经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术治疗37例急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎的体会

经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术（ＰＴＣＤ）自七十年代后期开始广泛应用于临床，在急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎（ＡＯＳＣ）治疗中，通过ＰＴＣＤ途径，解除梗阻，减压引流胆道，控制胆道炎症，改善患者状态，使患者渡过危险期，为后期择期手术打下良好基础。我院自１９８７～１９９５年开展该项技术并应用于３７例ＡＯＳＣ患者，疗效较好。现介绍如下：临床资料　　一、一般资料：本组３７例，男１５例，女２２例。年龄２１～７５岁，２０～４５岁占２５例（６７．５％）。发病至入院时间为１～２０小时，平均６小时。所有患者均有不同程度发热、黄疸、…     

术中肝穿刺胆道引流术治疗高位恶性胆道梗阻

术中肝穿刺胆道引流术治疗高位恶性胆道梗阻上海医科大学华山医院外科（２０００４０）倪泉兴，曹国海，张延龄我们自１９９０年６月起对手术证实癌肿无法切除的高位恶性胆道梗阻患者即时作术中肝穿刺胆道引流（ＩＴＣＤ），取得较同期施行的ＰＴＣＤ满意的结果。现将初步...     

自张性金属支架内引流在良,恶性胆道梗阻中的应用

作者从１９９４年８月以来,用国产的镍钛记忆合金金属支架,先后对２６例梗阻性黄疽病人进行了超声引导下经皮肝穿刺胆道金属支架内引流术,取得了较好的疗效。现报道如下。资料与方法ｌｌｔａ床资料本组２６例,男２０例,女６例,年龄２７～６８岁,平均５３．４岁。其中良性病变３例,２例为医源性胆管损伤修复术后胆管极痕狭窄致胆道梗阻;ｌ例为胆管泥沙样结石并胆道梗阻。恶性病变２３例,包括高位胆管癌５例,肝癌伴梗阻性黄值４例,壶腹周围癌８例,胃癌肝门区转移４例,胆囊癌侵犯肝门２例。所有病人均不宜或已不能手术治疗。出现…     

恶性梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗

目的:探索经皮肝穿胆道引流术(percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage,PTBD)治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的价值.方法:对115例恶性梗阻性患者分别行经皮肝穿胆道引流术,所有病人均行CT或MRI或B超等影像学以及血液生化诊断为恶性梗阻性黄疸,其中男66例,女49例,平均年龄为(59.2±10.6)岁.经皮肝穿胆道引流成功率为100%.107例在电视透视下穿刺右肝管,8例在B超引导下穿刺肝管.结果:86例患者为一步法置入支架并行内外引流;29例患者先行外引流,其中23例经1~2w外引流后,再以二步法置入支架内外引流获成功,另6例持续带管行外引流.置入引流后较术前血清总胆红素下降明显,患者全身状况改善,血清谷丙转氨酶下降具有显著性,并发症发生率为15.65%,经治疗后症状消失.结论:经皮肝穿胆道引流疗效可靠,临床工作中应根据梗阻部位和梗阻程度选择引流方法.     

恶性梗阻性黄疸的鉴别诊断

为了评价常用影像学诊断方法在鉴别恶性梗阻黄疸中的作用，作者对２３２例经手术和病理检查确诊的恶性梗阻性黄疸病例，其术前影像学检查结果与手术所见进行了对照研究。结果表明，超声，ＣＴ，ＥＲＣＰ或ＰＴＣ均能准确判定胆道梗阻的部位，但对恶性胆道梗阻病因的诊断欠满意。尤其是对于肝细胞癌破入胆管，肝内胆管细胞癌侵犯胆管及转移性肿瘤压迫肝门胆管与肝门部胆管癌的鉴别诊断甚为困难。提高胆道恶性梗阻的病因诊断准确性有待     

梗阻性黄疸180例PTC及PTCD体会

梗阻性黄疸１８０例ＰＴＣ及ＰＴＣＤ体会杨求进，许玉友，隋洛欣（中国人民解放军第８６医院当涂２４３１Ｏ０）１９８９年以来，我们对１８０例收住本科Ｂ超提示为梗阻性黄疸，肝内外胆管扩张病人常规行经皮肝穿刺胆道造影（ＰＴＣ）；对其中２７例胆道内压较高或经造影...     

