急诊子宫动脉栓塞术治疗子宫切口妊娠大出血

目的探讨急诊行子宫动脉灌注药物栓塞术治疗剖宫产后切口妊娠的可行性和临床价值。方法 2009年10月-2011年12月,对17例临床证实切口瘢痕妊娠并阴道出血患者,急诊行双侧子宫动脉灌注甲氨蝶呤并超选择栓塞术,术后通过观察人绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG）水平、阴道出血及术后清宫术来评价疗效。结果 17例患者急诊行子宫动脉灌注栓塞术成功,术后阴道出血均停止或减少,HCG水平均明显下降,3例因孕囊自行排除而未行清宫,14例术后2～4 d行胚胎钳刮术,术中出血量较少。所有患者1周后均治愈出院。结论子宫动脉灌注栓塞术是治疗剖宫产术后切口瘢痕妊娠的一种有效方法,可及时治疗阴道大出血,促进杀胚,并为术后清宫提供安全保障。     

子宫动脉化疗栓塞在切口妊娠治疗中的研究

目的探讨子宫动脉化疗栓塞在剖宫产术后子宫切口妊娠治疗中的可行性和安全性。方法回顾分析2006年7月-2011年3月收治的152例剖宫产切口瘢痕妊娠行介入治疗的病例资料。结果 152例子宫动脉化疗栓塞操作均成功。阴道大出血或不规则出血均得到有效控制。人绒毛膜促性腺激素β亚型较术前下降,差异有统计学意义(Z=9.295,P=0.000),术后2～22 d行清宫术,术中失血3～100 mL,平均27 mL。3例行子宫切除术,子宫切除率2%。1例发生栓子脱落导致左下肢胫前动脉栓塞并发症。结论子宫动脉化疗栓塞治疗剖宫产术后切口妊娠可有效控制大出血、降低清宫风险、降低子宫切除风险,是治疗切口妊娠的有效可行方法之一。     

高强度聚焦超声波对子宫切口妊娠治疗的临床效果观察

目的 探讨高强度聚焦超声波(HIFU)治疗子宫切口妊娠(cesarean scarpregnancy,CSP)的临床疗效.方法 于2011年11月至2012年12月采用高强度聚焦超声波治疗20例子宫切口妊娠患者.比较HIFU治疗前、治疗后第5天、2、4周患者超声声像图及血HCG水平变化.结果 患者血清人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)在HIFU治疗前与治疗后5d比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而与HIFU治疗后2、4周比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001);在治疗后4周,经阴道彩超显示14例患者病灶完全消失,6例患者子宫切口见一不规则壁薄光滑的无回声区.结论 HIFU是一种安全、有效、实用的治疗子宫切口妊娠的新方法,值得推广和应用.     

剖宫产切口部位妊娠的治疗方法探讨

目的：探讨子宫动脉化学治疗栓塞术（uterine artery chemoembolization,UACE）联合清宫术（dilatation and curettage,D＆C）和静脉注射甲氨蝶呤（methotrexate,MTX）联合D＆C2种方法在治疗剖宫产切口部位妊娠（cesarean scar pregnancy,CSP）中的效果及适用情况。方法：回顾分析95例CSP患者的临床资料,其中75例患者采用UACE,术后行超声监护下D＆C（A组）;另20例患者采用MTX静脉用药,术后行超声监护下D＆C（B组）。比较2组患者住院天数、住院费用、术中出血量、胚囊大小变化、胚囊血流阻力指数（resistance index,RI）变化及相关的不良反应。结果：2组患者均取得良好的治疗效果。2组患者在住院天数、D＆C术中出血量方面的差异无统计学意义,但A组住院费用高于B组（P〈0.05）。A组、B组治疗后血β-人绒毛膜性腺激素（β-human chorionic gonadotropin,β-HCG）较治疗前显著降低（P〈0.01）,治疗后B组血β-HCG较A组高（P〈0.05）。治疗前A组胚囊大小显著大于B组（P〈0.01）;A组患者行UACE后RI较治疗前显著升高（P〈0.01）,B组患者行静脉MTX治疗后RI无明显变化。2组患者治疗后胚囊大小治疗前较均有所增大,但差异无统计学意义。A组患者术后发热率为60%。结论：UACE＋D＆C及MTX＋D＆C均能有效治疗CSP,对于胚囊较大者宜采用UACE＋D＆C;对于胚囊较小者可采用MTX＋D＆C,在取得满意疗效的同时可节省医疗费用。     

