肝癌切除术后复发的补救性肝移植

目的 评估肝癌患者肝癌切除术后肝癌复发行补救性肝移植术的临床治疗效果及预后影响因素.方法 回顾性分析本治疗组自2000年4月至2008年6月间实施的88例肝癌切除术后复发行补救性肝移植术病例,分析该组病例手术特征、生存状况、病理因素对预后影响.结果 肝癌切除术后复发行补救性肝移植病例平均年龄为52.4±9.2岁(26....     

肝移植治疗混合细胞型肝癌21例临床分析

目的 探讨肝移植治疗混合细胞型肝癌的疗效以及影响预后的因素.方法 回顾性分析原位肝移植治疗的21例混合细胞型肝癌患者以及非肝移植治疗的8例临床及病理资料,采用Kaplan-Meier法计算肝移植术后患者累积生存率和无瘤生存率,Log-Rank检验行单因素分析,COX回归多因素分析预测影响预后的临床因素.结果 肝移植组21例患者术后围手术期生存率100％.术后生存时间1～ 103个月,中位生存时间23个月.术后无瘤生存时间3～ 103个月,中位无瘤生存时间15个月.1年、2年、3年、5年总体累积生存率分别为69％、58％、38％和38％,累积无瘤生存率分别为63％、52％、38％和38％.非肝移植组生存时间1～11个月,中位生存时间6个月,6个月生存率为50％,1年生存率为0.单因素分析显示,术前伴有肝硬化、肿瘤直径、淋巴结转移、门静脉肉眼癌栓及Allen分型为混杂型可能是预后不良的影响因素(P＜0.05).多因素分析提示,淋巴结转移、门静脉肉眼癌栓为影响预后的独立因素(P＜0.05).结论 肝移植是治疗混合细胞型肝癌的一种有效方法,严格筛选适应证可有效降低肿瘤复发转移的风险并延长生存期.     

纤维板层型肝癌的治疗及预后分析

目的 总结分析纤维板层型肝癌的治疗及临床预后特点.方法 回顾分析1991年6月至2005年12月间共26例纤维板层型肝癌患者的临床病例资料.结果 全部病例获得随访,随访截至2006年10月,术后3年、5年生存率为43%、32%;术后3年、5年无瘤生存率为26%,19%,全组患者中位生存时间35.6个月.Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示:肿瘤大血管浸润、淋巴结转移、伴有肝硬化、肿瘤多发和术前肝功能状态是影响患者生存时间的危险因素;肿瘤大血管浸润、淋巴结转移、术前肝功能状态和肿瘤多发是影响患者无瘤生存时间的危险因素.结论 术前肝功能较差、伴有肝硬化、肿瘤多发、有大血管侵犯和(或)淋巴结转移的纤维板层型肝癌患者预后较差;肿瘤大血管浸润、淋巴结转移、术前肝功能较差和肿瘤多发是纤维板层型肝癌术后转移复发的危险因素.     

肝细胞癌肝移植术后复发和转移的研究:单中心经验

目的 研究肝细胞癌肝移植术后复发和转移的临床特点及治疗方法.方法 回顾分析2003年1月至2005年11月收治的95例肝细胞癌肝移植术后肝癌复发转移病例的临床资料.结果 在随访期内,42例(43.2%)患者被诊断为肝癌复发.复发部位最多见于移植肝(32例)、肺(21例)、骨(7例).单因素分析结果显示,肿瘤大小、肿瘤分布、肝硬化背景、术前甲胎蛋白浓度、组织学分期、大血管侵犯6项因素对肝移植术后生存和(或)肝癌复发有明显影响.多因素分析结果显示,肿瘤分布、组织学分期、大血管侵犯是影响术后总体生存率和肝癌复发率的独立危险因素.肝癌复发后的介入治疗及内放疗可延缓肿瘤进展,选择合适病例行复发灶手术切除可最大限度地改善预后.结论 合理选择接受肝移植的肝癌患者可能可以大幅度降低移植术后肝癌的复发率.在现阶段,外科治疗应是目前移植术后复发性肝癌的首选治疗手段.     

