肝门部胆管癌手术疗效的临床研究

目的 探讨肝门部胆管癌不同手术方式的临床疗效.方法 对89例肝门部胆管癌病人的临床资料进行回顾性研究.按治疗方式分为3组:根治性切除组(n=23),姑息性切除组(n=44),外引流手术组(n=22).对3组病人术后并发症、生存率、生存质量进行比较.结果 根治组术后并发症高于引流组(P<0.05),其与姑息组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),两组围手术期死亡率比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),1、2、3年生存率比较根治组显著高于其它两组(P<0.01),生存质量比较根治组显著性高于姑息组及引流组(P<0.01),姑息组生存质量又显著性高于引流组(P<0.01).结论 肝门部胆管癌根治性切除能提高远期生存率,同时能明显提高病人的生存质量,对不能根治切除的病人,应争取行姑息性切除,亦可延长生存时间,改善生存质量.     

肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗及预后因素分析

目的 探讨肝门部胆管癌(HCC)的外科治疗特点及预后因素,以期进一步提高HCC外科疗效.方法 回顾性分析67例病理诊断为HCC患者的临床资料.结果 不同手术方法术后累计生存率差异显著(P＜0.001).根治切除组1、3年生存率显著高于姑息切除组和单纯引流组,手术切除组较非手术切除组存活时间显著提高 (P＜0.001).术前T分期和Bithmuth分型能指导手术切除率及术式选择.不同的T分期的手术切除率及切缘阴性率差异显著(P＜0.001).分别对16个可能影响预后的因素进行单因素预后分析表明肿瘤大小、门静脉侵犯、局部浸润及转移、手术方法、UICC分期、改良T分期、淋巴结转移对预后有影响,统计学上有显著性差异(P＜0.05).Cox模型多因素预后分析表明手术方法、UICC分期是两个独立预后因素.结论 根治性切除是最重要的预后因素,扩大手术范围能获得较好切缘无癌率,术前的T分期和Bismuth分型综合评估将有助于进一步在安全的范围内提高手术切除率及根治性切除率.     

联合肝叶及肝门部血管切除治疗肝门部胆管癌

目的 探讨联合肝叶及肝门部血管切除在肝门部胆管癌根治术中的应用.方法 回顾性分析解放军总医院肝胆外科2008年1月-2011年12月手术治疗的74例肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料.74例患者均行手术探查,手术根治性切除33例(44.6％),其中26例联合部分肝切除及血管切除重建;行姑息性切除19例(25.7％);行内引流或外引流术22例(29.7％).结果 联合肝叶及肝门部血管切除的根治性切除组的中位生存时间为27个月,姑息性手术组的中位生存时间为14个月,引流手术组中位生存时间为9个月;根治性切除术的1、2、3年生存率分别为79％、64％、49％;姑息性手术组1、2、3年生存率分别为56％、25％、19％;引流手术组1、2、3年生存率分别为23％、15％、0.结论 根治性切除组的生存率较姑息性手术及引流手术组明显提高,合并肝叶、肝门血管切除可提高肝门胆管癌的手术根治率和生存率;联合肝叶切除有利于肝门胆管癌的根治性切除,提高生存率.     

肝门部胆管癌的诊治：附96例报告

目的:探讨肝门部胆管癌的治疗方法和效果。方法:回顾性分析12年余收治的96例肝门部胆管癌的临床资料，其中手术65例（R0 28例，R1 2例，R2 4例，胆道引流术31例），介入引流31例（PTCD 5例，胆道支架置放术26例），切除术后联合治疗33例（放射治疗18例，经肝动脉灌注化疗15例）。结果:术后生存的95例中获得随访88例，随访率为92.6%，平均随访时间26（2~99）个月。(1)根治性切除组、姑息性切除组、手术引流组、介入引流组的平均生存时间分别为25，15.5，11.5，11个月，根治性切除组优于姑息性切除组（t=8.70,P＜0.01），姑息性切除组优于手术引流组（t=4.31,P＜0.01），介入引流组与手术引流组相似（t=1.31，P＞0.05）。(2)R0 切除联合放化疗组平均生存期为27个月，1，3，5年生存率分别为75%，45%，15%；R0未联合放化疗组平均生存期为24个月，1，3，5年生存率为50%，12.5%，0,两组疗效有显著性差异（t=2.37，P＜0.05； χ=3.88，P=0.049）。(3)胆红素≥400 μmol/L的患者其并发症发生率明显高于胆红素＜400 μmol/L者（P＜0.05）。结论:根治性切除是治疗肝门部胆管癌最有效的方法。手术引流和介入引流治疗效果相似，但介入治疗创伤小，恢复快。当总胆红素≥400 μmol/L时，手术前应作减黄处理。手术切除联合放疗、介入化疗，可以提高疗效。     

肝门部胆管癌的诊治

目的 总结肝门部胆管癌的临床诊断及治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析1993年5月至2006年4月97例肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料.结果 97例患者中,首诊原因为进行性无痛性黄疸85例.根治性切除29例,姑息性切除26例,胆管引流42例.总手术切除率为57%(55/97).根治性切除术后1、2、3年生存率分别为69%(67/97)、31%(30/97)、21%(20/97),姑息性切除术后1、2年生存率分别为42%(11/26)、23%(6/26).引流的患者生存时间均＜12个月.结论 要重视无黄疸患者肝门部胆管癌的诊断;为保证治疗的根治性可适当扩大联合脏器切除的范围,以延长患者生存期.     

