Independent clinical validation of a Canadian FRAX tool: Fracture prediction and model calibration

A FRAX model for Canada was constructed for prediction of osteoporotic and hip fracture risk using national hip fracture data with and without the use of femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD). Performance of this system was assessed independently in a large clinical cohort of 36,730 women and 2873 men from the Manitoba Bone Density Program database that tracks all clinical dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) test results for the Province of Manitoba, Canada. Linkage with other provincial health databases allowed for the direct comparison of fracture risk estimates from the Canadian FRAX model with observed fracture rates to 10 years (549 individuals with incident hip fractures and 2543 with incident osteoporotic fractures). The 10‐year Kaplan‐Meier estimate for hip fractures in women was 2.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1–3.4%] with a predicted value of 2.8% for FRAX with BMD, and in men the observed risk was 3.5% (95% CI 0.8–6.2%) with predicted value of 2.9%. The 10‐year estimate of osteoporotic fracture risk for all women was 12.0% (95% CI 10.8–13.4%) with a predicted value of 11.1% for FRAX with BMD, and in men, the observed risk was 10.7% (95% CI 6.6–14.9%) with a predicted value of 8.4%. Discrepancies were observed within some subgroups but generally were small. Fracture discrimination based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was comparable with published meta‐analyses with area under the curve for osteoporotic fracture prediction of 0.694 (95% CI 0.684–0.705) for FRAX with BMD and for hip fractures 0.830 (95% CI 0.815–0.846), both of which were better than FRAX without BMD or BMD alone. Individual risk factors considered by FRAX made significant independent contributions to fracture prediction in one or more of the models. In conclusion, a Canadian FRAX tool calibrated on national hip fracture data generates fracture risk predictions that generally are consistent with observed fracture rates across a wide range of risk categories. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

应用FRAX工具评估骨折风险的回顾性研究

目的 通过对国内已发表使用FRAX工具进行骨折风险评估的相关文献进行分析评价,寻找更适合国人的FRAX评估骨折风险的国内阈值。方法 检索2021年4月以前的中国知网与万方数据库,主题词为“FRAX”,检索筛选出有具体FRAX计算结果、样本量≥30例和以国人为研究对象的文献,由2名评价者单独进行资料提取,做出文献质量评价后,摘录文中相关数据,采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析。结果 共检索到216篇相关文献,其中19篇文献符合标准,包括20508例次数据,其中男性11632例,女性8876例。将男女的结果分开统计计算,使用FRAX工具评估10年全身多部位骨折发生概率（PMOF）,其中女性为(4.01±1.57)%,男性为(2.94±1.91)%,使用FRAX工具评估10年内髋部骨折风险概率（PHF）,其中女性为(1.25±0.68)%,男性为(1.09±0.75)%,男女在10年内PMOF及PHF的差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 国内FRAX工具估算10年PMOF和PHF与国外指南存在差异,PMOF推荐男性参考3%、女性参考4%;PHF推荐男性参考1%,女性参考1.25%。     

FRAX评估类风湿关节炎患者骨折风险及相关临床危险因素的研究

目的运用FRAX探究中国RA患者骨折风险及相关临床危险因素。方法纳入52例RA、47例p SS以及41例体检健康者分别为RA组、p SS组、对照组,RA组患者检测ACPA、RF、ESR、CRP并计算DAS28-ESR、HAQ-DI,所有纳入者以双能X线吸收测定法测定骨密度并通过FRAX官方网站预估10年骨折风险。所有统计分析采用SPSS统计软件。结果 FRAX相关骨折危险因素包括身高、吸烟、饮酒、既往骨折、父母骨折,在3组间差异未见统计学意义。RA组糖皮质激素累积服用天数高于p SS组(P0.05)。通过FRAX无论是否结合骨密度评估,RA组主要骨质疏松性骨折风险及髋关节骨折风险均较对照组高(P0.01),主要骨质疏松性骨折风险亦较p SS组高(P0.05或P0.01)。通过FRAX结合骨密度评估,从年龄、糖皮质激素、绝经方面分析,RA组主要骨质疏松性骨折及髋关节骨折风险均较对照组高(P0.05或P0.01)。通过FRAX结合BMD评估RA组10年主要骨质疏松性骨折风险发生率分为低危、中危、高危组,ACPA、RF、ESR、CRP、DAS28-ESR、HAQ-DI在三组中均值呈上升趋势,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论 RA患者骨折风险评估可结合FRAX与骨密度;长期、大量服用糖皮质激素以及高龄、绝经后女性RA患者更应重视骨折风险评估;有效控制RA疾病活动度、改善关节功能情况有助于骨质疏松性骨折的预防。     