肝移植术后肝癌复发转移患者的治疗及其预后分析

目的 总结肝癌患者行肝移植术后复发、转移的治疗方法,探讨其疗效,分析影响复发、转移后生存时间的危险因素.方法 本研究回顾性分析1999年1至2011年9月第三军医大学西南医院收治的行肝癌肝移植患者的临床资料.99例患者肝移植术后发生肝癌复发、转移,其中7例因不符合本研究标准予以剔除,最终纳入92例患者的临床资料,根据治疗方案将患者分为单一治疗组(18例)和综合治疗组(74例).比较两组患者的生存时间,并分析影响肝癌复发、转移患者预后的危险因素.计量资料比较采用t检验,计数资料采用x2检验或Fisher确切概率法.采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,生存分析采用Log-rank检验,患者预后因素采用多元线性回归分析.结果 单一治疗组和综合治疗组患者肝癌复发、转移后生存时间分别为(5.5±1.1)个月和(8.5±1.6)个月,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(Log-rank值为7.489,P＜0.05).92例患者中,TNM分期Ⅱ期和ⅢA期患者肝癌复发、转移后生存时间为(7.9±1.5)个月,ⅢB期和ⅣA期患者为(7.0±1.3)个月,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(Log-rank值为2.567,P＜0.05).分化程度:高、中分化患者肝癌复发、转移后生存时间为(8.1±1.5)个月,低分化患者为(7.2±1.4)个月,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(Log-rank值为2.749,P＜0.05).多元线性回归分析结果表明:肿瘤TNM分期、肿瘤分化程度、是否符合米兰标准、是否合并大血管侵犯是影响患者肝癌复发、转移后生存时间的独立危险因素(t =2.610,3.132,4.378,2.258,P＜0.05).结论 综合治疗可明显延长肝癌复发、转移后患者的生存时间.肝移植术后患者肝癌复发、转移发生时间越早,恶性程度越高,生存时间越短.肿瘤TNM分期、肿瘤分化程度、是否符合米兰标准、是否合并大血管侵犯是影响患者生存时间的危险因素.     

手术切除的肝门部胆管癌生存危险因素分析

目的 探讨肝门部胆管癌手术治疗后影响患者生存的危险因素.方法 对我院2002年1月至2012年1月126例手术切除的肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,采用Kaplan-Meier法分析患者中位生存时间,采用x2检验分析患者生存时间的相关因素,COX生存风险比例模型分析患者生存的危险因素.结果 手术切除的肝门部胆管癌患者术后生存时间为4 ～ 46个月,中位生存时间是19个月,分析结果显示,肿瘤分型、切除范围、切缘状况、门静脉浸润与否,白蛋白水平,间接胆红素水平与患者术后生存时间相关,其中肿瘤分型、切除范围、切缘状况、门静脉浸润与否是影响患者术后生存的独立危险因素.结论 肝门部胆管癌患者预后较差,患者肿瘤的进展程度及手术切除程度是影响患者预后生存的主要危险因素.     

肝切除和肝移植治疗符合米兰标准肝癌患者的疗效比较

目的 探讨肝切除术和肝移植治疗符合米兰标准肝癌患者的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2002年7月至2009年2月南京军区福州总医院行肝切除术和肝移植治疗121例符合米兰标准且合并肝硬化、肝功能为Child A级的原发性肝癌患者的临床资料,其中89例行肝癌切除术的患者作为肝切除术组;32例行肝移植的患者作为肝移植组.两组患者在年龄、性别、肝硬化病因、肿瘤最大直径、肿瘤数目、微血管侵犯、微小卫星灶、肿瘤分化程度方面比较,差异无统计学意义.对两组患者资料进行回顾性比较分析,Kaplan-Meier法计算生存时间,Log-rank分析生存曲线之间的差别,COX比例风险模型单因素、多因素分析影响预后的因素.结果 中位随访时间37个月,肝切除术组患者1、3、5年生存率分别为86％、63％、44％,肝移植组患者1、3、5年生存率分别为87％、70％、62％,两组总体生存率比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=1.092,P＞0.05);肝切除术组患者1、3、5年无瘤生存率分别为68％、44％、26％,肝移植组患者1、3、5年无瘤生存率分别为80％、65％、52％,两组总体无瘤生存率比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=4.712,P＜0.05).单因素分析结果显示:微血管侵犯、微小卫星灶与生存显著相关(Wald=9.625,7.340,P＜0.05);多因素分析结果显示:微血管侵犯是影响生存的独立危险因素(Wald=5.008,P＜0.05).结论 对于符合米兰标准的肝癌患者行肝切除术和肝移植比较总体生存率无明显差异,但肝移植术后患者无瘤生存率高于肝切除术;微血管侵犯是影响患者生存的独立危险因素.     

