大肠杆菌O_(157)∶H_7实时荧光PCR快速检测方法的建立

[目的]利用特异性荧光探针为特点的TaqM an荧光定量PCR技术,建立大肠杆菌O157∶H7污染的快速敏感特异的检测方法。[方法]以大肠杆菌O157∶H7的rfbE基因作为靶序列,设计一对引物和探针,以大肠杆菌O157∶H7菌株提取核酸DNA作为模板,优化引物和探针的浓度比和Mg2+浓度,以大肠杆菌O157∶H7和10种相关细菌考核检测体系的灵敏性、稳定性和特异性。[结果]建立的反应体系在引物和探针的浓度为0.6μmoL/L、0.8μmoL/L,Mg2+浓度为4mmoL/L时,具有良好的特异性和敏感性。在10株相关菌株的检测中,除大肠杆菌O157∶H7出现很好的阳性外,其余菌株均为阴性。在纯菌条件下,定量检测低限为17 cfu/mL。同一样品重复检测3次C t值的变异系数均小于5%。[结论]该方法特异性强,稳定性高,操作简便快捷,适应食品微生物检验发展需要,具有较大的推广及应用价值。     

复合探针实时荧光PCR检测大肠杆菌O157:H7

目的建立一种快速、准确、特异的肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7的定量检测方法。方法以rfbE基因作为待检靶基因,根据复合探针荧光定量分析原理设计检测引物和探针,建立检测大肠杆菌O157:H7的实时荧光定量PCR方法。并对本方法检测的特异性、灵敏度、重复性等进行评价。结果所有O157:H7的检测结果均为阳性,而所有其它菌株检测结果均为阴性;该方法检测的灵敏度可达10 cfu.mL-1,定量检测的批间和批内差异均小于5%。在模拟污染牛奶中,可检出1×101cfu.μL-1的细菌。结论本文建立的复合探针实时荧光定量PCR技术能快速准确、特异、敏感地对大肠杆菌O157:H7进行定量分析,为大肠杆菌O157:H7的检测提供了新的方法。     

大肠杆菌O157∶H7双重荧光PCR方法的建立与应用

摘要:目的　建立快速检测食品中大肠杆菌O157︰H7的双重荧光PCR 方法。方法　针对大肠杆菌O157︰H7菌体抗原O和鞭毛抗原H的特异性基因rfbE（O157）和fliC（H7）筛选设计引物和探针,优化反应条件,建立可特异性检测大肠杆菌O157︰H7的双重荧光PCR方法,并对该法的特异性、敏感性和重复性进行评价,对模拟样品和实际样品进行初步验证。结果　利用建立的方法对2株大肠杆菌O157︰H7及12株非大肠杆菌O157︰H7进行检测,O157︰H7菌株检测结果均为rfbE和fliC阳性,非O157︰H7菌株检测结果均为阴性,rfbE和fliC基因的特异性均为100%;2基因的检测灵敏度可达1.16×102 CFU/ml;批内、批间变异系数均小于3.5％;模拟样品立即检测,2个基因的最低检出限（2.7×102 CFU/ml）和细菌纯培养时接近;实际样品检测结果与我国检验检疫行业标准（SN/T 0973-2010）的检测结果一致。结论　建立的荧光定量PCR 方法特异性及重复性好,灵敏度高,可快速准确鉴定大肠杆菌O157︰H7菌株。     

肠出血性大肠埃希菌双重实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立

目的建立快速、灵敏、特异、有效的肠出血性大肠埃希菌(EHEC)双重实时荧光PCR检测方法。方法根据GenBank公布的EHEC的stx1和stx2基因序列设计相应的PCR引物和TaqMan探针,探针分别用FAM-BHQ1和HEX-BHQ1标记stx1及stx2,建立双重实时荧光PCR反应体系,并对方法的灵敏度、特异性及其重复性进行分析。结果建立了EHEC双重实时荧光PCR检测方法。结果显示该方法特异性、重复性好、灵敏度高,最低检出限可达102cfu/ml,117.5fg/μl。结论建立的双重实时荧光PCR方法可快速、灵敏、特异、有效地检出EHEC。     

大肠埃希菌O157:H7的实时荧光PCR检测方法研究

目的建立一种敏感、特异、快速的大肠埃希菌O157:H7的检测方法,应用于突发公共卫生事件及食源性致病菌流行病学调查的检测。方法根据GenBank大肠埃希菌O157:H7rfbE基因序列,设计引物和TaqMan探针,对实时荧光PCR反应条件进行优化,建立实时荧光PCR检测大肠埃希菌O157:H7的反应体系,并对该法的特异性、敏感性和重复性进行评价。结果大肠埃希菌O157:H7菌株的检测结果均为阳性,而所有其它菌株检测结果均为阴性;该方法检测的灵敏度可达1×102cfu/ml。模拟污染的猪肉、羊肉、鸡肉、生食蔬菜样品,均可检出1×104cfu/ml的细菌。从细菌核酸提取至完成检测约需3 h。结论建立的实时荧光PCR检测方法具有灵敏度高、特异性强、快速等优点,可用于大肠埃希菌O157:H7食物中毒的快速诊断和食品微生物检测,为食源性疾病的分子流行病学调查提供新的检测手段。     

肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7多重PCR快速检测研究

[目的]建立能快速、特异检测肠出血性大肠杆菌O157︰H7的多重PCR技术。[方法]选用针对大肠杆菌O157志贺样毒素1、2(slt1/slt2)基因、溶血素(hlyA)基因、和O157特异性基因(rfbE)的4对引物,在同一扩增体系中进行PCR,优化反应体系,测定特异性和灵敏度,并进行了猪肉模拟样品检测。[结果]该方法扩增目的基因片段分别为348,584,250bp和497bp,特异性和灵敏度均高。细菌纯培养物的检测灵敏度为103cfu/ml,猪肉模拟样品37℃预增菌4h后检测灵敏度能达到100cfu/ml。[结论]初步建立了快速、灵敏、特异地测定肠出血性大肠杆菌EHECO157︰H7的多重PCR检测技术。     

多重PCR检测粪便中沙门菌、志贺菌和大肠杆菌O157:H7方法的研究

[目的]建立12h内快速检测粪便中沙门菌、志贺菌和大肠杆菌O157︰H7的多重PCR方法。[方法]探讨已报道的多重PCR体系检测粪便中3种目的菌的可行性,根据沙门菌invA基因、志贺菌ipaH基因及大肠杆菌O157︰H7rfbE基因筛选设计新引物,优化反应条件,测定方法灵敏度和特异性。8h短时增菌后,对24份模拟粪便样品进行检测。[结果]已报道的多重PCR体系不适用于粪便中3种目的菌的检测;新建立的体系适用于粪便样品的检测,能在12h内同时检测3种目的菌。通过短时增菌,该体系对粪便样品中沙门菌、志贺菌和大肠杆菌O157︰H7的灵敏度分别为:8.5cfu/10ml增菌液,27cfu/10ml增菌液,5cfu/10ml增菌液。对28株目的菌和13株非目的菌的检测结果表明该方法具有良好特异性。[结论]成功建立能在12h内同时检测粪便样品中沙门菌、志贺菌和大肠杆菌O157︰H7的多重PCR检测方法,该方法特别适用于健康带菌者3种目的菌的快速筛查,为卫生检验检疫、食品微生物安全的监测和监督提供一有用的工具。     

动物性食品中大肠杆菌O157:H7多重PCR检测方法的建立

目的:大肠杆菌O157:H7是近年来引发食物中毒事件的重要病原菌,对其建立灵敏、特异的多重PCR检测方法,是确保饮食安全,预防和控制大肠杆菌O157:H7传播的重要手段。方法:根据大肠杆菌O157:H7rfbE和fliC抗原基因的保守序列设计了2对引物,建立并优化了特异性检测大肠杆菌O157:H7的多重PCR体系,扩增产物分别为678 bp(rfbE)和560 bp(fliC)。结果:建立的多重PCR方法可以快速特异地检测出猪肉、牛肉等动物性食品中的大肠杆菌O157:H7污染,人工污染猪肉检测限达到2.2×102cfu/ml。结论:选择两对特异引物的多重PCR方法可简便、快速、特异地实现对动物性食品中大肠杆菌O157:H7的检测。     

12株疑似O157:H7大肠菌PCR鉴定研究

目的:对12株疑似O157:H7大肠菌采用PCR法进行鉴定。方法:利用单一PCR和多重聚合酶链反应(mPCR)检测不同来源菌株志贺样毒素(stx1和stx2)、溶血素(hly)、粘附抹平因子(eaeA)、β-葡糖醛酸糖苷酶(u idA)、O157抗原编码(rfbE)、H7鞭毛抗原编码(fliC)基因。结果:4株大肠菌rfbE和fliC基因检测为阳性,确认为EHEC O157:H7,其中1株菌株扩增出全部毒力基因,另3株菌株扩增出除stx1外其它全部毒力基因;2株大肠菌rfbE基因检测阳性,确认为O157:H7-大肠菌;其它均为非O157:H7其它大肠菌。结论:PCR技术的应用能对可疑O157:H7大肠菌进行有效鉴定与分析,应成为今后病原学鉴定的主要技术手段。     

豆类及其制品中大肠杆菌O157和O104的双重real-time PCR检测方法

目的建立一种快速检测豆类及其制品中肠出血性大肠杆菌O157、O104的双重real-time PCR方法。方法分别选取大肠杆菌O157的特异性基因rfbE和大肠杆菌O104的特异性基因wzy作为靶基因,设计相应的特异性引物探针,建立双重real-time PCR反应体系,并对反应体系及引物浓度等反应条件进行优化。结果最终确定反应体系为:以大肠杆菌O157、大肠杆菌O104菌株的DNA按照1∶3比例混合作为模板,模板DNA 2μL,Master Mix 12.5μL,上游引物(10μmol/L)各1μL,下游引物(10μmol/L)各1μL,探针(10μmol/L)各0.5μL,灭菌水补齐至25μL。实现了同一次处理样品在同一反应体系中同时检测肠出血性大肠杆菌的两种血清型,检测灵敏度的下限可达102CFU/m L(g)。结论该方法特异性好,对其他常见病原菌无扩增,灵敏度高、快速、简便,为食源性致病菌的检测提供了理想手段。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.