应用FRAX预测女性骨质疏松性骨折风险的对比研究

目的应用FRAX对比女性前臂骨密度和股骨颈骨密度进行骨质疏松性骨折的风险预测。方法对行骨密度检查的女性作回顾性分析,其中行前臂骨密度检查10 519例,行股骨颈骨密度检查1 280例。根据FRAX指定的危险因子,记录研究对象的年龄、身高、体重、既往骨折史、父母髋部骨折史、吸烟史、饮酒史、长期使用类固醇激素史、类风湿性关节炎及其他继发性骨质疏松症史、前臂和股骨颈的骨密度值或T值。以每10岁年龄段分组,分别运用前臂骨密度T值及股骨颈骨密度计算FRAX评分。应用SPSS 19.0统计分析软件,两组间计量数据比较使用t检验,不符合t检验条件时使用非参数秩和检验。P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果前臂骨密度低于股骨颈骨密度。40～50岁组骨密度T值前臂要高于股骨颈,60～80岁组骨密度T值前臂低于股骨颈,除80岁组外,其他各组差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。40岁组前臂骨质疏松检出率低于股骨颈骨质疏松检出率;50～80岁组前臂骨质疏松检出率较高(P0.05)。40～50岁组预测主要部位骨折风险前臂要低于股骨颈;70岁组预测主要部位骨折风险系数前臂要高于股骨颈(P0.05)。40～50岁组预测髋部骨折风险前臂低于股骨颈;70岁组预测髋部骨折风险系数前臂高于股骨颈(P0.05)。结论前臂骨密度可以用于FRAX进行骨折风险的预测,但各年龄段的评估概率会与股骨颈有一定差距,还需进行深入细致更准确的研究。     

Utility of fragility fracture prediction tools in a group of postmenopausal women

ObjectivesFractures are a common complication of osteoporosis. The main aim of our study was to assess the relation between fractures identified as low energy fractures (fragility), bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular bone score (TBS), and handgrip in a group of postmenopausal women. An additional aim was to determine the relation between fragility fractures and age, height loss, and falls (reported in the last 12 months and 5 years).Material and methodsThe study was conducted in a group of 120 (mean age 69 years; 59–81, SD 5.3) postmenopausal patients who were referred to the Medical Centre for an osteoporosis screening appointment by their general practitioner. All patients were interviewed (with a questionnaire containing questions on fracture risk factors and highest height), had their anthropometric measures taken (current height and weight) as well as TBS analysis following their DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) scan and handgrip measure.ResultsSixty patients from the study group had a history of fractures (with a total of 92 fractures), of whom 39 women (76 fractures) were identified as those with a low-energy fracture. Fragility fractures were more likely to be reported in older patients (Me 71 vs. 68 years, p < 0.05). Differences observed between TBS, handgrip and BMD in reference to fragility fractures were not statistically significant. Analysis showed significant correlations between BMD (neck and L1–L4) and TBS fracture risk categories. Falls reported in the last 5 years and height loss were factors which correlated with fragility fractures (p < 0.05).ConclusionsRisk of fragility fractures increases with age. Bone mineral density is insufficient as a fracture risk assessment tool. Information on falls and height loss may provide additional data on fracture risk assessment.     

