乙双吗啉对有丝分裂原诱导的小鼠淋巴细胞增殖反应的抑制作用

当浓度为1.56mg/L时,乙双吗啉就可明显抑制LPS诱导的体外小鼠淋巴细胞增殖反应,其作用随浓度的增高而加强。当此药浓度增大到6.25mg/L时,ConA和PHA诱导的体外小鼠淋巴细胞增殖反应才开始出现明显抑制。表明乙双吗啉对B细胞增殖反应的抑制作用强于对T细胞增殖反应。乙双吗啉对淋巴细胞无非特异细胞毒作用。     

苗药黑骨藤多糖部位HGT-5A的细胞免疫抑制作用及其可能的活性成分

目的观察苗药黑骨藤多糖部位HGT-5A的细胞免疫抑制作用及探讨其可能的活性成分。方法采用二硝基氯苯建立小鼠迟发型超敏反应模型,初次致敏当天开始ig给予HGT-5A,每天1次,连续10 d,第11天处死小鼠测定耳肿胀度,观察HGT-5A体内对细胞免疫反应的影响;用[3 H]TdR掺入法检测HGT-5A及其多糖组分对小鼠脾细胞增殖反应的影响;用MTT法检测HGT-5A对脾淋巴细胞存活的影响。结果HGT-5A 50和100 mg.kg-1可以明显抑制迟发型超敏反应模型小鼠耳肿胀,耳肿胀度由模型组的(8.9±2.2)mg分别降低至6.4±1.7和(7.1±1.5)mg;HGT-5A 50～500 mg.L-1体外应用可促进小鼠脾细胞自发增殖反应,但在HGT-5A 100 mg.L-1以上时可明显抑制刀豆蛋白A诱导的小鼠脾细胞增殖反应(P<0.05),对脂多糖诱导的小鼠脾细胞增殖反应无明显影响;HGT-5A与脾细胞共培养24,48和72 h对脾细胞存活无明显影响。从HGT-5A分离获得的中性糖部位HP1,酸性糖部位HP2,从HP1中分离得到的多糖成分HP1-3,以及从HP2中分离得到的多糖成分HP2-3和HP2-4 0.5～50 mg.L-1可促进脾细胞自发增殖反应;HP2,HP1-3,HP1-4,HP2-2和HP2-4明显抑制刀豆蛋白A诱导的T细胞增殖反应。结论 HGT-5A可抑制T细胞活化增殖,对细胞免疫反应具有抑制作用,多糖成分HP1-3,HP1-4,HP2-2和HP2-4可能是黑骨藤发挥免疫抑制作用的活性成分。     

新型膦酸酯类化合物DHBMGP2的免疫抑制作用

目的从细胞和整体动物水平研究新型膦酸酯类化合物DHBMGP2免疫抑制活性。方法分离正常BALB/c小鼠脾淋巴细胞,与DHBMGP2共培养72 h,用[3H]TdR掺入法测定淋巴细胞增殖反应;染料排斥法检测24 h细胞存活率,观察淋巴细胞毒性。雄性BALB/c小鼠用二硝基氯苯(DNCB)皮肤致敏2次(间隔1周),制备小鼠迟发型超敏反应模型,初次致敏当天开始ig给药,每天1次,连续10 d,第11天处死动物测定耳肿胀度。雌性BALB/c小鼠足跖sc注射鸡卵清蛋白(OVA)免疫2次(间隔2周),制备致敏模型,首次免疫当天开始ig给药,每天1次,连续4周,每周眼球后静脉丛采血,ELISA法检测血清OVA特异性IgG,IgG1和IgG2a抗体水平,[3H]TdR掺入法检测OVA抗原特异性T细胞反应。结果 DHBMGP2 1～100μmol.L-1体外应用可明显抑制小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖反应,对脾淋巴细胞24 h存活率无明显影响。DHBMGP2 20,40和80 mg.kg-1可以减轻DTH模型小鼠耳肿胀度,耳肿胀度由模型组的(8.1±3.4)mg分别降低为(5.2±2.1)(,5.1±1.0)和(5.4±1.3)mg,抑制其迟发型超敏反应。ig给予DHBMGP2 40和80 mg.kg-1可以明显抑制OVA致敏小鼠抗原特异性T细胞反应,[3H]TdR掺入值由模型组的(975±46)cpm分别降低为(769±30)和(601±45)cpm,但对血清OVA特异性抗体水平无明显影响。结论 DHBMGP2体内外应用对细胞免疫反应具有抑制作用,对体液免疫反应无明显影响。     

