腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管汇入部微切开治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管汇入部微切开治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的价值。方法 2010年5月~2014年5月,对60例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石采用腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管汇入部微切开完成胆道探查术。沿胆囊管切口纵行切开胆总管侧壁3 mm,完成胆道探查后一期缝合切开处或放置T管。结果 60例均完成腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管汇入部胆道探查取石术,53例一期缝合汇入部,7例放置T管。60例全部取净胆总管结石。经胆囊管取石困难36例,经胆囊管置入胆道镜困难18例,合并肝总管结石6例。手术时间55~150 min,(92.2±31.8)min;术中出血量10~60 ml,(15.8±8.2)ml;术后住院2~7 d,(2.7±1.5)d。2例发生胆漏,保留腹腔引流5~7 d后痊愈。56例(93.3%)随访7~55个月(中位数22个月),未发生胆总管狭窄,2例胆总管结石复发。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管汇入部微切开治疗胆总管结石操作简单,术后并发症发生率低,具有经胆囊管胆道探查和经胆总管切开胆道探查二者的优点。     

小切口入路用胆道镜经胆囊管处理胆总管结石体会

目的　探讨小切口入路经胆囊管探查处理胆总管的可行性。　方法　用特制器械经 2 5cm～3 5cm皮肤切口由胆囊管用胆道镜探查处理总胆管结石。　结果　 34例成功 ,3例中转传统手术 ,取出结石16 7枚 ,结石最大直径 9 1mm ,手术时间 (6 0± 2 2 )min ,术中出血 2ml～ 15ml,平均住院 4 9d。　结论　小切口入路用胆道镜经胆囊管处理胆总管结石可行 ,损伤小 ,痛苦小 ,恢复快。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管探查治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管探查治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床价值。方法 2013年10月~2015年7月对20例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石行腹腔镜胆囊切除,胆道镜经胆囊管探查胆总管,并取出胆总管较小结石,较大结石行汇入部微切开后取出,再将胆囊管成形缝合夹闭。结果 20例均完成腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管探查取石术,其中4例因胆总管结石较大,行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开取石,一期缝合汇入部。20例胆总管结石全部取净,胆总管结石大小0.2~1.0 cm,其中3例为泥沙样结石。手术时间78~195 min,(96.2±21.8)min;术中出血量25~100 ml,(32.8±10.2)ml;术后住院3~10 d,(3.5±1.5)d。1例发生胆漏,保留腹腔引流10 d后痊愈出院。20例随访6~26个月(中位数11个月),无胆道感染和胆管狭窄发生,无结石复发。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管探查治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石疗效满意。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管胆道探查体会

目的总结经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道取石临床经验。方法80例胆囊结石可疑胆总管结石采用经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道探查术。腹腔镜下分离胆囊管至胆总管汇合处,剪开胆囊管前壁,扩张器适当扩张胆囊管,行胆道造影明确胆道结石分布,胆道镜经胆囊管行胆道探查取石后再造影确认结石取净,夹闭胆囊管并切除胆囊。术后不常规放T管。结果6例胆道探查阴性。术中证实74例胆道有结石,0.6~1.0cm18例,<0.5cm56例。31例胆道内1枚结石,43例有2枚以上。18例需用等离子碎石器碎石。67例行胆囊管扩张。胆囊管开口变异6例。胆囊管损伤2例,处理后无术后胆漏。5例可疑肝内胆道结石行胆总管切开T管引流,术后行T管造影和胆道镜检查证实2例左肝管结石行胆道镜取石治愈,3例未发现结石。本组手术时间(168±34)min,出血量(50±8)ml,术后腹腔引流量(30±17)ml。62例术后3个月B超检查,未发现胆管残余结石。结论经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜取石是治疗继发性胆道结石的一种有效微创方法。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管治疗32例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石

目的分析腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的体会。方法采用腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管治疗32例胆囊结石并胆总管结石患者,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果 32例患者均成功实施手术,无中转开腹病例。手术时间(98.50±12.78)min,术后肛门恢复排气时间(21.89±5.62)h,术后腹腔引流管时间(4.39±1.04)d,术后住院时间(5.22±1.50)d。术后出现1例胆漏、经充分引流后痊愈,未发生切口感染、出血及胆管狭窄等并发症。出院前1d常规复查MRCP均无胆道残余结石发生。2例行LCBDE放置T管者术后6周行经T管胆道造影检查,证实无结石残留后拔除T管。术后患者均获随访8~12个月,未发生胆道残余结石。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石,创伤小,并发症少,恢复时间短,效果满意。     