骨折风险评估工具(FRAX)对40岁以上2型糖尿病患者的骨折风险预测价值分析

目的 研究探讨骨折风险评估工具（fracture risk assessment tool,FRAX）对40岁以上2型糖尿病患者的骨折风险预测价值。方法 选择2016年1月至2017年12月就诊于我院的300例40岁以上2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,调查了解研究对象的基本信息,再对患者进行骨密度检查。将研究数据录入至FRAX问卷中,分别计算未录入股骨颈骨密度数据的髋部骨折风险系数（FRAX）和录入股骨颈骨密度数据后的髋部骨折风险系数（FRAX-BMD）,比较患者的FRAX与FRAX-BMD。将髋部骨折风险系数≥3%作为治疗切点,统计其治疗建议,以FRAX-BMD为参照,计算FRAX对髋部骨折治疗建议的灵敏度、特异度、准确率,分析其一致性,再将2型糖尿病患者分为治疗建议相同组、治疗建议不同组,比较治疗建议相同组与治疗建议不同组的临床资料。结果 2型糖尿病患者的FRAX与FRAX-BMD比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。以FRAX-BMD为参照,FRAX对2型糖尿病患者髋部骨折治疗建议的灵敏度、特异度、准确率分别为96.76%、96.23%、96.67%,而经一致性分析,FRAX与FRAX-BMD对2型糖尿病患者髋部骨折治疗建议的一致性良好（Kappa=0.835）。治疗建议相同组的年龄小于治疗建议不同组（P＜0.05）,其股骨颈骨密度高于治疗建议不同组（P＜0.05）,其男性患者多于治疗建议不同组（P＜0.05）。结论 在40岁以上2型糖尿病患者中,采用骨折风险评估工具对患者髋部骨折风险的预测准确性较高,尤其是年龄较小、骨密度值较大、男性等患者。     

应用FRAX联合腰椎或股骨颈骨密度评估中老年女性骨折风险的临床研究

目的探讨应用FRAX联合腰椎或股骨颈骨密度评估中老年女性骨折风险。方法选取2017年3月至2018年6月在连云港市第一人民医院行骨密度检查的女性337例,收集其个人基本信息、FRAX风险评估值及腰椎和股骨颈骨密度,按照骨密度及年龄分组,根据上述资料计算10年内主要部位骨质疏松性骨折概率和10年内髋部骨折概率,比较FRAX联合腰椎或股骨颈骨密度评估骨折风险的差异。结果无论代入股骨颈骨密度还是腰椎骨密度计算骨折风险,骨质疏松组的骨折风险均高于骨量减少组(P0.05);②无论是在骨质疏松组还是在骨量减少组,采用股骨颈骨密度计算的骨折风险均高于采用腰椎骨密度计算的值(P0.05)。③进一步分析显示,不同年龄组采用股骨颈骨密度计算出的骨折风险均高于采用腰椎骨密度计算的值(P0.05)。结论对于不同年龄组的骨量异常女性,FRAX联合股骨颈骨密度预测的骨折风险高于联合腰椎骨密度预测的骨折风险。     

血清维生素E水平与绝经后早期女性骨密度相关性研究

目的评估绝经后早期妇女维生素E水平与骨质疏松症之间的关系。方法收集人体测量数据,骨质疏松症的危险因素,维生素E血清水平,和其他可能影响绝经后妇女骨密度的血清参数。通过多变量逻辑回归和多元线性回归分析232名绝经后早期女性骨质疏松症与年龄、绝经年龄、体质量指数、骨钙素、钙、维生素D和维生素E(分别以25羟维生素D和α-生育酚:脂质比率测定)、骨碱性磷酸酶、吸烟状况、体力活动和饮酒量之间的关系。结果在多变量逻辑回归中,较低的维生素E:脂质比率与骨质疏松症相关。在腰椎BMD作为因变量的多变量线性模型中,维生素E:脂质比率与腰椎BMD明显相关(F比率=6. 28,P=0. 001)。腰椎的BMD在维生素E:脂质比率的最高三分位数中显著高于最低三分位数。使用多变量调整的BMD后,绝经后女性(3. 1±0. 5μmol/mmol)的绝经后女性(3. 6±0. 6μmol/mmol)的平均维生素E:脂质比率显着低于正常(无骨质疏松症和骨质减少)。结论本研究表明维生素E可能会增加健康绝经后妇女的骨密度。     

