环肺静脉消融电隔离治疗持续性心房颤动的疗效观察

目的评价EnSite-NavX系统引导下环肺静脉消融电隔离结合左心房线性消融治疗持续性/永久性心房颤动(房颤)的安全性和疗效。方法入选2004年9月至2005年8月持续性/永久性房颤患者60例,男性43例,女性17例,平均年龄59.2±13.6(39~77)岁,平均房颤持续时间4±6年(6个月~24年)。左心房内径43.2±6.4(42~58)mm。在EnSite-NavX系统引导下行环肺静脉消融达到肺静脉电隔离,并进行左心房后壁和二尖瓣峡部线性消融。结果60例均顺利完成手术。平均手术时间170±34(150~240)min,X线透视时间23±10(12~45)min。环左肺静脉消融电隔离率为83.3%,环右肺静脉消融电隔离率为78.3%,其余病例结合节段性消融达到肺静脉电隔离。消融终止房颤7例;转变为房性心动过速(房速)/心房扑动(房扑)5例,其中2例消融终止。48例电转复成功,术后房扑/房速10例(16.7%),8例自愈,2例再次消融成功。术后平均随访6.5±3.2(4~11)个月,43例(71.7%)无房颤发作(其中18例服用抗心律失常药物)。并发症:股动脉假性动脉瘤1例,经保守治疗痊愈。结论EnSite-NavX系统引导下环肺静脉消融电隔离结合左心房线性消融治疗持续性/永久性房颤安全性好,疗效可以接受。     

肺静脉前庭重构与环肺静脉前庭电隔离术后肺静脉-左房电传导恢复的关系

目的分析肺静脉前庭重构与环肺静脉前庭电隔离术(CPVI)后肺静脉-左房电传导恢复之间的关系。方法入选2007年1月至2009年9月因房颤行导管射频消融术后复发,再次消融患者359例(阵发性房颤180例,持续性房颤179例)。LASSO环状电极标测肺静脉-左房电传导恢复情况,在Carto系统引导下行补点消融。利用CARTO系统自带软件测量左右肺静脉前庭面积。结果 359例患者均顺利完成导管射频消融。阵发性房颤患者中有144例(80%)电传导恢复,其中单支肺静脉电传导恢复占45例(31.25%),2支占58例(40.28%),3支占24例(16.67%),4支恢复占17例(11.81%)。持续性房颤患者中有155例(86.59%)电传导恢复,其中单支肺静脉电传导恢复占24例(15.48%),2支占72例(46.45%),3支占17例(10.97%),4支占42例(27.1%)。阵发性房颤左肺静脉前庭面积(6.15±0.65)cm2,右肺静脉前庭面积(7.95±2.24)cm2。持续性房颤左肺静脉前庭面积(10.48±1.00)cm2,右肺静脉前庭面积(11.4±2.16)cm2。统计学分析提示阵发性房颤CPVI术后单支肺静脉电传导恢复比例高于持续性房颤(P=0.001),而持续性房颤4支肺静脉电传导恢复比例高于阵发性房颤(P=0.001)。阵发性房颤左、右肺静脉前庭面积均小于持续性房颤(P0.001,P=0.022)。结论持续性房颤肺静脉前庭重构程度高于阵发性房颤,因此持续性房颤电隔离术后肺静脉-左房电传导恢复比例高于阵发性房颤。     

以终止持续性心房颤动为手术终点的递进式消融200例总结

目的总结递进式消融术式治疗持续性心房颤动(简称房颤)的手术过程及临床转归。方法采用递进式消融策略治疗连续200例持续性房颤患者,手术终点为通过单纯消融终止房颤。按以下顺序进行消融:环肺静脉前庭消融达肺静脉电学隔离;心房碎裂电位消融;左房顶部和二尖瓣环峡部线性消融;针对房颤转变而成的房性心动过速(简称房速)行激动标测结合拖带技术明确其机制,并进一步消融终止。经术后3个月空白期,对复发房性心律失常(房颤/房速)的患者进行再次消融。结果 136例患者(68%)术中房颤被消融终止,消融终止房颤组首次术后房性心律失常复发率显著低于未终止组[19.9%(27/136)vs 51.6%(33/64),P<0.01],复发患者经再次消融后,平均随访12.8±7.2个月,本组病例总体手术成功率78.5%(157/200)。消融终止房颤组手术总体成功率高于未终止组[(86.8%(118/136)vs 60.9%(39/64),P<0.01)]。结论递进式消融可能是治疗持续性房颤的一种有效术式。     