高强度聚焦超声联合清宫术治疗剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕妊娠的临床应用

目的 研究分析高强度聚焦超声联合清宫术治疗剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕妊娠的安全有效性。方法 分析我院2014年6月到2016年6月高强度聚焦超声联合清宫术治疗的62例子宫瘢痕妊娠的临床资料,观察患者清宫术中出血量、血清 β -人绒毛膜促性腺激素（beta -human chorionic gonadotropin ,β-hCG）下降情况、月经恢复时间、住院时间及术中术后不良反应。结果 62例子宫瘢痕妊娠患者均成功接受高强度聚焦超声联合清宫术治疗,57例患者显效,4例患者有效,总体有效率98.38%。血β-hCG平均下降17811.59mIU/mL,住院时间5-48d,平均10.2d,月经恢复时间1-3月,平均1.5月。62例患者均接受3个月的随访,无一例出现皮肤烫伤、神经损伤等严重并发症。结论 高强度聚焦超声联合清宫术治疗子宫瘢痕妊娠是一种安全有效的方式。     

双侧子宫动脉化疗栓塞术治疗剖宫产子宫切口妊娠

目的探讨双侧子宫动脉化疗栓塞术治疗剖宫产子宫切口妊娠的临床应用价值。方法 2004年3月2009年10月确诊剖宫产子宫切口妊娠的患者25例。首先行双侧子宫动脉超选择插管,注入甲氨喋岭,再用明胶海绵条栓塞双侧子宫动脉,48～72h内在B型超声监测下行清宫术。结果 25例子宫动脉化疗栓塞术后复查B型超声,提示孕囊血供明显减少。22例在B型超声监测下一次性清除胚胎组织,出血量少;2例因胚胎植入肌层突向浆膜层栓塞术后加用氟尿嘧啶,未行清宫,自行排出;1例因术后切口处形成大血肿行手术治疗。结论双侧子宫动脉化疗栓塞术是治疗剖宫产子宫切口妊娠一种有效方法,既保留子宫,又保留其生育功能。     

MTX介入或全身用药联合中药口服治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠的 优越性探讨

目的:探讨MTX肌注或子宫动脉栓塞联合中药口服治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠的临床应用价值。方法:将72例剖宫产瘢痕妊娠患者分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组再分为A、B两组,A组采取MTX肌注联合自拟消妊祛瘀汤口服,B组经子宫动脉MTX化疗栓塞加消妊祛瘀汤口服;对照组则分为C、D两组,C组单纯MTX肌注,D组经子宫动脉MTX化疗栓塞。观察各组患者治疗效果及不良反应情况。结果:各组治愈率:A组91.67%,B组96.43%,治疗组75.00%;C组70.00%,D组90.91%,对照组84.38%,治疗组与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),且治疗组在血HCG下降速度、住院时间、转经时间等方面优于对照组,不良反应发生率低。结论:MTX介入或全身用药联合中药口服治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠安全、疗效确切,结合中、西医治疗的优势,避免了创伤性手术,值得临床广泛推广应用。     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声在子宫切口妊娠介入治疗中的应用

