药物透皮吸收及临床应用

药剂学是药学综合应用技术的科学。药剂学的发展历经了格林药剂时代、物理学药剂时代、生物药剂学时代、临床药剂学时代,目前进入药物传递系统DDS时代。透皮控制剂正是药剂学发展进程中的产物。透皮给药已成为当今临床重要的给药方式。本文就药物透皮吸收以及临床应用作简要的论述。     

壳聚糖及其衍生物在智能给药系统中的应用

本文从单重敏感性智能给药系统、多重敏感性智能给药系统及生物传感器着手,主要介绍了壳聚糖及其衍生物在智能给药系统中的研究进展,并展望了其在智能给药系统中的应用前景。     

纺织技术在药剂学中的应用

目的介绍纺织技术在药剂学中的应用。方法检阅最近文献资料,综述各种纺织技术在药剂学中的应用现状,特别是静电纺丝技术在制备纳米载药纤维方面进展。结果各种纺织技术均能制备控释性能优良的载药纤维,其中静电纺丝技术由于能够通过简单工艺制备纳米载药纤维,已成为当前研究热点。结论纺织技术在药剂学领域有良好的应用前景,同时存在一些亟带待解决的问题。     

纺织技术在药剂学中的应用

目的 介绍纺织技术在药剂学中的应用。方法 检阅最近文献资料,综述各种纺织技术在药剂学中的应用现状,特别是静电纺丝技术在制备纳米载药纤维方面进展。结果 各种纺织技术均能制备控释性能优良的载药纤维,其中静电纺丝技术由于能够通过简单工艺制备纳米载药纤维,已成为当前研究热点。结论 纺织技术在药剂学领域有良好的应用前景,同时存在一些亟带待解决的问题。     

多重刺激响应智能材料在智能给药系统中的应用

多重刺激响应材料是一类基于仿生学概念发展起来的新型智能材料,具有传感、信息处理和执行功能。此文简要介绍了几种多重刺激响应材料在智能给药系统中的研究进展,并结合实践进行了介绍。     

聚乙二醇1000维生素E琥珀酸酯的药剂学应用进展

聚乙二醇1000维生素E琥珀酸酯(TPGS)作为一种特性生物材料,有着广阔的药剂学应用前景。在药剂辅料中,TPGS可作为增溶剂、吸收促进剂、乳化剂、渗透促进剂。在新型给药系统中,可用于制备固体分散体、胶束、前体药物,亦可作为P-糖蛋白抑制剂,发挥抗多药耐药作用。本文就TPGS在传统药剂学和新型给药系统中的最新应用进行综述,为其进一步应用研究提供参考。     

微乳在药剂学中的研究进展及应用

目的:综述微乳载药系统在药剂学方面的研究进展及临床应用情况。方法:查阅近几年国内外相关的文献资料并进行总结。结果:微乳主要用于口服、注射、经皮、黏膜给药系统,在临床中的应用日益受到重视。结论:微乳具有增加药物溶解度、提高生物利用度及体内分布靶向性等优点,在药剂学领域中的发展将越来越广泛。     

超临界流体沉积技术在药剂学中的应用

目的：综述近年来超临界流体沉积技术在药剂学中的研究进展，特别是在给药系统方面的应用特点，为国内药剂学利用超临界流体技术的研究提供参考。方法：根据国内外文献，较全面地介绍了超临界流体的特征、溶解性质、超临界流体沉积技术及其在药剂学中的应用，特别是国外的研究情况。结果与结论：超临界流体技术在药剂学领域有较好的应用前景。     

纳米给药系统的药动学及毒理学研究进展

纳米给药是药剂学领域研究颇多的1种新型药物递送体系,具有超微体积及特殊结构,在控释、缓释、靶向给药以及黏膜、局部给药中,可提高难溶性药物与多肽药物的生物利用度,降低不良反应,在基因工程等领域中也显示出独特的优势。笔者综述了近年来报道的纳米给药系统在药动学、毒理学方面的研究,并简要介绍了纳米给药系统在药剂学领域中的研究进展。     