环肺静脉前庭隔离术终止持续性心房颤动的临床预测因素

目的探讨持续性心房颤动(简称房颤)经环肺静脉前庭隔离术(CPVAI)术中终止的临床预测因素。方法 85例在三维电解剖标测系统(CARTO)指导下首次接受CPVAI治疗的持续性房颤患者。消融在房颤心律下进行,终点为肺静脉前庭电隔离。对术中房颤经消融终止及未终止者20项临床指标进行分析,确立对术中房颤经消融终止具有预测价值的指标。结果所有患者均实现消融终点。术中房颤经消融终止者28例(32.9%),其中12例直接恢复为窦性心律,16例转为房性心动过速,57例CPVAI后仍为房颤。单因素分析结果显示:房颤持续时间、既往有阵发性房颤病史、短病程(1年)持续性房颤、阵发性房颤病史+短病程持续性房颤是预测术中房颤经消融终止的指标,但经多因素分析后仅有阵发性房颤病史+短病程持续性房颤是预测术中房颤经消融终止的指标(P0.001;RR∶0.100;95%C I∶0.033~0.307)。结论由阵发性房颤进展而来的短病程持续性房颤是CPVAI术中房颤经消融终止的独立预测指标。     

起源于肺静脉的房性心律失常体表心电图和心内电生理特点

目的:分析起源于肺静脉的房性心律失常体表心电图和心内电生理特点,识别触发心房纤颤(房颤)的房性期前收缩(房早)和房性心动过速(房速)。方法:回顾性分析房性心律失常并阵发性房颤84例体表心电图(房颤组),非房颤组84例体表心电图为频发房早(800次/24 h)。房颤组结合心内电生理检查及Lasso环状电极标测,行导管射频消融(RFCA)肺静脉隔离(PVI)。结果:房颤组电隔离肺静脉286支,均达即刻成功标准,无并发症发生。房颤组体表心电图呈房早、房速、心房扑动(房扑)和阵发性房颤(房颤)频繁发作和交替转换,并常伴长间歇,房早联律间期470～280(420±57)ms明显短于非房颤组的房早联律间期660～350(610±86)ms,P0.05,房颤多由短联律间期房早触发。心内电生理改变为Lasso环状电极标测到起源于肺静脉的连续、快速、有序或无序的较P波提前,时限短、峰锐利的尖峰电位(Spike电位),同步心电图显示该Spike电位常是阵发性房颤的触发因素。经导管射频消融消除肺静脉内电位或隔离肺静脉与心房间的电或组织连接,可终止房性心律失常,维持窦性心律。结论:起源于肺静脉的房性心律失常的特点是短联律间期房早,也是阵发性房颤的触发因素。     

阵发性心房颤动导管消融术后早期复发的电生理机制和再消融

目的 评价阵发性心房颤动(房颤)导管消融术后早期复发的电生理机制及早期再消融的可行性、疗效.方法 入选环肺静脉电隔离术后1个月内复发的阵发性房颤患者14例,其中男8例,女6例,平均年龄61.8±8.4岁,房颤复发距首次消融时间4.9±3.7 d.若肺静脉传导恢复,则补点消融再次隔离.肺静脉隔离后诱发房颤,标测并消融非肺静脉异位灶.术后随访心电图和24 h动态心电图.结果 14例患者首次消融后24.7±5.5 d再次消融.仅1例肺静脉传导无恢复,其余13例(92.9%)中均有至少一侧肺静脉传导恢复,补点消融后均再次隔离.3例(21.4%)为上腔静脉起源房颤,行上腔静脉隔离房颤终止.1例(7.1%)为界嵴上部起源,行局灶消融成功.3例诱发出典型心房扑动(房扑),1例诱发出左心房房扑,消融均成功.术后平均随访5.8±1.4个月,13例患者无房性快速性心律失常复发(不用抗心律失常药物),1例有阵发性房速发作(服用维拉帕米).结论 肺静脉传导恢复是阵发性房颤消融术后早期复发的主要因素,其次是非肺静脉(上腔静脉、界嵴)的异位灶,早期再消融可行有效.     

心房颤动消融术后二尖瓣峡部房性心动过速的发生机制及消融治疗

目的探讨心房颤动(简称房颤)患者环肺静脉左房线性消融术后二尖瓣峡部房性心动过速(简称房速)的发生机制及其消融策略。方法122例房颤患者采用EnSite-NavX和环状电极行环肺静脉左房线性消融,术后32例复发房颤或房速,8例经EnSite-NavX激动标测及拖带标测证实存在二尖瓣峡部房速,在三维导航下于左下肺静脉口部下缘至二尖瓣环之间行线性消融,对不能成功阻断二尖瓣峡部传导者予以冠状静脉窦内消融。术中同时探查双侧肺静脉电位,如传导恢复予以再次隔离。结果8例中2例呈无休止性发作,6例为阵发性,可被程序刺激诱发。房速的周长217.5±20.6ms,其中顺钟向折返5例,逆钟向折返3例。二尖瓣峡部线性消融至完全性双向传导阻滞5例,3例心内膜途径失败者经冠状静脉窦内消融,其中1例获得成功。术后随访5.5±4.3个月,6例无房颤及房速发作,1例仍有阵发性房速发作。另1例术后房速呈无休止发作,予以胺碘酮及美托洛尔控制心室率治疗。结论环肺静脉线性消融术后发生的二尖瓣峡部房速与左房线性消融治疗房颤的致心律失常作用有关,其主要的机制是消融线相关的大折返性心动过速,阻断峡部传导可以治疗此类房速。     

