Development of a novel resection and cutting guide for mandibular reconstruction using free fibula flap

Introduction

The authors developed a semi-standardised resection and cutting guide for mandibular reconstruction with free fibula flap based on data of mandible sizes and angles.

Accuracy of CAD/CAM mandibular reconstruction: A three-dimensional,fully virtual outcome evaluation method

Purpose

Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) methods for mandibular reconstruction have improved both functional and morphological results. We evaluated the accuracy of the CAD/CAM method for mandibular reconstruction and assessed the quantitative and qualitative reproducibility of virtual preoperative planning.

联合应用游离腓骨瓣和前臂皮瓣修复口腔下颌骨复合缺损

目的 :分析联合应用游离腓骨瓣和前臂皮瓣在口腔下颌骨复合缺损修复中的应用价值。方法 :对2 0 0 0 0 3～ 2 0 0 2 0 1期间完成的 2 3例联合应用游离腓骨瓣和前臂瓣行口腔下颌骨缺损修复的病例作回顾性研究 ,分析缺损的类型、受区血管、游离瓣成活情况及术后并发症的发生情况 ,并分析有可能影响游离瓣成活的各种因素。结果 :2 3例患者中男性 17例 ,女性 6例 ,年龄 3 1～ 72岁 ,平均 5 2 .9岁 ,所采用的游离腓骨复合瓣中 ,腓骨长度 6～ 15cm(平均 10 .6cm) ,皮岛最大面积 12cm× 5cm ,最小 5cm× 3cm(平均 8.4cm×3 .6cm) ,腓骨的截骨次数为 0～ 3次 (平均 1.7次 ) ,所采用前臂皮瓣最大面积 10cm× 8cm ,最小 6cm× 5cm ,平均 7.8cm× 6.4cm。 2 3例患者的 46块游离瓣全部获得成活 ,受区和供区总的并发症发生率为3 0 .4% ,但并发症均不严重 ,没有造成严重的后果。结论 :游离腓骨瓣和前臂皮瓣联合应用在大型口腔下颌骨复合缺损的修复中具有较大的灵活性 ,安全可靠 ,并能较好地恢复患者的外形和功能 ,提高了患者的生存质量     

Free fibula flap in the reconstruction of mandible: a report of six cases

The defects secondary to surgical ablation of the mandible have far reaching consequences. Speech, respiration, mastication, deglutition and cosmesis are severely affected. Restoring these functions is a challenging task. Till the late eighties, myocutaneous flaps were the rule for mandibular reconstruction and free bone was used to restore bony continuity. In spite of the result being predictable the outcome left much to be desired. There was also a fairly regular crop of complications. Acceptable dental rehabilitation was almost non-existent. With the introduction of free flaps as a consequence of the development of the operating microscope, the field of reconstruction was revolutionized.     

腓骨瓣及CAD/CAM技术在重建下颌骨缺损中的应用

目的　探讨应用腓骨瓣及CAD/CAM技术修复大面积下颌骨缺损的经验。方法　根据16例患者下颌骨缺损的部位和特征,通过螺旋CT扫描获取缺损区的数据,在软件中应用CAD/CAM技术模拟下颌骨切除及重建手术,利用快速成型机加工制作出实物模型,依据模型对腓骨进行塑形、钛板重建,恢复下颌骨的形态和功能。结果　CAD/CAM技术的应用使术中截骨、腓骨塑形、定位速度明显加快;术后患者面部外形基本对称,影像学检查显示下颌骨缺损区的重建形态及固位良好;无严重并发症。结论　腓骨瓣联合CAD/CAM技术重建下颌骨缺损,能够明显缩短手术时间,提高手术质量,保证手术效果,是值得推广的重建下颌骨缺损的理想方法。     

运用腓骨组织瓣修复下颌骨缺损

对6 例患者用腓骨瓣游离移植修复下颌骨缺损.手术采取血管吻合、坚固内固定方法恢复下颌骨形态及完整性.其中3 例患者为单纯腓骨瓣移植, 3 例患者为携带肌皮瓣或皮瓣的腓骨瓣移植.6 例患者平均随访6 月～2 年,成功率为100%.4 例患者可正常进食, 2 例患者可进软食.5/6的患者面部外形的恢复达满意或较为满意.所有患者均能正常行走,无1 例出现踝关节不稳定.带血管蒂的游离腓骨组织瓣具有其它自体骨组织瓣不可比拟的优点,是下颌骨缺损修复重建的最佳方法之一.     