脉冲给药系统的研究进展

脉冲给药系统是根据时辰药理学与时辰治疗学特点研究而设计的一种新型迟释给药制剂。文章查阅了近几年国内外相关文献,阐述了脉冲给药系统的释药机制,包括生物化学刺激(胃肠道酸碱度、酶敏感度、葡萄糖敏感度等),物理化学刺激(声波、磁场、电场、温度等),膨胀爆破释药机制以及定时脉冲塞胶囊释药机制,并总结了基于各类释药机制的脉冲释药系统在药剂学中的应用研究进展。     

Metal-organic frameworks for advanced drug delivery

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), comprised of organic ligands and metal ions/metal clusters via coordinative bonds are highly porous, crystalline materials. Their tunable porosity, chemical composition, size and shape, and easy surface functionalization make this large family more and more popular for drug delivery. There is a growing interest over the last decades in the design of engineered MOFs with controlled sizes for a variety of biomedical applications. This article presents an overall review and perspectives of MOFs-based drug delivery systems (DDSs), starting with the MOFs classification adapted for DDSs based on the types of constituting metals and ligands. Then, the synthesis and characterization of MOFs for DDSs are developed, followed by the drug loading strategies, applications, biopharmaceutics and quality control. Importantly, a variety of representative applications of MOFs are detailed from a point of view of applications in pharmaceutics, diseases therapy and advanced DDSs. In particular, the biopharmaceutics and quality control of MOFs-based DDSs are summarized with critical issues to be addressed. Finally, challenges in MOFs development for DDSs are discussed, such as biostability, biosafety, biopharmaceutics and nomenclature.     

Three-dimensional printing in pharmaceutics: promises and problems

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is a rapid prototyping (RP) technology. Prototyping involves constructing specific layers that uses powder processing and liquid binding materials. Reports in the literature have highlighted the many advantages of the 3DP system over other processes in enhancing pharmaceutical applications, these include new methods in design, development, manufacture, and commercialization of various types of solid dosage forms. For example, 3DP technology is flexible in that it can be used in applications linked to linear drug delivery systems (DDS), colon-targeted DDS, oral fast disintegrating DDS, floating DDS, time controlled, and pulse release DDS as well as dosage form with multiphase release properties and implantable DDS. In addition 3DP can also provide solutions for resolving difficulties relating to the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs, peptides and proteins, preparation of DDS for high toxic and potent drugs and controlled-release of multidrugs in a single dosage forms. Due to its flexible and highly reproducible manufacturing process, 3DP has some advantages over conventional compressing and other RP technologies in fabricating solid DDS. This enables 3DP to be further developed for use in pharmaceutics applications. However, there are some problems that limit the further applications of the system, such as the selections of suitable excipients and the pharmacotechnical properties of 3DP products. Further developments are therefore needed to overcome these issues where 3DP systems can be successfully combined with conventional pharmaceutics. Here we present an overview and the potential 3DP in the development of new drug delivery systems.     

天然药物靶向给药系统的研究

采用新型药物载体使天然药物具有靶向作用是近年来药剂学的研究热点之一。综述脂质体、纳米粒、微球、微乳、药质体等新型载体在天然药物靶向给药系统研究中的应用,并介绍膜融合脂质体、纳米脂质载体、药脂结合物纳米粒以及分泌颗粒类似物等几种新型靶向给药系统的药物载体。     

反胶束在药剂学领域的研究进展

综述了反胶束的理化性质及测定方法、影响因素，及其在药剂学领域的应用进展。反胶束可用作口腔、直肠等部位的缓控释给药系统及透皮给药系统的载体：利用反胶束法还可制备粒径小于100nm的纳米粒。     

Biomolecule-sensitive hydrogels.

Stimuli-sensitive hydrogels have attracted considerable attention as intelligent materials in the biochemical and biomedical fields, since they can sense environmental changes and induce structural changes by themselves. In particular, biomolecule-sensitive hydrogels that undergo swelling changes in response to specific biomolecules have become increasingly important because of their potential applications in the development of biomaterials and drug delivery systems. This article provides an overview of the important and historical research regarding the synthesis and applications of glucose-sensitive hydrogels which exhibit swelling changes in response to glucose concentration. Enzymatically degradable hydrogels and antigen-sensitive hydrogels are also described in detail as protein-sensitive hydrogels that can respond to larger biomolecules. The synthetic strategies of other biomolecule-sensitive hydrogels are summarized on the basis of molecular imprinting and specific interaction. The biomolecule-sensitive hydrogels reviewed in this paper are expected to contribute significantly to the exploration and development of newer generations of intelligent biomaterials and self-regulated drug delivery systems.     