去甲泽拉木醛的免疫抑制作用

目的 :观察去甲泽拉木醛 (T 96)体外免疫抑制及抑制大鼠移植肾排斥的作用强度。方法 :( 1)体外培养BALB/C小鼠脾细胞 ,加有丝分裂原ConA刺激 ,并分别加不同浓度的T 96,用MTT法测定脾细胞的母细胞化情况。 ( 2 )行原位大鼠肾移植并分组 ,分别给予不同剂量的T 96,观察肾移植大鼠的生存期。结果 :T 960 .5mg·L- 1能显著抑制小鼠脾细胞的母细胞化作用 ,与对照组比较P <0 .0 1。T 9610mg·kg- 1·d- 1,2 0mg·kg- 1·d- 1分别延长肾移植大鼠生存期至 ( 14.8±s 1.0 )d和 ( 18.0± 1.5 )d ,与对照组 ( 6.9± 0 .6)d比较差异有非常显著意义 (P <0 .0 1)。T 9610mg·kg- 1·d- 1与泼尼松 10mg·kg- 1·d- 1联合应用延长肾移植大鼠生存期至 ( 32± 6)d。结论 :T 96有强烈抑制小鼠脾细胞母细胞化的作用 ,且有抑制大鼠移植肾的排斥作用 ,抑制作用随剂量加大而增强 ,与泼尼松联合应用 ,更能延长肾移植大鼠的存活时间。     

异丙肌苷对小鼠免疫功能的增强作用

在正常小鼠和注射环磷酰胺所致的免疫功能抑制的小鼠,异丙肌苷)25,50,100mg/kg,ip)能显著促进溶血素生成;增加空斑形成细胞数;增强二硝基氯苯所致迟发型皮肤超敏反应。在16月龄老年小鼠,异丙肌苷(2.5mg/kg,ip)可使减少的空斑形成细胞数增加至接近3月龄小鼠的水平,加大剂量作用反减弱或使空斑形成细胞数显著减少。体外试验,异丙肌苷(5,10,20mg/L)可显著增强刀豆素A诱导的C57 BL/6J小鼠的淋巴细胞增殖反应,并使16月龄老年小鼠低下的刀豆素A诱导的淋巴细胞增殖反应明显恢复。     

赛特铂抗肿瘤作用的临床前观察

目的观察赛特铂临床前抗肿瘤作用.方法体外观察赛特铂对人卵巢癌细胞A2780,肺腺癌细胞A549,结肠癌细胞HCT8,乳腺癌细胞MCF7和前列腺癌细胞DU145等10株人肿瘤细胞的细胞毒作用.体内观察赛特铂对人卵巢癌A2780,小鼠肉瘤S180和小鼠肝癌HepS的生长抑制作用.结果赛特铂的体外体内作用强度与对照药顺铂相当.对10种肿瘤细胞的半数抑制浓度IC50为0.51～3.29μmol·L-1,平均IC50为(1.44±0.32)μmo1·L-1;体内口服给药明显抑制裸鼠人卵巢癌A2780,小鼠肉瘤S180和小鼠肝癌HepS的生长,抑制率分别为61.3%,57.9%和50.6%.结论赛特铂的体外细胞毒和体内口服抗小鼠肿瘤生长抑制作用均与顺铂相仿.     