经皮肝穿胆道内置猪尾巴管治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

经皮肝穿胆道内置猪尾巴管治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸徐正铿宋其同恶性梗阻性黄疸临床上并非少见，确诊时较多患者已失去手术机会。我院对四例晚期癌肿所致的胆道梗阻患者行经皮肝穿刺胆道内置猪尾巴导管引流术（以下简称置管引流术），取得成功，效果满意，现将初步经验报告如下...     

晚期肝外胆管癌34例临床治疗分析

报告３４例晚期肝外胆管癌临床治疗结果。其中施行胆管空肠吻合术２例，经皮肝穿刺胆道外引流（ＰＴＣＤ）９例，经ＰＴＣＤ放置内置管８例，剖腹探查９例，单纯肝动脉灌注化疗３例，未治３例。出院后随访发现，放置内置管组生存时间明显高于其它各组。作者认为对不能手术切除的晚期胆管癌，在条件适合时采用经ＰＴＣＤ内置管效果较好，该法损伤小，又无ＰＴＣＤ的许多不良后果。     

高位恶性梗阻性黄疸胆道内支架置入治疗的临床应用

目的评价高位恶性梗阻性黄疸胆道内支架置入治疗的疗效及临床价值。方法42例高位恶性梗阻性黄疸病人分别行单侧／双侧穿刺入路，充分胆道内外引流后，置入支架。其中肝总管内置入单枚支架19例；双侧肝管穿刺，行左肝和右肝胆管同时置入支架11例；采用单侧肝管穿刺入路，于左-右肝管间和肝管-胆总管间均置入支架12例。共置入支架65枚，其中3枚为覆膜支架，其余均为自膨式裸支架。结果42例病人中，手术成功率达100％，其中2例病人分别于术后4个月和9个月发生支架内梗阻，行二次介入治疗；1例病人于胆道支架置入术后17个月发生十二指肠梗阻，再行十二指肠支架置入术；1例病人于围手术期因严重胆系感染而死亡．全部病人随访3～112周（平均49周），均获得满意的减黄效果。结论根据不同梗阻部位，采用多种胆道支架置入技术治疗高位恶性梗阻性黄疸是一种安全可靠、疗效确切的姑息性疗法。     

135例恶性胆道梗阻的内镜姑息治疗

１３５例无手术指征的恶性胆道梗阻，其中８１例经内镜道塑料内置管引流（ＥＲＢＤ）。５４例经内镜胆道金属支架引流（ＥＭＢＥ）治疗，结果：引流２～３周ＥＲＢＤ组８８．９％组９６．１％病你胆红素降至正常，临床状况明显改善：ＥＲＢＤ组采用８Ｆ内置管者３０％，９Ｆ内置管者２．５％，ＥＭＢＥ组３．９％病例并发早期胆管炎；ＥＲＢＤ需３个左右再梗阻前更换新管，ＥＭＢＥ５例（５．６％）平均５．８个月发生再梗阻，提示，     

PTCD长期引流治疗肝移植术后缺血型胆道病变的初步探讨

目的 探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道造影引流术(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage,PTCD)长期引流治疗肝移植术后缺血型胆道病变的可行性,评价其疗效和安全性.方法 11例肝移植术后并发缺血型胆道病变的病人,男10例,女1例,平均年龄42.3岁,术前均经PTC或内窥镜逆行胆胰管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangopancreatography,ERCP)检查确诊.病人首先经内科治疗及内镜下引流、支架置入治疗无效,然后采用经皮肝穿刺胆道置管并长期带管引流,合并有胆泥者经双导丝抽吸技术予以清除.结果 11例缺血型胆道病变病人.肝内型7例,肝外型1例,肝内+肝外型3例.均成功置入PTCD内外引流管,技术成功率100%.术后1周内总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)分别由(206.70±54.18)μmol/L、(170.65±53.97)μmol/L降至(90.63±13.00)μmol/L、(63.83±13.61)μmol/L.随访3～71个月,平均20个月.黄疸指数较正常值稍高,并呈波动性改变,TBIL在23.70～241.0 μmol/L之间,平均(55.3±15.6)μmol/L,DBIL在8.1～162.0μmol/L之间,平均(32.53±10.21)μmol/L.9例病人移植肝功能良好,其中5例带管引流6～12个月(平均8.2个月)后拔除,4例仍带管已引流3～6个月.另2例病人黄疸症状缓解,但因移植肝合成功能障碍分别于PTCD术后3个月、8个月行再次肝移植.结论 PTCD置管长期引流是一种安全、有效的治疗肝移植术后缺血型胆道并发症的方法.     