游离腓骨复合组织瓣同期修复上下颌骨缺损：1例报告

本文介绍1例游离腓骨瓣同期修复上下颌骨缺损,对其治疗设计及并发症作一临床分析。腓骨瓣同期修复上下颌骨缺损为颌骨重建提供了新思路,可应用于某些特殊病例的治疗,准确的术前设计及细致的腓骨塑形是手术的关键。本病例术后4个月上下颌移植腓骨块之间形成骨桥,导致张口受限,是血管蒂附带的腓骨骨膜成骨所致,再次手术切除骨桥及骨膜,并随诊2.5a,未再出现张口受限。     

应用CAD/CAM技术进行个体化下颌骨重建

目的:探讨计算机辅助设计和制造技术(CAD/CAM)应用于下颌骨肿瘤切除术后骨缺损的个体化修复重建。方法:选择面部畸形明显的单侧下颌骨成釉细胞瘤4例,术前行下颌骨螺旋CT扫描,三维重建成像,用CAD/CAM数控技术和镜像技术,制成与患者骨组织完全相同的个体化实体模型,根据模型预弯制重建钛板。手术切除病灶下颌骨,切取髂骨节段,植于重建板的舌侧,固定重建板于正常下颌骨端。结果:CT三维重建影像与实体模型测量数据接近;预弯制钛重建板与下颌骨匹配;手术恢复了下颌骨的连续性和功能,面部外形对称,X线片显示重建的下颌骨高度和厚度适中。结论:CAD/CAM技术为术前设计提供了个体化实体模型,提高了手术的精确性,节省了手术时间,降低了手术并发症。     

血管化腓骨肌瓣下颌骨重建中髁突不同处理方法对颞下颌关节功能的影响评价

目的 对髁突采用不同处理方法的血管化腓骨肌瓣下颌骨缺损重建后评价患者的临床及颞下颌关节(TMJ)功能状态.方法 患者41例,其中男性21例,女性20例.41例均为累及下颌升支上部且未超过下颌中线的颌骨良性病损,其中应用腓骨替代髁突法重建24例、游离髁突法重建5例、保留髁突法重建12例.采用Fricton TMJ功能量表评价患者术后的TMJ功能,并进行统计学分析.结果 所有患者均未发生关节强直,术后最大开口度31～53 mm,平均值(42.8±5.7)mm.不同术式患者术后面部外形、进食及语音功能比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);但患者的TMJ功能指数,即功能障碍指数(dysfunction index,DI)及功能紊乱指数(cramiomandibular index,CMI)间比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).保留髁突组患者的TMJ功能优于腓骨替代髁突组.结论 保留髁突的血管化腓骨瓣下颌骨重建有助于恢复TMJ功能;以腓骨瓣末端替代髁突进行下颌骨重建时,重建髁突的位置和形态对于TMJ的功能有明显影响.     

游离腓骨复合瓣重建下颌骨缺损的临床研究

目的：探讨腓骨复合瓣重建下颌骨缺损时骨块的塑形、定位和固定方法。方法：15例患者根据下颌骨六种缺损类型，对腓骨进行截骨塑形，按定位钢板定位后的下颌骨缺损形态和长度准确就位，小钛板或重建板进行坚固定内固定。结果：15例腓骨复合瓣重建下颌骨缺损全部获得成功。腓骨截成二段者8例，三段者3例，4例未截断。术后面部外形恢复满意者13例，咬合关系正常者12例，张口度正常者14例，3例患者术后接受活动义齿修复，1例种植义齿修复并获得良好的咀嚼功能。结论：腓骨复合瓣可根据下颌骨缺损的部位和形态进行截断塑形，定位钢板能保证移植骨块的准确就位，根据应力分布原理进行坚固内固定可保证移植骨块的良好稳定性。     

腓骨肌皮瓣修复下颌骨节段性缺损术前有限元分析

目的:利用有限元分析方法,探讨血管化腓骨肌皮瓣修复重建下颌骨大范围节段性缺损术后下颌骨偏移的生物力学原因;并通过术后随访,验证分析其有效性,以获得一种能在术前对手术方案设计提供参考的研究方法.方法:选择20例采用血管化腓骨肌皮瓣修复重建下颌骨肿瘤术后缺损的病例,其中10例采用传统手术方式,另10例采用改良数字化导板技术...     