FRAX在新疆2型糖尿患者群骨折风险预测中的适用性评价

目的 探讨骨折风险评估工具在新疆2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM） 人群骨折风险预测中的适用性评价。方法 研究对象为1008例T2DM住院患者,记录患者的 年龄、性别、民族、糖尿病病程、体质量指数（body mass index,BMI）、HbA1c、Ca、25 （OH）D、骨密度（bone mineral density,BMD）值、股骨颈T值等指标,以及FRAX中的 各种危险因素。分为FRAX评分(FRAX／-)（无骨密度值）和股骨颈骨密度T值（BMD T值）, (FRAX／-)组髋骨骨折概率(probability of hip fracture,PHF)≥3％或主要骨质疏松性骨 折概率(probability of a major osteoporotic fracture,PMOF)≥20％、（BMD T值）组T 值≤-2.5）为治疗切点,若给出相同的治疗建议为相同组,否则为不同组。在两组进行一致 性分析以评价FRAX在特定人群中的适用性。结果 随着年龄增加,发生骨质疏松性骨折风 险增加,而较高的BMD值可以降低骨质疏松性骨折风险,性别之间差异也有统计学意义 (P＜0.01)。相同组有961例患者,不同组有47例,一致率达95.3%(961/1008)。其中,年 龄、性别、股骨颈T值的差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。与不同组相比,相同组年龄小, 股骨颈T值、BMD值高。FRAX与股骨颈骨密度T值评估骨折是否需要治疗进行一致性分析, Kappa值=0.69,P＜0.001。10年内PHF和PMOF的受试者工作特征曲线的曲线下面积分别为 0.91（P＜0.01）和0.898（P＜0.01）。结论 (FRAX／-)和（BMD T值）存在较好的一致性, FRAX软件可以较为准确地评估和预测新疆地区T2DM人群的骨折风险概率,同时给出较准确 的干预治疗建议,FRAX作为一项初筛工具在我国2型糖尿病人群中可以推广应用。     

The use of clinical risk factors enhances the performance of BMD in the prediction of hip and osteoporotic fractures in men and women

Summary BMD and clinical risk factors predict hip and other osteoporotic fractures. The combination of clinical risk factors and BMD provide higher specificity and sensitivity than either alone. Introduction and hypotheses To develop a risk assessment tool based on clinical risk factors (CRFs) with and without BMD. Methods Nine population-based studies were studied in which BMD and CRFs were documented at baseline. Poisson regression models were developed for hip fracture and other osteoporotic fractures, with and without hip BMD. Fracture risk was expressed as gradient of risk (GR, risk ratio/SD change in risk score). Results CRFs alone predicted hip fracture with a GR of 2.1/SD at the age of 50 years and decreased with age. The use of BMD alone provided a higher GR (3.7/SD), and was improved further with the combined use of CRFs and BMD (4.2/SD). For other osteoporotic fractures, the GRs were lower than for hip fracture. The GR with CRFs alone was 1.4/SD at the age of 50 years, similar to that provided by BMD (GR = 1.4/SD) and was not markedly increased by the combination (GR = 1.4/SD). The performance characteristics of clinical risk factors with and without BMD were validated in eleven independent population-based cohorts. Conclusions The models developed provide the basis for the integrated use of validated clinical risk factors in men and women to aid in fracture risk prediction.     

应用FRAX评价乳腺癌术后患者骨折风险的临床研究

目的应用骨折风险评估工具(fracture risk assessment tool,FRAX)评价乳腺癌术后患者骨折风险的临床研究。方法选取2017年3月至2019年8月在连云港市第一人民医院接受过手术治疗的Ⅰ期至Ⅲ期乳腺癌女性181例作为观察组,并选取181例年龄和身体质量指数匹配的非乳腺癌女性作为对照组,收集个人基本信息、骨折风险因素、股骨颈骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)及治疗方式等资料,比较不同组间的骨折风险,并进行骨折风险与临床因素的回归分析。结果(1)乳腺癌术后患者10年内主要部位骨质疏松性骨折概率(probability of major osteoporotic fracture,PMOF)和10年内髋部骨折概率(probability of hip fracture,PHF)较对照组无显著增加(P=0.570、0.582);(2)PMOF在芳香化酶抑制剂组最高,他莫昔芬组最低(P<0.05)。芳香化酶抑制剂组的PHF显著高于单纯化疗组和他莫昔芬组(P<0.05);(3)回归分析显示,年龄、股骨颈BMD、骨折史、父母髋部骨折史和激素应用史对PMOF的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。年龄、股骨颈BMD、骨折史对PHF的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论应用FRAX工具评估乳腺癌术后患者的骨折风险尚需进一步研究。     