Smart and genetically engineered biomaterials and drug delivery systems.

The design, synthesis, and properties of novel stimuli-sensitive and genetically engineered biomaterials and drug delivery systems are reviewed. Two approaches to their engineering are presented. One approach is to improve the traditional methods of synthesis, as demonstrated by the example of controlled copolymerization of alpha-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides. The other approach, discussed in more detail, uses genetic engineering methods. The design of hybrid hydrogel systems whose components derive from at least two distinct classes of molecules, e.g., synthetic macromolecules and protein domains, is assessed. The design of self-assembling block copolymers is discussed in detail. Finally, the pharmaceutics related applications of these materials are presented.     

壳聚糖衍生物及其胶束：特性、功能化修饰和在药物传递系统中的应用

壳聚糖是一种天然多糖,具有无毒、可生物降解、生物相容性等诸多优点,但水溶性差的自身特点限制了其在药剂学中的应用,而其经合理的结构设计、修饰和优化,可获得性能良好的两亲性壳聚糖衍生物,这些衍生物在水溶液中能自组装成具有良好药物传输性能（如载药量、稳定性、刺激敏感性、靶向性等）的胶束,并被广泛应用于构建药物传递系统,以改善药物的溶解性、靶向性、生物利用度及耐药性．降低药物的毒副作用。综述壳聚糖衍生物结构对其胶束药物传输性能的影响以及壳聚糖衍生物及其胶束的功能化修饰和在药物传递系统中的应用。     

Non-spherical micro- and nanoparticles: fabrication,characterization and drug delivery applications

Introduction: Micro- and nanoparticles in drug and vaccine delivery have opened up new possibilities in pharmaceutics. In the past, researchers focused mainly on particle size, surface chemistry and the use of various materials to control particle characteristics and functions. Lately, shape has been acknowledged as an important design parameter having an impact on the interaction with biological systems.

Areas covered: In this review, we report on the latest developments in fabrication methods to tailor particle geometry, summarize analytical techniques for non-spherical particles and highlight the most important findings regarding their interaction with biological systems and their potential applications in drug delivery.

Expert opinion: The impact of shape on particle internalization into different cell types and particle biodistribution has been extensively studied in the past. Current research focuses on shape-dependent uptake mechanisms and applications for tumour therapy and vaccination. Different fabrication methods can be used to produce a variety of different particle types and shapes. Key challenges will be the transfer of new non-spherical particle fabrication methods from lab-scale to industrial large-scale production. Not all techniques may be scalable for the production of high quantities of particles. It will also be challenging to transfer the promising in vitro findings to suitable in vivo models.     

智能药物传输系统的研究进展

智能药物传输系统是指系统自身具有传感、处理及响应释药、停止释药的"自动"药物传输体系。各种智能药物传输系统实现了药物的定点、定时及定量释放。简要介绍了智能药物传输系统的发展近况,并从pH值敏感型、温度敏感型、葡萄糖敏感型以及其他敏感型给药系统角度阐述了智能药物传输系统的研究现状及未来展望。     

Engineering silica particles as oral drug delivery vehicles

Porous silica particles are emerging as complementary systems to polyester microspheres for the encapsulation and controlled delivery of small-organic drugs. Their recent application in pharmaceutics is strengthened by well-established characterization and synthetic routes from the chemical engineering sciences. Silica is an interesting scaffold material for the encapsulation of organic molecules. It can be formed into hierarchical structures over a wide range of length scales and interconnectivities. Encapsulation can therefore be tailored not only to the drug but the desired release properties. In addition to surfactant-templating of hierarchical silica structures, polypeptides from marine organisms may offer biological routes to novel silica materials. Silica sol-gels have also been evaluated as delivery vehicles, particularly with regard to generating hybrid systems with mesoporous silica or composite xerogels. This review will first focus on the detailed characterisation of pore size and structure of mesoporous silica with regards water penetration and drug diffusion. We then describe the pharmaceutical applications of silica materials with regard to improving oral bioavailability, multiparticulate systems for gastroretention or sustained release, composite xerogels and in vivo biocompatibility.