Endoscopic decompression of benign large bowel obstruction using a transanal drainage tube

Aim Endoscopic decompression of malignant colorectal obstruction is often dealt with using expandable metallic stents. Endoscopic decompression of benign large bowel obstruction is more difficult. We report the technique and outcome of transanal endoscopic decompression for benign large bowel obstruction. Method From January 2001 to June 2010, endoscopic decompression using a transanal drainage tube placement was attempted in consecutive patients with benign large bowel obstruction. The clinical features, technical success, complications, treatment after the tube placement and clinical success were retrospectively evaluated. Results There were 13 patients (seven males, age 47–87, mean 69 years). The sites of obstruction were transverse colon [5 (38%)], sigmoid colon [3 (23%)], ileocecal valve [2 (15%)], splenic flexure [1 (8%)], descending colon [1 (8%)] and rectum [1 (8%)]. The most common cause of obstruction was anastomotic stricture [9 (69%)]. In 12 (92%) patients transanal decompression was technically successful with one perforation. An overtube, the reinsertion of colonoscope along the decompression tube, or the use of a small‐diameter endoscope was required for the tube placement in seven (54%). In seven (54%) patients tube placement alone resulted in relief of bowel obstruction without operation. Conclusion Endoscopic decompression using a transanal drainage tube is effective for the management of benign large bowel obstruction.     

胆管恶性梗阻内镜引流术的疗效观察

目的 比较塑料内置管及金属内支架在胆管恶性梗阻引流中的疗铲。方法 全组患者１０５例,行鼻胆管或塑料内置管引流８７例次,放置金属内置管３１例次。结果 鼻胆管或塑料内置管引流组,引流有效率８２．８％,３０天死亡率１０．３％,平均通畅时间２．４月,平均生存期２．５月;金属内支架组,引流有效率９０．３％,３０天死亡率６．５％,平均通畅时间６．８月,平均生存期７．２月。结论对于胆管恶性梗阻,内镜引流术是一种     

肝脏肿瘤动脉栓塞化疗术后胆管狭窄

目的 分析肝脏经导管动脉栓塞化疗(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)术后胆管狭窄致梗阻性黄疸的外科治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1994年6月至2010年3月在浙江省人民医院及上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院行肝脏TACE治疗后出现胆管狭窄的15例患者的临床资料.7例为原发性肝癌,5例为肝脏血管瘤,3例为转移性肝癌,原发疾病分别为结肠癌2例和胰腺癌1例.肝脏TACE后出现梗阻性黄疸的时间为5～16个月,中位时间为9个月.结果 15例胆管狭窄病例均出现不同程度的梗阻性黄疸,13例经外科手术或经皮肝穿刺胆管造影(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography,PTC)+放置胆管支架,2例仅行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD).术后梗阻性黄疸均获得明显缓解.5例肝血管瘤状况良好;2例原发性肝癌TACE后梗阻性黄疸随访2年,无胆管梗阻再发和肿瘤复发;其余8例随访3～18个月,均死于原发病恶化.结论手术或介入手段治疗肝脏TACE术后胆管狭窄致梗阻性黄疸可获得良好的治疗效果,应根据原发病和胆管梗阻的部位、范围决定治疗方式.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the treatment of obstructive jaundice caused by bile duct strictures after hepatic transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in hepatic tumor patients. Methods A retrospective review (Jun 1994 - Mar 2010) of databases at two institutions (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine) identified 15patients with obstructive jaundice caused by liver bile duct stricture after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. There were 7 cases of primary liver cancer, 5 patients of liver hemangioma, 3 cases of metastatic liver cancer including 2 cases of colonic cancer and one of pancreatic cancer. Obstructive jaundice appeared in a period of 5 months to 16 months after TACE. The median time was 9 months. Results The obstructive jaundice was relieved by surgically constructed hepatobiliary drainage or PTC+stenting treatment in 13 cases and PTCD in 2 cases. All patients of hepatic hemangioma were doing well after treatment. Two cases of primary liver cancer patients with obstructive jaundice after TACE were followed up for 2 years with no recurrence of hepatic carcinoma and bile duct obstruction. The other 8 patients were followed up from 3months to 18 months until to their death from primary disease progress. Conclusions Surgery and or PTCD plus stent can effectively relieve the obstructive jaundice caused by TACE in benign or malignant liver tumors.     