应用FRAX评价COPD对老年男性骨质疏松性骨折风险的影响

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases,COPD)对老年男性骨质疏松性骨折风险的影响。方法收集110例老年男性COPD稳定期患者作为COPD组,110例肺功能正常老年男性作为对照组,比较两组间的一般资料、肺功能、骨质疏松比例、骨密度以及骨折风险的差异,从而分析COPD对老年男性骨质疏松性骨折风险的影响。结果COPD组骨质疏松、低骨量的比例高于对照组(P0. 05),COPD组的腰椎骨密度、股骨颈骨密度显著低于对照组(P0. 05),COPD组的10年发生主要部位骨质疏松骨折的概率和10年发生髋部骨折概率显著高于对照组(P0. 05)。结论 COPD明显增加老年男性患者骨质疏松的患病率,会降低患者骨密度,增加患者骨折的风险,应采取措施积极加强防治。     

Effects of FRAX Model Calibration on Intervention Rates: A Simulation Study

The WHO fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX^®) estimates an individual’s 10-yr major osteoporotic and hip fracture probabilities using a tool customized to the fracture epidemiology of a specific population. Incorrect model calibration could therefore affect performance of the model in clinical practice. The current analysis was undertaken to explore how simulated miscalibration in the FRAX^® tool would affect the numbers of individuals meeting specific intervention criteria (10-yr major osteoporotic fracture probability ≥20%, 10-yr hip fracture probability ≥3%). The study cohort included 36,730 women and 2873 men aged 50 yr and older with FRAX^® probability estimates using femoral neck bone mineral density. We simulated relative miscalibration error in 10% increments from −50% to +50% relative to a correctly calibrated FRAX^® model. We found that small changes in model calibration (even on the order of 10%) had large effects on the number of individuals qualifying for treatment. There was a steep gradient in the relationship between relative change in calibration and relative change in intervention rates: for every 1% change in calibration, there was a 2.5% change in intervention rates for women and 4.1% for men. For hip fracture probability, the gradient of the relationship was closer to unity. These results highlight the importance of FRAX^® model calibration, and speak to the importance of using high-quality fracture epidemiology in constructing FRAX^® tools.     

FRAX在绝经后骨质疏松症中骨折风险评估的Meta分析

目的 系统评价未使用骨密度检测时,通过FRAX工具评估绝经后骨质疏松症(PMOP)中骨折发生概率的应用准确性。方法 系统检索CNKI、CBM、VIP、WanFang、PubMed、Embase、Cochrane 图书馆,开展方法学质量评估,同时借助软件Stata16.0和Metadisc实施Meta分析。所纳入文献合计12篇,涉及研究为14个。结果 Meta分析结果表明,FRAX敏感度为84.68%,特异性为63.18%。合并SROC曲线绘制,最终得到诊断的准确率为85%,P<0.05,准确率接近骨密度检测方法。其中,髋部骨折概率对于骨密度评估方法的敏感度为81.9%,特异性为65.02%。使用FRAX评估时,诊断的准确率为83%,P<0.05;主要部位骨折概率对于骨密度评估方法的敏感度为73.5%;特异性为72.71%,使用FRAX评估时得到诊断的准确率为81%,P<0.05。 结论 FRAX工具是一种可靠的应用于绝经后骨质疏松症中的骨折评估方法。     

FRAX 骨折风险预测工具在新疆地区人群的临床研究

目的评估FRAX骨折风险预测工具在新疆地区人群的适用性研究,并且探讨有、无股骨颈骨密度(BMD)及不同民族对FRAX预测结果的影响。方法选取2012年7月-2013年6月期间在我院就诊的骨质疏松性骨折患者103例(汉族63例,维吾尔族40例)进行回顾性分析。收集所有入选患者FRAX预测工具中所包含的各危险因素资料,将包括股骨颈BMD等数值输入FRAX工具,计算10年内主要部位(包括髋部、脊柱、肱骨及腕部)及髋部骨折的概率进行分析,并且对不同民族及有、无股骨颈BMD情况下FRAX预测值进行比较。结果 103例骨质疏松性骨折患者,未使用BMD未来10年主要部位骨折概率0.9%~14%,髋部骨折概率0%~5.2%;使用BMD未来10年主要部位骨折概率1.2%~26%,髋部骨折概率0%~17%,使用BMD计算的骨折概率与未使用BMD计算的骨折概率之间无统计学意义(P0.05)。不同民族,汉族未来10年主要骨折部位概率1%~26%,髋部骨折概率0%~17%;维吾尔族未来10年主要骨折部位概率0.9%~7%,髋部骨折概率0%~3.4%,汉族与维吾尔族主要部位骨折及髋部骨折概率之间比较有明显差异(P0.01)。结论 FRAX可用于新疆地区人群的骨折风险预测,无BMD情况下的FRAX预测结果同样可靠,维吾尔族人群使用FRAX骨折风险预测的精确性可能低于汉族人群。     

