对氯吡格雷不同反应的冠状动脉疾病患者基因型差异研究

目的:探讨对氯吡格雷不同反应的冠状动脉疾病(CAD)患者基因型的差异。方法:选取2013年3月-2015年11月于我院心内科就诊的CAD患者159例,予氯吡格雷+阿司匹林双联抗血小板治疗至少1年。采用光比浊法测定各患者治疗前后经腺苷二磷酸(ADP)、花生四烯酸(AA)诱导的血小板聚集百分率,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析法检测其细胞色素P450(CYP)2C19、CYP3A5、野生型亮氨酸33等位基因(PLA1)/脯氨酸33等位基因(PLA2)的多态性。结果:共检出CYP2C19基因型3种(*2/*2、*2/*1、*1/*1)、CYP3A5基因型3种(*3/*3、*3/*1、*1/*1)、PLA1/PLA2基因型3种(A1/A2、A2/A2、A1/A1),各基因型频率均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P>0.05)。159例患者中,有81例为氯吡格雷"半反应",占50.9%;有78例为氯吡格雷"反应",占49.1%。氯吡格雷"半反应"患者CYP2C19基因缺失(*2/*2或*2/*1基因型)和*2等位基因的频率均显著高于氯吡格雷"反应"患者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);氯吡格雷"半反应"患者PLA1/PLA2基因缺失(A2/A2或A1/A2基因型)和A2等位基因的频率均显著高于氯吡格雷"反应"患者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);而氯吡格雷"半反应"患者CYP3A5基因缺失(*3/*3或*3/*1基因型)和*3等位基因的频率虽略高于氯吡格雷"反应"患者,但差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,各基因型患者经ADP、AA诱导的血小板聚集百分率均较治疗前显著降低,但CYP2C19基因缺失型、CYP3A5基因缺失型患者的血小板聚集百分率均显著高于其基因表达型(*1/*1基因型),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);PLA1/PLA2基因缺失型与其基因表达型(A1/A1基因型)患者的血小板聚集百分率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:氯吡格雷"半反应"在CAD患者中的发生率较高。CYP2C19、PLA1/PLA2基因多态性可能与氯吡格雷"半反应"有关,而CYP3A5基因多态性可能与之无关。CYP2C19、CYP3A5基因缺失可能会降低氯吡格雷对CAD患者血小板聚集的抑制作用。     

CYP2C19基因多态性与急性缺血性脑卒中氯吡格雷抵抗相关性研究

目的：探讨CYP2C19基因多态性与急性缺血性脑卒中氯吡格雷抵抗(CR)相关性。方法：选取2020年10月至2022年10月广州医科大学附属第五医院神经内科住院治疗的200例急性缺血性脑卒中患者为研究对象，按随机1:1的原则分成2组，其中未接受基因检测的100例患者设为A组，接受CYP2C19基因检测的100例患者设为B组，并根据CYP2C19基因型分为B1组(快代谢型，n=33)、B2组(中间代谢型，n=46)、B3组(慢代谢型，n=21),所有患者均口服氯吡格雷和阿司匹林，比较各组患者一般资料、不同基因型组患者血小板抑制率、氯吡格雷抵抗发生率，并统计心脑血管不良事件发生情况。结果：A组和B组患者一般资料比较，差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B1组血小板抑制率高于B2组和B3组；B1组CR率为30.30%低于B2组54.35%和B3组66.67%(P<0.05)。B3组不良事件发生率为28.57%,高于B2组8.70%和B1组6.06%。结论：急性缺血性脑卒中患者CYP2C19基因多态性与CR具有相关性，其中携带CYP2C19*2/*2、*3/*3、*2/*3突变基因...     

CYP2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷抗凝作用的相关性研究

目的：探讨细胞色素P450（CYP）2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷抗凝作用的关系,为氯吡格雷个体化用药提供参考。方法：选取诊断为急性冠脉综合征并接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术（PCI）的患者,采取血标本并提取外周血基因组DNA,将提取后的总DNA进行PCR扩增,扩增产物经基因芯片杂交法确定基因型,根据不同的基因型对患者进行分组。176例入选病例共分为3组,A组：快代谢基因组（CYP2C19＊1／＊1）;B组：中等代谢基因组（CYP2C19＊1／＊2、CYP2C19＊1／＊3）;C组：慢代谢基因组（CYP2C19＊2／＊2、CYP2C19＊2／＊3或CYP2C19＊3／＊3）,测定各组ADP抑制率。应用SPSS13．0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果：176例入选病例三组之间ADP抑制率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,127例首次行PCI患者中C组与B组和A组相比,ADP抑制率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）.结论：首次经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后CYP2C19慢代谢基因型患者常规使用氯吡格雷疗效较差。     