目的：评价经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查在子宫动脉化疗栓塞法治疗子宫下段剖宫产切口妊娠中的应用价值。方法：回顾分析2006年—2008年30例子宫切口妊娠病例,其中18例患者接受子宫动脉甲氨蝶呤（MTX）化疗栓塞法治疗＋超声监护下刮宫术,另12例接受全身药物（MTX）治疗＋超声监护下刮宫术,分析两组病例的超声声像图特征及其治疗后超声图像的变化,随访其预后。结果：（1）30例病例初诊诊断符合率为100%,均表现为胚囊型。（2）两组病例化疗后胚囊周围肌层彩色血流的RI值均增高（P〈0.05）,两组RI增高值的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。（3）两组病例治疗后超声声像图均发生规律性的变化。（4）两组病例住院时间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。（5）动脉化疗组绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG）下降至正常的时间和肿块完全消失的时间短于全身化疗组（P〈0.05）。结论：经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查对子宫剖宫产切口妊娠能提供较准确的早期诊断,在其治疗和随访中发挥着重要的监测作用。在治疗子宫切口妊娠的过程中,子宫动脉化疗栓塞法可能更优于传统的全身化疗法。     

剖宫产术后子宫疤痕处妊娠29例超声诊断

目的:探讨超声在剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕处妊娠的诊断与随访中的临床应用价值.方法:回顾性分析2006年7月至2011年7月诊断的剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕妊娠患者29例的临床资料.结果:29例中,超声检出妊娠囊型18例(1例误诊为正常宫内孕囊),包块型10例(2例误诊为不全流产),破裂型l例.结论:超声对剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕妊娠的诊断简便安全,结果可靠.     

Calibration of Ultrasound Backscatter Temperature Imaging for High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Treatment Planning

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is rapidly gaining acceptance as a non-invasive method for soft tissue tumor ablation, but improvements in the methods of treatment delivery, planning and monitoring are still required. Backscatter temperature imaging (BTI) uses ultrasound to visualize heating-induced echo strain and may be used to indicate the position of the HIFU focal region using low-power “sub-lesioning” exposure. The technique may also provide a quantitative tool for assessing the efficacy of treatment delivery if apparent strain measurements can be related to the underlying temperature rise. To obtain temperature estimates from strain measurements, the relationship between these variables has to be either measured or otherwise assumed from previous calibrations in similar tissues. This article describes experimental measurements aimed at deriving the relationship between temperature rise and apparent strain in the laboratory environment using both ex vivo bovine liver tissue samples and normothermically perfused porcine livers. A BTI algorithm was applied to radiofrequency ultrasound echo data acquired from a clinical ultrasound scanner (Z.One, Zonare Medical Systems, Mountain View, CA, USA) where the imaging probe was aligned with the focal region of a HIFU transducer. Temperature measurements were obtained using needle thermocouples implanted in the liver tissue. A series of “non-ablative” HIFU exposures giving peak temperatures below 10°C were made in three separate ex vivo bovine livers, yielding an average strain/temperature coefficient of 0.126 ± 0.088 percentage strain per degree Celsius. In the perfused porcine livers at a starting temperature of 38°C (normal body temperature) the strain/temperature coefficients were found to be 0.040 ± 0.029 percentage strain per degree Celsius. The uncertainty in these results is directly linked to the precision of the strain measurement, as well as the naturally occurring variance between different tissue samples, indicating that BTI may lack the accuracy required to be implemented successfully in practice as a quantitative treatment planning technique at a sub-lesioning exposure level. This is because, to be of use in treatment planning, temperature-rise estimates may require an accuracy greater (<10%) than that offered by BTI measurement. BTI may, however, still play a role in ensuring the correct positioning of the focal region and as a treatment monitoring modality capable of detecting an increased rate of heating in tissue after HIFU ablation.     

剖宫产术后子宫切口瘢痕妊娠介入治疗价值探讨

目的：探讨经子宫动脉介入化疗栓塞治疗剖宫产切口瘢痕妊娠的应用价值。方法：回顾分析本院自2006年7月至2007年12月子宫动脉介入治疗的15例剖宫产切口瘢痕妊娠病例资料。结果：15例介入治疗均成功,其中8例化疗及明胶海绵栓塞后加用弹簧圈栓塞,术后阴道流血停止,孕囊明显缩小,血清人绒毛膜促性腺激素明显下降。术后清宫无大出血,病理检查示子宫瘢痕部位绒毛、蜕膜或胎盘组织,有变性、坏死。结论：经子宫动脉介入治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠,能有效预防和控制出血,减小清宫危险,并保留子宫,是剖宫产瘢痕妊娠安全、有效的治疗方法之一。     