Prosthetically guided mandibular reconstruction using a fibula free flap: three-dimensional Bologna plate,an alternative to the double-barrel technique

The fibula free flap represents the gold standard for mandibular reconstruction. However, when harvested as a single barrel, this flap does not allow the native mandibular height to be restored, which is required for implant-supported dental rehabilitation of the patient. The aim of this study was to present a new design for a patient-specific three-dimensionally printed reconstructive plate (3DBO-PSI) that positions the fibula bone at the height of the resected mandibular alveolar bone while restoring the mandibular profile to ensure a correct morphological outcome. Twenty patients were enrolled prospectively between January 2019 and May 2022. All patients underwent a segmental mandibular resection and prosthetically guided reconstruction making use of a fibula free flap supported by the 3DBO-PSI. The mean follow-up period was 20 months. All microvascular and implant-related complications were recorded. Microvascular failure occurred in two patients. No PSI-related complications were recorded during the postoperative follow-up. The proposed reconstructive method was found to be reliable and reproducible. In all treated patients, the bony flap appeared to be adequately positioned to maintain the preoperative intermaxillary relationship, as planned. To date, dental rehabilitation has been completed in seven patients.     

CAD/CAM技术在游离腓骨瓣移植重建下颌骨中的应用

目的:探讨在游离腓骨瓣移植重建下颌骨中应用CAD/CAM技术的方法,并尝试将计算机中的辅助设计准确的转化为手术中的实际操作.方法:为8 位下颌骨缺损患者进行了CAD/CAM血管化游离腓骨瓣移植修复,通过螺旋CT扫描获取缺损区及腓骨的数据,在软件中进行缺损区修复的模拟设计,在此基础上完成手术辅助导板的设计,利用快速成型机加工制作出导板实物,利用导板顺利的完成手术.结果:术中移植腓骨截取长度合适,截骨、塑形、定位速度明显加快,术后患者面部外形两侧对称,影像学检查显示下颌骨缺损区域的重建形态及固位良好.结论:游离腓骨瓣移植修复下颌骨缺损中应用CAD/CAM技术,能够降低手术难度,缩短手术时间,提高手术质量,保证手术效果.     

Deep circumflex iliac artery flap combined with a costochondral graft for mandibular reconstruction

Our aim was to use the deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) flap together with a costochondral graft as a safe and reliable bone flap for routine reconstruction of the mandibular body and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Five patients with benign tumours of the mandible had segmental mandibulectomy including the condyle, and this was reconstructed in one stage using the DCIA combined with a constochondral graft. The rib was inserted into the iliac crest as a whole transplant, and fixed to the proximal stump of the mandible with a prebent reconstruction plate according to a computer-aided design. The grafts healed uneventfully, and dental implants were inserted in 4 cases. During the 2-year follow-up these patients had good mandibular function, including mouth opening, force of bite, and occlusion. The radiographs showed good bony consolidation between the graft and the stump of the mandible and function of the TMJ.A DCIA flap combined with a costochondral graft is a safe and reliable way to provide not only a large bulk of bone to suit the mandible, but also good function of the TMJ in the absence of radiotherapy.     

Three-dimensional attachment morphometry and volumetric changes of masticatory muscles after free fibular flap reconstruction of the mandibular condyle

This retrospective case-series study aimed to elucidate the three-dimensional attachment morphometric features and to quantify the volumetric changes of the masticatory muscles following free fibular flap reconstruction of the mandibular condyle. Navigation software (iPlan, version 3.0; Brainlab) was used to perform delineation and volumetric measurement of the masticatory muscles using DICOM data.In total, 30 patients were included in this retrospective case series. In 25 cases (83.33%), the lateral pterygoid muscle achieved reattachment within 6 months postoperatively. The medial pterygoid muscles on the affected side achieved ectopic attachment in all cases. However, masseter reattachment on the affected side was achieved in only three cases. On the normal side, the volumes of lateral pterygoid muscle, medial pterygoid muscle, and masseter had recovered to almost preoperative levels at 1 year postoperatively. On the affected side, the volume of medial pterygoid muscle had decreased significantly (p = 2.4e-04) at 3 months postoperatively. The volumes of lateral pterygoid muscle and masseter showed mild decreases at 3 months postoperatively, but these were not significant (p = 0.52 and p = 0.05 for the pterygoid muscle and masseter, respectively). At 6 months after surgery, with the exception of the volume of the lateral pterygoid muscle (p = 0.06), the total volume of the masticatory muscles decreased significantly on the affected side. The volumes of lateral pterygoid muscle, medial pterygoid muscle, and masseter showed significant decreases at 1 year postoperatively (p = 0.03, p = 4.7e-08, and p = 1.1e-05, respectively) on the affected side. The postoperative volumes of the masseter, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles showed significant decreases due to the loss of reattachment.The results of this study may not help to ascertain whether reattachment of masticatory muscles will lead to better function. As a consequence, clinical trials of higher quality are needed.     