CYP2C19和ABCB1基因检测指导患者氯吡格雷个体化给药

目的利用CYP2C19和ABCB1基因检测结果指导患者氯吡格雷个体化用药。方法选取某院2018年8月~2019年6月30例使用氯吡格雷的患者,采用荧光原位杂交法检测患者氯吡格雷相关基因(CYP2C19*17、CYP2C19*3、CYP2C19*2和ABCB1)的基因型,根据检测结果为患者提供给药建议。另选取1例冠状动脉粥样硬化心脏病PCI术后患者,测定氯吡格雷相关基因型,为患者提供个体化给药建议。结果CYP2C19基因检测结果显示,30例患者中1例为超快代谢型,8例为快代谢型,18例为中间代谢型,3例为慢代谢型;ABCB1 CC野生型13例,CT突变杂合型14例,TT突变纯合型3例。1例冠状动脉粥样硬化心脏病患者PCI术后规律双联抗血小板治疗仍反复胸闷胸痛,CYP2C19基因检测为CYP2C19*1/*2中间代谢型,无ABCB1突变,药物代谢减慢,建议氯吡格雷更换为替格瑞洛。结论通过基因检测指导患者氯吡格雷个体化给药,促进临床合理用药。     

PON1和CYP2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷治疗的脑梗死预后相关性研究

摘要：目的:探讨对氧磷酶-1(PON1)基因多态性和CYP2C19基因对应用氯吡格雷治疗后90 d和1年内脑梗死患者预后的影响。方法:采用回顾性队列研究的方法,选取2012年3月～2021年3月在我院确诊的脑梗死患者,利用相对危险度、χ~2检验和Kaplan-Meier回归分析法评价PON1野生型(RR)和突变型(QR+QQ)以及CYP2C19野生型(*1*1)和突变型(*2*3)对氯吡格雷治疗后脑梗死复发的影响。结果:CYP2C19野生型患者中,PON1突变基因型对应用氯吡格雷治疗脑梗死复发90 d内的相对危险度为1.91,中等关联,其余关联性为弱或无;2组基因型对应用氯吡格雷治疗脑梗死1年内预后的影响均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:在CYP2C19野生型患者中,PON1突变型基因对应用氯吡格雷治疗后90 d内脑梗死复发风险高于野生基因型。CYP2C19野生型和PON1突变基因型是脑梗死患者应用氯吡格雷治疗90 d内复发的遗传易感因素。     

CYP2C19基因多态性与呼和浩特地区急性脑梗死氯吡格雷抵抗的相关性分析

目的　探讨急性脑梗死氯吡格雷抵抗与CYP2C19基因多态性的相关性。方法　纳入2018年5月1日至2019年10月30日在内蒙古自治区人民医院神经内科住院的急性脑梗死患者181例,男105例,女76例,年龄43～85岁。根据CYP2C19基因分型分为快代谢型（CYP2C19*1/*1）、中代谢型（CYP2C19* 1/*2、CYP2C19*1/*3）和慢代谢型（CYP2C19*2/*2、CYP2C19 *2/*3、CYP2C19*3/*3）。比较患者的年龄、吸烟史、饮酒史、糖尿病、高血压、高脂血症、同型半胱氨酸、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分和基因型。组间比较采用χ²检验和方差分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果　181例急性脑梗死患者中,快代谢型92例（50.83%）、中代谢型69例（38.12%）、慢代谢型20例（11.05%）。年龄、性别、糖尿病、高血压、高脂血症、同型半胱氨酸与氯吡格雷抵抗无相关性（均P>0.05）;快代谢型组NIHSS评分为（3.29±2.14）分,中代谢型组为（3.83±2.47）分,慢代谢型组为（5.90±3.81）分,NIHSS评分与氯吡格雷抵抗相关（P<0.01）。3组急性脑梗死患者随访1年,终点事件发生率快代谢型为3.26%（3/92）、中代谢型为5.80%（4/69）、慢代谢型为20.00%（4/20）。根据CYP2C19基因型,生存分析Log-Rank检验,快代谢型和慢代谢型比较差异有统计学意义（χ²=7.856,P=0.005）。结论　急性脑梗死患者CYP2C19基因代谢型可影响氯吡格雷的抗血小板作用和临床疗效,携带CYP2C19*3/*3的急性脑梗死患者氯吡格雷反应性低。呼和浩特地区急性脑梗死患者主要为快代谢型和中代谢型,其中慢代谢型急性脑梗死复发率较中、快代谢型高。     