Experimental Studies and Clinical Experiences on Treatment of Secondary Hypersplenism with Extracorporeal High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound

The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of extracorporeal high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in treatment of hypersplenism. Fifteen adult dogs, weighing 13–18 kg were divided into three groups: sham group, SVL group undergoing splenic vein ligation (SVL) after laparotomy, and SVL + HIFU group receiving SVL followed by extracorporeal HIFU. Pathologic and hematologic analyses were performed. We also reviewed the clinical data of 19 patients with secondary hypersplenism caused by liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent extracorporeal HIFU. Extracorporeal HIFU significantly diminished the volume of the spleen of animals, coupled with occurrence of coagulation necrosis and fibrosis in the target area. Both platelet and red blood cell counts were significantly restored by HIFU intervention. Similarly, HIFU treatment improved the hematologic parameters in patients with hypersplenism, and no major complications were encountered. Extracorporeal HIFU intervention is effective and safe in managing secondary hypersplenism.     

瘢痕子宫妊娠清宫术前后子宫动脉栓塞术对预防子宫切除术的疗效观察

目的分析子宫动脉栓塞术辅助的清宫术治疗38例瘢痕子宫妊娠（CSP）的疗效和安全性,并进一步分析预防性手术和挽救性手术对手术疗效的影响。方法收集因CSP行子宫动脉栓塞术辅助清宫术治疗38例患者的临床资料,其中行预防性手术32例（预防组）、挽救性手术6例（挽救组）,以是否进行子宫部分切除术为该研究的主要终点,比较子宫动脉栓塞术前2组CSP患者的基线特征,分析预防性手术与挽救性手术对避免子宫切除术的价值。结果子宫栓塞术前,2组CSP患者的基线特征基本一致,但挽救性子宫动脉栓塞组患者的人绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG）和血红蛋白水平较低（P〈0．05）。预防性子宫动脉栓塞组患者均安全完成超声引导下清宫术,无一例发生大出血或进行子宫部分切除;挽救性子宫动脉栓塞组有3例因无法止血而进行了子宫部分切除术。两组行子宫部分切除术比例比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。子宫动脉栓塞术安全性良好,未进行子宫切除的患者约于术后2个月恢复月经。结论子宫动脉栓塞术辅助清宫术应用于CSP患者可以预防清宫术后大出血,且预防性子宫动脉栓塞术对避免子宫切除的疗效明显优于挽救性子宫动脉栓塞术。     

高强度聚焦超声治疗子宫肌瘤二维超声图像与坏死程度比较

目的 总结分析超声在HIFU治疗子宫肌瘤术中监控和治疗后的声像图特点,使超声在术中监控及评价疗效方面更加客观、准确.方法 对超声图像进行数字化处理,并把超声图像与MRI图像进行比较分析,比较不同坏死程度的肌瘤间超声图像的差异.结果 术中肌瘤灰度值增加明显表明治疗有效,而以团块状灰度增加更具特征性;完全坏死的肌瘤术后灰度值增加明显.结论 在术中,超声可以实时显示肌瘤的变化,并可通过这些改变反馈调整和控制辐照剂量.术后,超声也可以比较准确地评价疗效.     

超声造影在高强度聚焦超声治疗子宫肌瘤中的作用评价

目的 通过与磁共振成像(MRI)结果比较,评价超声造影(CEUS)在高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)治疗子宫肌瘤过程中实时判断消融效果的价值.方法 对72例子宫肌瘤患者92个肌瘤行HIFU治疗的同时行CEUS和MRI检查.结果 CEUS与MRI检查结果比较,治疗前肌瘤最大径,肌瘤体积,非灌注区体积,肌瘤消融率分别为(4.87±2.12) cm比(4.85±2.11) cm,(71.1±89.1) cm3比(74.1±91.7) cm3,(59.1±83.4) cm3比(59.2±89.6) cm3,(83.8±26.5)％比(83.1±21.6)％;2种检查方法所测定各指标间无统计学差异(P＞0.05).CEUS与术后MRI检查的各指标分别具有高度相关性.术中出现的所有副反应与CEUS无关.结论 CEUS是一种准确评价HIFU消融效果的方法,可安全用于HIFU术中实时评价子宫肌瘤消融效果.     