绝经后女性促甲状腺激素水平与骨质疏松性骨折的相关性研究

目的探讨绝经后女性血清促甲状腺激素水平与骨质疏松性骨折的相关性。方法 2011年5月至2011年10月期间对贵阳市云岩区4 073名40岁及以上居民开展问卷调查、体格检查、促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)检验及跟骨超声骨密度测定等。根据基线TSH水平,将调查对象分为3组,分别是TSH降低组(TSH0.55 mIU/L,71人)、TSH正常组(0.55 mIU/L≤TSH≤4.78 mIU/L,3 113人)、TSH升高组(TSH4.78 mIU/L,889人),比较各组基线特征。随访3年后,根据随访期内是否发生骨折分析不同TSH水平与骨质疏松性骨折的相关性。结果 TSH降低组、TSH正常组、TSH升高组中新发骨质疏松性骨折的人数分别为8例、51例、148例,发病率分别为11.3%、4.8%、5.7%,TSH降低组骨折发病率高于TSH正常组,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.012)。TSH升高组较正常组相比差异无统计学意义。②骨密度T值≤-2.5[OR=1.822,95%CI(1.124,2.954),P=0.004]、血脂异常[OR=1.381,95%CI(1.038,1.836),P0.05]、TSH0.55 mIU/L[OR=2.469,95%CI(1.163,5.243),P0.05]是骨质疏松性骨折的危险因素,校正血脂异常、骨密度T值≤-2.5后,TSH降低组与TSH正常组相比,骨折风险增加2.626倍[OR=2.626,95%CI(1.233,5.592),P0.05]。结论绝经后女性TSH水平降低与骨质疏松性骨折风险增加相关。     

骨转换标志物与骨密度预测老年女性骨质疏松性骨折的对比研究

目的探讨骨密度与骨转换标志物(bone turnover markers,BTMs)在老年女性骨质疏松患者中的检测意义,对比两者对骨质疏松性骨折(osteoporotic fracture,OF)的预测能力。方法收集2017年10月至2019年2月于成都医学院第一附属医院骨科住院的OF患者96例和骨质疏松患者107例,分为骨折组和非骨折组。通过双能X线吸收仪(DXA)测定骨密度,电化学发光检测BTMs:I型前胶原N端前肽(PINP)、I型胶原β-异构化C末端肽(β-CTX)、骨钙素N端分子片段(N-MID),同时测定骨代谢相关指标:碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、钙(Ca)、磷(P),t检验对比两组间的计量资料,采用二分类Logistic回归分析骨密度和BTMs与OF的相关性。结果骨折组的骨密度低于非骨折组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);PINP、β-CTX高于非骨折组,70～90岁患者N-MID低于非骨折组,差异均有统计学意义(P0. 05);而ALP、P、Ca在两组之间相比,差异无统计学意义(P0. 05)。二分类Logistic回归分析提示腰椎及髋部骨密度、β-CTX与OF具有显著相关性,OR分别为-4. 182、-6. 929和7. 572,差异均有统计学意义(P0. 05)。PINP、N-MID与OF呈正相关,OR分别为4. 213和2. 510,差异均无统计学意义(P0. 05)。结论低骨密度、高β-CTX的骨质疏松老年女性更容易发生OF,β-CTX比骨密度预测OF的能力更强,可适时对高危人群进行相关干预管理。     

