护水平以下,因此,为实现消灭麻疹的总目标,在小月龄麻疹发病率高的地区可考虑将麻疹初免月龄从8月龄提前到6月时进行。     

广州市儿童麻疹疫苗免疫效果评价及初免月龄探讨

目的了解广州市适龄儿童麻疹疫苗免疫效果,探讨麻疹疫苗的初免月龄。方法在广州市2个区和1个县级市随机抽取6月龄婴儿50名和8月龄婴儿127名进行麻疹疫苗初次免疫效果观察,抽取166名3岁(已完成了8月龄麻疹初免)的儿童进行麻疹疫苗复种免疫效果观察。采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测免前和免后1个月的麻疹IgG抗体滴度。结果8月龄组初免后GMT和免疫成功率分别为1∶2663和99.2%,均比6月龄(1∶916,90.0%)高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。3岁组儿童再免前GMT为1∶1102,免后上升为1∶4940,免疫成功率为73.4%,再免前抗体滴度<1∶200的再免疫成功率为100%,再免成功率与再免前抗体滴度呈负相关(P<0.01),免前抗体滴度越低则免疫后4倍增长率越高。各年龄组不同性别的麻苗免疫成功率和免疫后GMT差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论8月龄初免比6月龄初免效果好,广州市麻疹疫苗的初免月龄仍以8月龄为宜。3岁儿童再免疫对减少易感人群的积累,消除免疫空白具有重要意义。     

母婴配对及不同月龄婴儿麻疹减毒活疫苗免疫后抗体水平分析

目的为研究母婴麻疹抗体水平的关系及6月龄和8月龄儿童接种麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)的血清学免疫效果。方法开展母婴配对及不同月龄婴儿MV免疫后麻疹抗体水平研究。2003~2005年在徐州市和盐城市,采集到174对母亲、出生婴儿和3月龄婴儿的配对齐全者血清,及97名6月龄、62名8月龄婴儿的免疫前、后的血清,用微量血凝抑制(HI)试验检测麻疹HI抗体。结果①母亲与出生婴儿、出生婴儿与3月龄婴儿、3月龄婴儿与6月龄婴儿抗体滴度之间均有相关性,随着母亲抗体水平变化,婴儿抗体水平相应变化。②婴儿母传麻疹抗体随着月龄增加而下降,到6月龄时大部分婴儿抗体已降到低滴度,达不到保护抗体水平;8月龄时抗体水平基本消失。③97名6月龄婴儿免疫前麻疹抗体阳性率为11.34%,免疫后为97.94%;HI抗体总几何平均滴度(GMT)为1∶24.22。62名8月龄婴儿免疫前麻疹抗体阳性率为1.61%,免疫后为100.00%;HI抗体总GMT为1∶54.12。两组婴儿免疫前HI抗体总GMT差异无显著的统计学意义(t=0.521,P>0.05);免疫后1个月的抗体GMT差异有非常显著的统计学意义(t=8.348,P<0.001)。结论婴儿在8月龄时的免疫效果要明显好于6月龄,但在必要时对6月龄婴儿实行初免以提高保护率,同时开展6月龄和8月龄婴儿免疫前麻疹中和抗体水平的研究,以探讨最佳初免月龄。     

济宁市婴儿麻疹的流行特征及影响因素研究

目的 了解消除麻疹阶段济宁市婴儿麻疹发病的流行特征,分析其影响因素,为控制婴儿麻疹发病提供依据.方法 利用血清流行病学方法,检测母亲及不同月龄婴儿麻疹抗体水平；采用1∶1配对病例对照研究,探索影响婴儿麻疹发病的危险因素.结果 婴儿麻疹占全市麻疹发病总数的构成比为33.63％,呈逐年增高的趋势；从4月龄～开始发病明显增多,主要分布在6～8月龄,占发病总数的50.46％；≥8月龄婴儿病例无麻疹疫苗(MV)免疫史的占69.12％.0～8月龄婴儿麻疹抗体阳性率随着月龄的增长呈趋势性下降,6月龄和8月龄抗体阳性率分别只有17.02％和6.38％,抗体GMT分别为1∶3.72和1∶1.53.医疗机构暴露、流动人口儿童是影响婴儿麻疹发病的危险因素,适龄婴儿及时接种MV是保护因素.结论 婴儿麻疹胎传抗体消失过早、MV接种不及时和社会环境中的高危因素是婴儿麻疹发病的主要原因.降低婴儿麻疹发病,应采取保持高水平的首针MV接种及时率及接种率、减少婴儿暴露机会、给育龄期妇女接种MV等综合性措施.     

惠州市人群麻疹免疫监测

目的　了解惠州市人群麻疹免疫状况 ,探讨预防控制对策。方法　选择本地人口 398人进行人群麻疹抗体水平调查 ,监测对象分为 6个年龄组 ,男女比例接近 1∶1;选择 8～ 12月龄婴儿开展麻疹疫苗(MV)免疫成功率及母传麻疹抗体水平监测 ,同时调查 4岁儿童麻疹疫苗再免成功率。结果　 2～ 4 1岁人群抗体阳性率 92 7% ,几何平均滴度 (GMT)为 1∶996 8,不同年龄组人群GMT水平、抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义 ;婴儿母传抗体阳性率和GMT分别为 2 0 0 %和 1∶5 12 ;麻疹疫苗初免成功率和再免成功率分别为 88 0 %和 78 5 %。结论　为加快惠州市的麻疹控制步伐 ,建议提高MV常规免疫接种覆盖率 ,减少免疫空白人群 ,开展 1～ 14岁人群的MV强化免疫活动及育龄期妇女MV免疫接种     

6月龄与8月龄婴儿接种麻疹疫苗后的血清学效果

[目的 ]　探索麻疹疫苗最佳初免月龄。 [方法 ]　分别选择卢湾、杨浦、南汇 3个区县 6、8月龄健康婴儿192名和 177名 ,给予麻疹疫苗接种 ,并对其免前、免后血清抗体水平进行观察。 [结果 ]　 6月龄婴儿麻疹疫苗免疫后IgG抗体阳转率 92 .6 1% ,GMT 1340 .15 ;8月龄婴儿IgG抗体阳转率 96 .0 0 % ,GMT 1138.11。[结论 ]　如果 8月龄初免前婴儿麻疹发病率高的地区 ,可考虑将初免时间提前至 6月龄     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.