去甲泽拉木醛对鼠脾细胞转化及移植肾排斥的影响

目的 :观察去甲泽拉木醛 (T 96 )对鼠脾细胞转化及大鼠移植肾排斥的影响。方法 :①体外培养BALB/C小鼠脾细胞 ,加有丝分裂原ConA刺激 ,并分别加不同浓度的T 96或环孢素A(CsA) ,用MTT法测定脾细胞的转化情况。②行大鼠肾移植并分组 ,分别灌胃不同剂量的T 96或CsA ,观察肾移植大鼠的生存期。结果 :0 .5 μg·mL-1的T 96能显著抑制小鼠脾细胞的转化 ,与 1.0 μg·mL-1的CsA抑制强度相当。T 96在 10 ,2 0mg·kg-1·d-1剂量可分别延长肾移植大鼠生存期至 ( 14.8± 1.0 )和 ( 18.0± 1.5 )d ,与对照组 ( 6 .9± 0 .6 )d比较有非常显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。T 96 10mg·kg-1·d-1与泼尼松 10mg·kg-1·d-1合用 ,延长肾移植大鼠生存期至 ( 31.8± 6 .5 )d。结论 :T 96剂量依赖性地抑制小鼠脾细胞的转化和大鼠移植肾的排斥作用 ,与泼尼松合用 ,能显著延长肾移植大鼠的存活时间。     

龟叶草免疫作用的实验研究

目的　 研究龟叶草水煎液的免疫作用。 方法 　采用小鼠免疫器官称重、小鼠碳粒廓清速率、体外淋巴细胞转化、小鼠血清溶血素及小鼠迟发型超敏反应等实验方法。 结果 　龟叶草水煎液ig ,10、2 0g/kg ,对小鼠胸腺重量无影响 ,对脾脏有抑制作用 ,但不明显 ;ip ,0 5、2g/kg及ig ,2 0g/kg均能抑制小鼠廓清速率 ;对体外淋巴细胞转化有明显抑制作用 ;对小鼠血清素的形成略有增高作用 ,但统计学处理无差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;ip各剂量对小鼠迟发超敏反应有均有较强抑制作用。 结论 　龟叶草水煎液对网状内皮系统以及细胞免疫均有明显抑制作用 ,对体液免疫稍有增强 ,但不明显     

丙酸睾丸酮抗早孕作用的药理研究

本文研究表明丙酸睾丸酮在小鼠有明显的抗早孕作用。其抗早孕作用的ED_(50)=0.11±0.03 mg/kg。甲地孕酮、HCG明显对抗丙睾抗早孕作用。丙睾在抗早孕剂量时能明显抑制假孕小鼠蜕膜反应。甲地孕酮能明显对抗丙睾抑制假孕小鼠蜕膜反应的作用。但丙睾对去卵巢小鼠应用外源性雌、孕激素诱发的蜕膜反应无明显抑制作用。丙睾无溶黄体作用,也不增强子宫对催产素和15-甲基-PGF_(2α)的反应。实验结果提示丙睾抗早孕作用与其抑制蜕膜反应有关。丙睾对蜕膜反应的抑制作用是其抑制下丘脑—垂体—卵巢轴,而非直接拮抗雌、孕激素的结果。     

力达霉素抗肝癌作用的实验研究

目的观察力达霉素(LDM)在体外、体内对肝癌的抑制作用。方法用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)方法测定力达霉素和丝裂霉素C对人肝癌BEL-7402细胞及小鼠肝癌22细胞的增生抑制作用。以小鼠移植性肝癌22模型观察不同剂量力达霉素的治疗效果。结果力达霉素和丝裂霉素对人肝癌BEL-7402细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为(0.0030±0.0006)nmol/L和(150±27)nmol/L。力达霉素对小鼠肝癌22细胞的IC50为0.025nmol/L。体内试验:力达霉素静脉给药1次及延迟静脉给药3次对小鼠移植性肝癌22细胞的生长均有显著抑制作用。当通过静脉给予1次力达霉素剂量为0.025、0.05和0.1mg/kg时对肝癌22细胞抑瘤率分别为62%、72%和85%。结论力达霉素在体外对肝癌细胞增生有强烈的抑制作用,动物试验有显著疗效     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.