肝癌肝移植术后复发转移的综合治疗

目的 探讨肝癌肝移植术后复发、转移的综合治疗效果,并分析影响肝癌复发、转移后生存时间的危险因素.方法 29例肝癌肝移植术后复发、转移患者,根据不同治疗方式分为综合治疗组(11例)和单纯化疗组(18例).比较两种治疗方式疗效,采用多元回归分析影响肝癌复发、转移后生存时间的因素.结果 与单纯化疗组比较,综合治疗组复发、转移后生存时间明显延长(t=5.617,P<0.01).肿瘤TNM分期,病理分型,术后复发、转移时间和复发后治疗方案影响患者的生存时间(t=2.843,3.061,22.781,5.617,P<0.01).结论 对肝癌肝移植术后复发、转移患者采取综合治疗,可延长患者生存时间,较单纯化疗优越.肿瘤TNM分期,病理分型,术后复发、转移时间和复发后治疗方案是影响复发、转移后患者生存时间的危险因素.     

肝癌肝移植生存情况及预后影响因素分析（附109例报告）

目的了解原发性肝细胞癌（肝癌）患者肝移植术后的生存情况,探讨影响其预后的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2007年12月中山大学附属第三医院肝移植中心的109例肝癌肝移植病例的临床资料。应用Kaplan-Meier法计算累积生存率和无瘤生存率,采用Log-rank检验和Cox回归模型分别进行无瘤生存率单因素、多因素分析。结果 109例肝癌肝移植患者中,37例肿瘤复发,占总数的33.9%,复发时间2～25（中位时间8）个月。全部病例1年、3年、5年累积生存率分别为86.9%、66.1%、56.6%,而1年、3年、5年无瘤生存率分别为78.3%、64.7%、53.1%。单因素分析显示,影响肝癌肝移植术后无瘤生存率的危险因素有肿瘤大小、肿瘤侵犯血管及病理分化程度。Cox风险回归模型多因素分析发现,肿瘤侵犯血管及病理分化程度是影响肝癌肝移植患者术后无瘤生存率的独立危险因素（均为P〈0.05）。结论影响肝癌肝移植患者术后无瘤生存率的独立危险因素是术前肿瘤侵犯血管和术后病理肿瘤分化程度,应严格筛选肝癌肝移植的适应证可有效降低术后肿瘤的复发率。     

肝癌切除术后使用索拉非尼患者的预后因素分析

【摘要】 目的 探索肝细胞癌切除术后服用索拉非尼患者预后的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2008年~2009年22例经病理证实的肝细胞肝癌手术切除且术后接受索拉非尼治疗的患者,选择10项临床、病理学因素,分析其对生存率的影响。结果 全组平均生存时间为11.72±1.46月,中位生存时间为16.50±3.50月,1年生存率为50.7%。影响预后的单因素为ECOG评分、临床分期、病理分级、AFP(P<0.05)。多因素分析表明,ECOG评分与生存率有显著相关性(P<0.05)。结论 ECOG评分较低、临床分期较早、病理分化较好、AFP较低者,索拉非尼疗效较好,患者预后亦较好;ECOG评分是肝癌术后服用索拉非尼患者生存的危险因素,可作为预测索拉非尼应用于肝癌术后患者疗效的指标之一。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.