精准外科技术在肝门部胆管癌手术治疗中的应用

目的:探讨精准外科技术在肝门部胆管癌手术治疗中的应用及治疗效果.方法:回顾性分析2007年5月-2012年12月应用精准外科技术行手术治疗的44例肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料.结果:44例患者中行R0切除19例(43.2％),R1切除7例,R2切除5例,姑息性手术5例,活检加内/外引流8例;联合肝切除18例,联合肝固有动脉切除重建2例.手术平均用时为(5.8±1.6)h,术中平均出血量为(810±509)mL,术后发生各种并发症28例次,术后1个月内死亡1例(1/44).39例患者获得随访4～62个月,总体术后1,3,5年生存率分别为67.7％,30.8％,10.6％.R0根治性切除者术后1,3,5年生存率分别为93.3％,43.2％,13.9％.非根治性切除手术术后1,3,5年生存率分别为50.5％,26.8％,0,获R0根治性切除者生存率明显高于非根治性手术患者(x 2=4.61,p＜0.05);联合肝叶切除术后1,3,5年生存率分别为94.1％,52.7％,11.8％,未行联合肝叶切除的术后1,3,5年生存率分别为69.2％,25.4％,0,前者生存率明显高于后者(x2=15.26,P＜0.05).结论:精准外科技术在肝门部胆管癌手术治疗中的应用,可提高其根治性手术切除率,减少术后并发症的发生率,改善治疗效果.     

肝门部胆管癌的诊断和外科治疗

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌的诊断方法和外科治疗。方法回顾性分析106例肝门部胆管癌患者临床资料。根治性切除术33例,姑息性切除27例,内和外引流46例。结果应用核磁共振胰胆管成像对肝门部胆管的定位及定性诊断准确率达到98％。手术病死率9．4％,各组间无显著差异;手术切除率52％,其中根治性切除率34％;内引流率33％;外引流15％。根治性切除、姑息性切除、内引流和外引流组术后中位生存时间（月）30、17、13、2．9。结论应用磁共振胰胆管成像对肝门部胆管癌的定位及定性诊断率高。根治性切除是影响肝门部胆管癌患者疗效的主要因素,对无法行根治性切除者以内引流为首选治疗方法,能提高患者术后生活质量,延长生存期。     

老年性肝门部胆管癌诊治分析

目的研究分析老年肝门部胆管癌诊断与治疗经验。方法回顾性分析解放军总医院肝胆外科1993年1月至 2004年12月收治的133例老年性肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料和随访情况。结果根治性切除37例,姑息性切除35例,胆道引流45例;其它手术3例,非手术组13例。根治性切除率30．8％(37／120)。术后37例出现并发症,并发症发生率为30．8％。1 例死于术后肝肾功能衰竭。根治组,姑息性切除组1、2、3年生存率分别为82．3％,66．1％,66．1％与82．9％,56．8％,37％,引流组与未手术组无1例存活15个月。结论老年肝门部胆管癌患者首选肿瘤切除术,了解老年肝门部胆管癌的特点．加强围手术期处理是手术的前提和生活质量的关键。     

肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌的外科手术治疗的方法及其效果。方法对96例肝门部胆管癌患者外科手术治疗的方法及疗进行回顾性分析。根治性切除术33例,姑息性切除17例,内和外引流46例。结果手术病死率9.4%,各组间差异无统计意义。手术切除率52%,其中根治性切除率34%;根治性切除、姑息性切除、内引流和外引流组术后生存时间为30、17、13、2.9个月。结论根治性切除是肝门部胆管癌有效的治疗手段,对无法行根治性切除者以内引流为首选治疗方法,能提高患者术后生活质量,延长生存期。     

肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗体会

目的总结肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗经验。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年7月期间哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院胆胰外科收治的87例肝门部胆管癌患者的临床和随访资料。结果本组87例肝门部胆管癌患者手术切除率为67.8%(59/87),其中根治性切除率即R0切除率为48.3%(42/87),R1切除率为11.5%(10/87),姑息性切除即R2切除率为8.0%(7/87)。本组无围手术期死亡患者。42例获得R0切除的患者术后1、3、5年生存率分别为92.9%(39/42)、31.0%(13/42)、19.0%(8/42);R2切除和内外引流患者均无超过3年的患者,10例R1切除者1年生存率为70.0%(7/10)、2年生存率为20.0%(2/10),7例R2切除者1年生存率为57.1%(4/7),28例内外引流患者1年生存率为35.7%(10/28)。R1、R2切除患者的1、3、5年生存率均明显低于R0切除者(P0.05)。结论对于肝门部胆管癌,根治性手术是唯一可能治愈的方法,术前精确评估、经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流解除胆管梗阻、合理的肝脏切除、术中行切缘冰冻病理检查是根治性切除的重要保障;姑息性切除仍可延长患者生存期及提高生活质量。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.