应用FRAX骨折风险预测工具模拟评估不同国家人群骨折风险的临床研究

目的应用FRAX工具模拟评估中国、日本、德国三国人群的10年内重要部位骨折概率(PMOF)及10年内髋部骨折概率(PHF),分析比较不同国家的骨折风险性差异,分析比较各国骨折风险与年龄、性别的变化关系。方法收集2976例受检者FRAX骨折风险评估危险因素11项及股骨颈骨密度BMD,应用FRAX骨折风险评估网站分别模拟评估中国、日本、德国三国模式下PMOF、PHF,采用两独立样本t检验及Mann-Whitney U检验分别对三国数据进行两两比较,并观察三国PMOF、PHF性别间差异及随年龄的变化趋势。结果 1)三国不论男性、女性,均表现为PMOF在40～49岁中国最小、德国最大,50岁以上中国最小、日本最大,且差异有统计学意义。PHF在40岁～59岁日本最小、德国最大,60岁以上中国最小、德国最大,且差异有统计学意义。(2)三国不论男性、女性,PMOF、PHF均随年龄的增长而增长,仅中国在80岁以上年龄组两者概率有所下降。三国50岁以后女性10年内骨质疏松性骨折概率均大于男性,且女性PMOF、PHF概率增长的速度明显大于男性。结论骨质疏松性骨折的发生概率存在地域差异,在同等条件下,欧洲国家发生骨质疏松性骨折的概率大于亚洲国家,发达国家骨折的概率大于发展中国家。骨质疏松性骨折的发生概率随年龄增长而增长,女性较男性更易发生骨质疏松性骨折。     

Development and application of a Japanese model of the WHO fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX™)

Summary The present study estimated the 10-year probability using the Japanese version of WHO fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX™) in order to determine fracture probabilities that correspond to intervention thresholds currently used in Japan and to resolve some issues for its use in Japan. Introduction The objective of the present study was to evaluate a Japanese version of the WHO fracture risk assessment (FRAX™) tool to compute 10-year probabilities of osteoporotic fracture in Japanese men and women. Since lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) is used preferentially as a site for assessment, and densitometers use Japanese reference data, a second aim was to investigate the suitability and impact of this practice in Japan. Methods Fracture probabilities were computed from published data on the fracture and death hazards in Japan. Probabilities took account of age, sex, the presence of clinical risk factors and femoral neck BMD. Fracture probabilities were determined that were equivalent to intervention thresholds currently used in Japan. The difference between T-scores derived from international reference data and that using Japanese-specific normal ranges was estimated from published sources. The gradient of risk of BMD for fracture in Japan was compared to that for BMD at the lumbar spine in the Hiroshima cohort. Results The 10-year probabilities of a major osteoporosis-related fracture that corresponded to current intervention thresholds ranged from approximately 5% at the age of 50 years to more than 20% at the age of 80 years. The use of femoral neck BMD predicts fracture as well as or better than BMD tests at the lumbar spine. There were small differences in T-scores between those used for the model and those derived from a Japanese reference population. Conclusions The FRAX™ tool has been used to determine possible thresholds for therapeutic intervention, based on equivalence of risk with current guidelines. The approach will need to be supported by appropriate health economic analyses. Femoral neck BMD is suitable for the prediction of fracture risk among Japanese. However, when applying the FRAX™ model to Japan, T-scores and Z-scores should be converted to those derived from the international reference.     

新疆乌鲁木齐地区绝经后妇女骨密度情况的调查

目的探讨该地区绝经期妇女随绝经年限延长,腰椎及股骨近端骨密度减低情况,及绝经对骨密度的影响。方法应用法国DMS公司生产的CHALLENGER双能X线骨密度仪测定正位腰椎(L2-4)及股骨近端(NECK区、Troch区)BMD。结果各组腰椎(L2-4)BMD低于股骨近端(NECK区、Troch区)的BMD,并且配对t检验显示腰椎BMD与股骨颈及股骨大转子部位BMD差异有显著性(P<0.01)。随绝经年限的增加腰椎及股骨近端(NECK区、Troch区)的BMD有下降的趋势。在绝经前10年内,骨密度相对丢失较快,尤其腰椎BMD下降明显。排除了年龄和BMD的影响,对40~49岁的围绝经期妇女按是否绝经为因变量腰椎及股骨近端(NECK区、Troch区)BMD协方差分析结果:腰椎BMD(F=13.28,P=0.0004);股骨NECK区BMD(F=15.47,P=0.0001);股骨Troch区BMD(F=4.79,P=0.0305),由此可见,绝经作为一个因素在绝经期初期妇女的骨密度影响较大。结论该地区绝经期妇女随绝经年限延长,腰椎及股骨近端骨密度减低速度在绝经后10年内较快,绝经作为一个因素对中年妇女骨密度的减低有较大影响。