基因型检测在氯吡格雷个体化抗血小板治疗中的应用价值

目的:探讨基因型检测在氯吡格雷个体化抗血小板治疗中的应用价值。方法:分析两例患者因基因型差异导致联合使用相同剂量的阿司匹林和氯吡格雷抗血小板治疗后分别引起出血和血栓形成的案例。结果:案例1患者基因型为CYP2C19*1/*17突变杂合型,而案例2患者为CYP2C19*2/*3突变杂合型、ABCB1-3435C/T突变纯合型(TT),这可能是两例患者给予相同方案治疗后分别引起出血和血栓形成的不同临床事件的原因。结论:氯吡格雷疗效存在高度变异性,且与基因多态性存在明显关联性。基因型检测有助于制订科学合理的抗血小板个体化治疗方案,保障患者用药安全、有效。     

北京市丰台区冠心病患者CYP2C19基因多态性分析

目的 研究北京市丰台区冠心病患者CYP2C19基因多态性分布情况。方法 选取2021年1—12月该院心内科住院需服用药物氯吡格雷治疗的冠心病患者731例作为研究对象,其中男400例,女331例,患者年龄为30～96岁。对患者的基因组DNA进行CYP2C19基因检测,统计基因型、等位基因及代谢型分布频率,分析不同性别和年龄对CYP2C19代谢型分布的影响。结果 731例检测标本中,CYP2C19基因型*1/*1、*1/*2、*2/*2、*1/*3、*2/*3、*1/*17、*2/*17、*3/*17、*3/*3、*17/*17的分布频率分别为43.78%、35.16%、9.71%、5.34%、2.87%、2.05%、0.68%、0.27%、0.14%、0;等位基因*1、*2、*3、*17的分布频率分别为64.98%、29.14%、4.38%、1.50%;快代谢型、中间代谢型、慢代谢型、超快代谢型的分布频率分别为43.78%、41.45%、12.72%、2.05%。年龄和性别对冠心病患者的CYP2C19代谢型分布影响不大(P>0.05)。结论 北京市丰台区冠心病患者存在CYP2C19...     

CYP2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷预防缺血性脑卒中复发的临床相关性研究

摘要：目的:探讨CYP2C19基因多样性(*2,*3,*17位点)与氯吡格雷预防缺血性脑卒中(CIS)复发临床疗效的相关性,根据血栓弹力图的结果以及基因检测结果,合理指导临床个体化用药。方法:收集2017年1月～2018年6月浙江省人民医院神经内科的CIS患者,分别检测CYP2C19*2、*3和*17等位基因突变类型。患者连续服用氯吡格雷7 d后,于第8天抽静脉血,2 h内完成血栓弹力图血小板图检测,根据血小板抑制率分析氯吡格雷疗效,随访1年CIS患者的复发及不良反应。结果:共纳入109例CIS患者,其中超快代谢型4例(3.67%),平均ADP抑制率为(57.23±15.35)%,12个月再发缺血事件为0;快代谢型64例(58.72%),平均ADP抑制率为(51.86±25.06)%,12个月再发缺血事件8例次(12.50%);中代谢型37例(33.94%),平均ADP抑制率为(48.34±22.42)%,12个月再发缺血事件7例次(18.92%);慢代谢型4例(3.67%),平均ADP抑制率为(30.22±17.08)%,12个月再发缺血事件为0。1例快代谢型患者出现颅内外出血,其他基因型均未出现。消化道不良反应:超快代谢型2例(50%),快代谢型5例(7.81%),中代谢型1例(2.70%),慢代谢型1例(25%)。不同基因型患者均无死亡病例。结论:CYP2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷预防CIS复发密切相关。与超快代谢型、快代谢型相比,慢代谢型ADP抑制率显著降低;而CYP2C19*17等位基因增加患者消化道不良反应。     

CYP2C9和CYP2C19基因多态性对健康中国人口服氯吡格雷后药效动力学的影响

目的:研究细胞色素代谢酶CYP2C9和CYP2C19基因多态性对中国健康人口服氯吡格雷后药效动力学的影响。方法:24例健康男性受试者单剂量空腹口服氯吡格雷150 mg。用TaqMan探针方法进行CYP2C9和CYP2C19基因分型。测定药前和药后2,5,10,24和48 h血小板聚集率。结果:24例健康受试者空腹口服氯吡格雷150 mg后2 h即观察到血小板聚集率的下降,药效持续至药后48 h。Emax[MPA相对于基线的降低的百分比(IPA)的最大值]在CYP2C19*1/*1,*1/*2(or*3),*2/*3(or*2)携带者中分别为(60.3±21.0),(48.3±13.4)和(29.9±13.8),有显著性差异(P<0.05)。Emax在CYP2C9*1/*1,*1/*2(or*3)携带者中分别为(44.9±52.2)和(50.8±29.4),没有显著性差异。AUEC(IPA-时间曲线下面积)在CYP2C19*1/*1,*1/*2(or*3),*2/*3(or*2)携带者中分别为(22.8±9.8),(20.0±6.6)和(9.51±9.7),在CYP2C9*1/*1,*1/*2(or*3)携带者...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.