风湿性心脏瓣膜病、心房颤动经外科手术消融后复发的8例快速房性心律失常导管消融治疗分析

目的评价导管消融治疗风湿性心脏病合并心房颤动（房颤）外科消融术后复发的电生理特征和疗效。方法8例风湿性心脏病合并房颤外科消融后复发患者,平均年龄（49．1±4．5）岁（男性3例）,二尖瓣置换术后5例,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣联合瓣膜置换术后3例。房性心律失常复发时间距外科手术（1．2±0．9）个月。根据复发的快速房性心律失常类型,消融方法主要包括消融线径补点消融、肺静脉补点隔离、消融局部折返和碎裂电位消融。消融术后随访心电图和24h动态心电图,评价疗效。结果8例患者中5例复发心房扑动（房扑）／房性心动过速（房速）,三尖瓣峡部依赖2例,二尖瓣峡部依赖1例,左肺静脉缝隙依赖1例,左心房前壁局部折返1例,导管消融均终止,并实现消融线阻滞（必要时）。3例复发房颤（2例阵发性,1例持续性）均存在至少1根肺静脉传导恢复,消融关闭缝隙达到肺静脉隔离,持续性房颤加碎裂电位消融,同时关闭原消融线缝隙。无明显并发症发生。平均随访（6．7±2．9）个月,共6例（75％）无房性快速性心律失常复发.5例房扑／房速中4例无复发,1例复发阵发性房颤。2例阵发性房颤无复发,1例持续性房颤术后复发阵发性房颤。结论风湿性心脏病合并房颤外科消融术后主要复发房扑／房速,后者主要与原消融线或肺静脉消融环的缝隙有关,或为与初次消融无关的局部折返。少数复发为房颤,可能与肺静脉传导恢复、消融线缝隙有关。导管消融疗效较好。     

心房颤动环肺静脉电隔离术后房性心律失常的再消融治疗

目的探讨应用三维电解剖(Carto)系统引导左房(left atrium,LA)内环肺静脉(pulmo-naryvein,PV)消融治疗心房颤动(房颤)后复发房性心律失常的可能原因和再消融治疗。方法共对77例房颤患者进行环肺静脉电隔离术消融治疗,其中男性58例,20～76岁;阵发性房颤56例,持续性房颤21例。穿刺2～3次房间隔送入2～3支2·67mm(8F)长鞘至LA,送入1～2支Lasso导管入PV。应用Carto-XP系统,3·5mm生理盐水灌注消融导管,在LA内建立三维电解剖结构图。行PV选择性造影标识出PV口。在沿PV口外0·5～1·0cm的LA,设定围绕左或右侧上、下PV的环状消融线,消融终点为PV-LA电隔离。结果71/77例左侧和右侧PV-LA均达到电隔离,6/77例仅单侧PV-LA电隔离。复发病例中,14例再次消融,心电图或动态心电图示房性心动过速(房速)8例,房速-房颤5例,典型心房扑动1例。13例(93%)有左和/或右侧PV-LA传导恢复,其中左、右两侧均恢复8例,左侧和右侧恢复分别为3例和2例。7例患者在术中记录到左房房速,均起源于PV。13例再次消融均达到PV-LA电隔离,1例典型心房扑动达到三尖瓣峡部双向传导阻滞;随访3～30个月,其中12例无房性心律失常发作。结论采用Carto系统引导环同侧PV线性消融治疗房颤安全有效,PV-LA传导恢复可以是房颤消融后复发房性心律失常的主要机制,再次消融达到PV-LA电隔离可进一步提高房颤消融的成功率。     

环肺静脉电隔离术中自发电位传出导致的房性心律失常的再次消融及其评价

目的 分析心房颤动(房颤)环肺静脉电隔离术中出现肺静脉自发电位传出导致房性心律失常的发生及其再次消融评价.方法 在三维标测系统指导下行环肺静脉电隔离及辅助线、碎裂电位等消融治疗房颤,术中观察分析导致房性心律失常的肺静脉自发电位,对靶肺静脉行补充消融达完全电隔离并对其再评价.结果 术中5根肺静脉出现自发电位,但证实肺静脉与心房之间为单向阻滞,仔细观察分析对靶肺静脉进行再次消融均达到完全电隔离且再无肺静脉相关性房性心律失常.结论 环肺静脉电隔离中肺静脉内出现自发电位仅说明心房至肺静脉的传导阻滞,仍可存在肺静脉内自发电位传出导致房性心律失常,术中需仔细分析鉴别并对靶静脉消融隔离以减少术后房性心律失常发生.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.