肝脏肿瘤动脉栓塞化疗术后胆管狭窄

目的 分析肝脏经导管动脉栓塞化疗(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)术后胆管狭窄致梗阻性黄疸的外科治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1994年6月至2010年3月在浙江省人民医院及上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院行肝脏TACE治疗后出现胆管狭窄的15例患者的临床资料.7例为原发性肝癌,5例为肝脏血管瘤,3例为转移性肝癌,原发疾病分别为结肠癌2例和胰腺癌1例.肝脏TACE后出现梗阻性黄疸的时间为5～16个月,中位时间为9个月.结果 15例胆管狭窄病例均出现不同程度的梗阻性黄疸,13例经外科手术或经皮肝穿刺胆管造影(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography,PTC)+放置胆管支架,2例仅行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD).术后梗阻性黄疸均获得明显缓解.5例肝血管瘤状况良好;2例原发性肝癌TACE后梗阻性黄疸随访2年,无胆管梗阻再发和肿瘤复发;其余8例随访3～18个月,均死于原发病恶化.结论手术或介入手段治疗肝脏TACE术后胆管狭窄致梗阻性黄疸可获得良好的治疗效果,应根据原发病和胆管梗阻的部位、范围决定治疗方式.     

Tumor seeding from percutaneous biliary catheters.

Percutaneous transhepatic biliary decompression has been used since 1973 as a preoperative surgical adjunct in patients with obstructive jaundice. Tumor seeding along the catheter tract is an unusual complication but it occurred recently in one of our patients who had preoperative biliary drainage for four days. Four months after his pancreaticoduodenectomy, a 2-cm nodule developed at the catheter exit site. This nodule was a metastatic focus of adenocarcinoma similar to his pancreatic tumor. He died 1 month later and at autopsy was found to have numerous metastases along the catheter tract. A review of the world literature found 17 other patients with this complication. Thirteen of the 18 total patients had catheters placed for palliation, while 5 patients underwent preoperative drainage before definitive procedures, and 4 of these patients had undergone "curative" resections. Nine of the 18 patients had biliary obstruction from cholangiocarcinoma, while seven patients had primary pancreatic carcinoma. Positioning of the catheter tip above the obstructing tumor and maintaining the catheter for only a short duration before operation (mean 8 days for resected patients, range 2 to 16 days) did not protect against catheter-related tumor seeding. Patients with suspected malignant obstruction of the biliary tract who may have resectable tumors should not undergo routine preoperative biliary decompression. If, on exploration, the tumor is found to be unresectable, then a palliative bypass may be performed.     

肝脏肿瘤动脉栓塞化疗术后胆管狭窄

目的 分析肝脏经导管动脉栓塞化疗(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)术后胆管狭窄致梗阻性黄疸的外科治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1994年6月至2010年3月在浙江省人民医院及上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院行肝脏TACE治疗后出现胆管狭窄的15例患者的临床资料.7例为原发性肝癌,5例为肝脏血管瘤,3例为转移性肝癌,原发疾病分别为结肠癌2例和胰腺癌1例.肝脏TACE后出现梗阻性黄疸的时间为5～16个月,中位时间为9个月.结果 15例胆管狭窄病例均出现不同程度的梗阻性黄疸,13例经外科手术或经皮肝穿刺胆管造影(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography,PTC)+放置胆管支架,2例仅行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD).术后梗阻性黄疸均获得明显缓解.5例肝血管瘤状况良好;2例原发性肝癌TACE后梗阻性黄疸随访2年,无胆管梗阻再发和肿瘤复发;其余8例随访3～18个月,均死于原发病恶化.结论手术或介入手段治疗肝脏TACE术后胆管狭窄致梗阻性黄疸可获得良好的治疗效果,应根据原发病和胆管梗阻的部位、范围决定治疗方式.     