腹腔镜、胆管镜同期治疗胆囊结石合并正常直径胆总管结石

目的 总结运用腹腔镜、胆管镜同期治疗胆囊结石合并正常直径胆总管结石的临床经验.方法 完成腹腔镜胆囊切除后,经胆囊管残端扩张、经胆囊管胆总管汇合部切开或经胆总管前壁切口入路,采用胆管镜取石网取石、液电碎石、经胆囊管残端输尿管导管胆管引流、T管引流或胆总管切口即时缝合等,有选择地对205例胆总管内径≤0.8 cm的正常直径胆总管结石患者进行治疗.结果 腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术205例中,腹腔镜联合术中胆管镜取尽结石162例,中转为术中十二指肠镜下乳头切开取石43例,无中转开腹.胆管镜组162例患者平均手术时间112 min,术后并发症率5.5% (9/162),无残余结石;十二指肠镜组43例患者平均手术时间95 min.术后并发症率9.3%(4/43),术后残余结石1例.无肠穿孔、胆管穿孔、大出血、重症胰腺炎等并发症,无死亡.结论 只要选择合适的病例,腹腔镜、胆管镜同期联合手术治疗胆囊结石合并正常直径胆总管结石是可行、有效和安全的.     

小切口胆囊切除术中胆总管结石的诊断和处理

目的　探讨小切口胆囊切除术中 ,诊断和处理胆总管结石的微创方法。　方法　 17例采用小切口切除胆囊后 ,凡结石 <0 5cm ,胆囊管 >0 5cm者 ,经胆囊管插管行术中胆道造影 ,并经胆囊管插入纤维胆道镜取石。　结果　全部病例均取净结石 ,无并发症。随访 (2～ 7)年 ,无黄疸 ,B超复查无结石残留或复发。　结论　经胆囊管行术中胆道造影和纤维胆道镜取石是诊断和处理胆总管结石的可行方法。     

腹腔镜下经胆囊管途径胆道镜胆总管探查术的临床应用(附32例报告)

目的探讨腹腔镜下经胆囊管途径行胆道镜胆总管探查取石治疗胆囊胆总管结石的可行性。方法自2008年1月至2013年12月为32例胆囊胆总管结石的患者实施了腹腔镜下经胆囊管途径胆道镜胆总管探查取石术。结果 32例手术均获得成功,术中阴性探查1例,结石取净率为100%;术后并发症:1例患者于术后3 d出现间歇性右上痛,术后6 d时出现轻微黄疸症状,通过保守治疗,术后8 d腹痛缓解,黄疸消退。其他患者无胆漏、黄疸、腹痛及切口感染;术后共随访患者29例,无结石再发或胆管狭窄的发生。结论通过适当的手术患者选择,术者腹腔镜、胆道镜技术的熟练,腹腔镜下经胆囊管途径行胆道镜胆总管探查取石术是安全、可行的。     

腹腔镜术中超细胆道镜经胆囊管行胆总管探查取石22例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)术中应用超细胆道镜经胆囊管途径进行胆总管探查取石的方法及临床价值。方法2004年6月~2009年5月对22例LC术中使用超细胆道镜成功实施经胆囊管途径胆道检查、取石。结果22例手术均获成功。手术时间(156±26)min,取石时间(32±16)min,结石直径均0.5cm。术后腹腔引流液(18±11)ml,术后住院时间(3±1.2)d。16例随访12~24个月,平均20个月,B超检查无胆总管残留结石。结论对于胆囊管较细的病人,LC术中应用超细胆道镜经胆囊管途径检查、取出胆总管内结石的方法,安全可行。     

经胆囊管腹腔镜胆道探查术治疗胆总管结石的临床研究

目的:比较分析腹腔镜下经胆囊管和经胆总管切开T管引流两种方法胆道镜取石治疗胆囊结石继发胆总管结石的疗效,以评价经胆囊管腹腔镜胆道探查术治疗胆总管结石的临床价值。方法:2001年3月至2003年3月按胆道探查途径不同将28例胆石症患者分为胆囊管组(n=8)和胆总管切开组(n=20)。患者经B超和术中胆道造影或加内窥镜逆行胆管造影(ERC)确诊。观察两组病例的术后肛门排气时间、腹腔引流时间、术后住院日、住院费用及手术并发症的发生情况,术后对患者进行全程跟踪随访。结果:胆总管切开组肛门排气时间、腹腔引流时间、术后住院日、住院费用明显长于或高于胆囊管组(P>0.05)。胆囊管组发生手术并发症1例(12.5%);胆总管切开组5例(25.0%),其中胆道并发症4例(20.0%),需要再次微创处理2例(10.0%),需再次手术治疗的严重并发症2例(10.0%);手术并发症发生率胆总管切开组明显高于胆囊管组(P<0.05)。随访两组患者均无胆管狭窄、急性胆管炎及急性胰腺炎发生和结石复发。结论:经胆囊管途径的腹腔镜胆道探查术充分体现了微创外科技术的优点,适于胆囊结石继发胆总管结石患者,其疗效优于胆总管切开T管引流途径的腹腔镜胆道探查术。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.