Patient-centred outcomes and dental implant placement in computer-aided free flap mandibular reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Computerised surgical planning (CSP) and computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) have been demonstrated to increase surgical accuracy and reduce operative time in free flap mandibular reconstruction, but evidence is lacking as to their impact on patient-centred outcomes. Implant-supported dental prostheses, however, have been associated with improved quality of life outcomes following free flap mandibular reconstruction. We aim to review reported patient-centred outcomes in mandibular reconstruction with CSP and CAD/CAM and determine whether use of these technologies is associated with higher rates of dental implant placement following free flap mandibular reconstruction. On December 20, 2020, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines for studies reporting quality of life, functional outcomes, and rates of dental implant placement in computer-aided free flap mandibular reconstruction. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to compare dental implant placement rates between surgeries using CSP and those using conventional freehand techniques. A total of 767 articles were screened. Nine articles reporting patient-centred outcomes and 16 articles reporting dental implant outcomes were reviewed. Of those reporting dental implant outcomes, five articles, representing a total of 302 cases, were included in the meta-analysis. Use of CSP was associated with a significant increase in the likelihood of dental implant placement, with an odds ratio of 2.70 (95% CI 1.52 to 4.79, p = 0.0007). Standardised reporting methods and controlled studies are needed to further investigate the impact of CSP and CAD/CAM technologies on functional outcomes and patient-reported quality of life in free flap mandibular reconstruction. Use of CSP and CAD/CAM technologies is associated with higher rates of dental implant placement in patients undergoing free flap mandibular reconstruction when compared to conventional freehand techniques.     

腓骨肌皮复合组织瓣的临床手术解剖研究

了解腓骨肌皮复合组织瓣血供特点,手术实施种植义齿的可行性,为其临床应用提供临床手术解剖 基础。方法对１０例病人切取腓骨肌皮复合组织瓣以供修复下骨及周围软组织,观察腓骨肌皮复合组织瓣的（１）血供特点;（２）手术操作要点;（３）手术并发症;（４）腓骨与种植义齿的关系。     

Distraction osteogenesis of a fibula free flap used for mandibular reconstruction: preliminary report

The authors report the first case of mandibular distraction osteogenesis applied to a fibula microvascularized flap used to reconstruct an almost entire mandible. The technique and complications are described. The literature is reviewed. The biological and physiological process of bone elongation by Ilizarov's method is explained according new studies on chondroid tissue. Preoperative planning of vectors of device placement and trajectory is essential for good results.     

计算机辅助游离腓骨下颌骨重建的术后效果评估

目的 建立一种标准化、可重复、简易的数字化评估方法,精确评估计算机辅助游离腓骨下颌骨重建术后效果.方法 通过对20例因肿瘤致下颌骨缺损后行计算机辅助游离腓骨下颌骨重建手术病例的回顾性分析,在Mimics Research 21.0及3-matic Research 13.0软件辅助下对重建术前与术后冠状向、矢状向与轴向...     

339例下颌骨髁突骨折回顾分析

目的：对339例（461侧）髁突骨折病例资料进行回顾分析。方法：收集339例髁突骨折病例资料,对髁突骨折的发生年龄、性别、致伤原因、骨折类型、合并伤等进行分析。结果：髁突骨折好发于18岁以上的男性,男女比例为1.73∶1;摔伤为主要病因,囊内骨折219例（310侧）,占67.24%;常见的合并伤是颏部骨折,占24.48%。结论：髁突骨折好发于男性,以单侧多见,摔伤为主要致病因素。