Pericardial effusion: subxiphoid pericardiostomy versus percutaneous catheter drainage

BACKGROUND: Optimal management of cardiac tamponade resulting from pericardial effusion remains controversial. METHODS: Cardiac tamponade in 117 patients was treated with either subxiphoid pericardiostomy (n = 94) or percutaneous catheter drainage (n = 23). Percutaneous catheter drainage was used for patients with hemodynamic instability that precluded subxiphoid pericardiostomy. Effusions were malignant in 75 (64%) of 117 patients and benign in 42 (36%) of 117. RESULTS: Subxiphoid pericardiostomy had no operative deaths and a complication rate of 1.1% (1 of 94). In contrast, percutaneous drainage had significantly (p < 0.05) higher mortality and complication rates of 4% (1 of 23) and 17% (4 of 23), respectively. Patients with an underlying malignancy had a median survival of 2.2 months, with a 1-year actuarial survival rate of 13.8%. In comparison, patients with benign disease had a median survival of 42.8 months and a 1-, 2-, and 4-year actuarial survival rate of 79%, 73%, and 49%, respectively (p < 0.05). Effusions recurred in 1 (1.1%) of 94 patients after subxiphoid pericardiostomy compared with 7 (30.4%) of 23 patients with percutaneous drainage (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Benign and malignant pericardial tamponade can be safely and effectively managed with subxiphoid pericardiostomy. Percutaneous catheter drainage should be reserved for patients with hemodynamic instability.     

PTCD在肝门部胆管癌治疗中的临床作用（附67例报道）

目的探讨经皮经肝胆道引流（PTCD）治疗肝门部胆管癌的效果。方法回顾性分析西安交通大学第二附属医院2005年1月至2010年12月期间收治的67例肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料。结果67例患者中,单纯行PTCD胆道内或外引流30例（PTCD组）,PTCD引流后行胆管癌切除手术20例（手术切除组）,行姑息性手术17例（姑息手术组）。术后获访59例（88．1％）,随访时间为3-30个月（中位随访时间为9．3个月）。PTCD组、手术切除组及姑息手术组患者的中位生存时间分别是10．2、21．4及8．9个月。手术切除组患者的生存情况好于PTCD组（Z2=13．6,P=-0．0004）和姑息手术组（X2=15．2,P=0．0038）,且PTCD组的生存情况好于姑息手术组（X2=5．3,P=-0．0401）。结论PTCD有助于术前诊断和评估,在减少不必要手术探查的同时还可保障根治性手术的安全,并为姑息性手术提供后续治疗通道,有利于局部内照射等治疗。     

Effective palliation of malignant biliary duct obstruction.

The efficacy of palliative biliary decompression by operative and percutaneous methods was evaluated in 106 patients with unresectable malignancies obstructing the biliary system. Seventy patients had operative and 36 had percutaneous decompression. Primary malignancies of the pancreas and bile ducts were most common. Percutaneous transhepatic decompression was achieved beyond the site of obstruction in 72% of patients. Overall hospital mortality was 25% for patients having percutaneous catheter decompression and 17% for those patients operated upon. Early postoperative death was significantly related to: (1) age greater than 70 years; (2) preadmission weight loss greater than 15 pounds; (3) prothrombin time prolonged more than 2.5 seconds; and (4) hepatic metastases. Major complications were encountered in 56% of survivors of percutaneous drainage and 36% of those surviving operation. Intubation of the bile ducts due to inability to bypass the obstruction at operation was associated with the highest mortality (50%) and morbidity (86%). Mean survival was 14 months after operation, compared to 5 months after percutaneous decompression. The authors concluded that percutaneous decompression of the biliary tree is useful palliative treatment for those patients with proximal biliary obstruction due to malignancy when estimated operative risk is high, but operative decompression offers most patients the opportunity for longer survival with lower ultimate mortality and morbidity.