Pulsed High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Enhances Apoptosis of Pancreatic Cancer Xenograft with Gemcitabine

We sought to investigate whether concurrent exposure to pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine would enhance apoptosis in pancreatic cancer. A pancreatic cancer xenograft model was established using BALB/c nude mice and human pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1). In the first study, mice were randomly allocated into one of four groups: control (n = 4), HIFU alone (n = 4), gemcitabine (GEM) alone (n = 28) and concurrent treatment with HIFU and gemcitabine (HIGEM) (n = 28). The GEM and HIGEM groups were subdivided into four subgroups (16 mice) according to the drug dose injected (50–200 mg/kg) and another four subgroups (16 mice) according to the time interval between drug injection and HIFU treatment (each subgroup, n = 4). Apoptosis rates were evaluated using the TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) assay and percentage of necrosis, as evaluated with Harris' hematoxylin solution and eosin Y stain, 3 d after treatment. The second study was performed to evaluate tumor growth rates of the four groups. Each group was treated weekly for 3 wk, and tumor size was periodically measured for up to 4 wk from the beginning of treatment. In the first study, overall rates of apoptosis were significantly higher in the HIGEM group than in the GEM group (p = 0.02). In a subgroup analysis, HIGEM was superior to GEM in enhancing apoptosis at gemcitabine dosages of 150–200 mg/kg gemcitabine and intervals between gemcitabine and HIFU less than 2 h (p = 0.01). In the second study, HIGEM treatment resulted in the slowest tumor growth. However, despite a visible distinction, none of the differences found between the HIGEM and GEM groups were statistically significant (p > 0.05). Treatment with both HIFU and gemcitabine might enhance cell apoptosis and reduce tumor growth in pancreatic carcinoma. For this concurrent treatment, a high dosage of gemcitabine and a short-term delay before HIFU are recommended to maximize the therapeutic effect.     

高强度聚焦超声治疗子宫平滑肌瘤的病理变化及其超声随访研究

目的通过病理穿刺及超声随访探讨高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）治疗子宫肌瘤的有效性。方法62例经HIFU治疗的子宫肌瘤患者，术前、术后1周分别进行超声引导下穿刺活检，标本行光镜和电镜观察。并分别在术后1、3、6和12个月进行超声检查，计算瘤体均径并与治疗前均径比较。结果光镜和电镜显示HIFU治疗后子宫肌瘤组织明显的细胞坏死、核固缩浓染、核碎裂溶解以及细胞器的破坏；同时可见血管的破坏以及空泡的形成。超声随访显示治疗后1个月肌瘤出现缩小，治疗后3个月瘤体明显缩小，与治疗前相比有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论病理检查和超声随访证实HIFU治疗子宫平滑肌瘤明确有效。     

Simultaneous Evaluation of Thermal and Non-Thermal Effects of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound on a Tissue-Mimicking Phantom

Physiologically relevant phantoms with high reliability are essential for extending the therapeutic applications of high-intensity therapeutic ultrasound. Here we describe a tissue-mimicking phantom capable of quantifying temperature changes and observing non-thermal phenomena by high-intensity therapeutic ultrasound. Using polydiacetylene liposomes, we fabricated agar-based polydiacetylene hydrogel phantoms (PHPs) that not only respond to temperature, but also have acoustic properties similar to those of human liver tissue. The color of PHPs changed from blue to red depending on the temperature in the range 40°C–70°C, where the red/blue ratio of PHP had a good linearity of 99.06% for the temperature changes. Furthermore, repeated high-intensity focused ultrasound led to histotripsy on the PHP with liquefied and damaged areas measuring 0.7 and 4.0 cm², respectively, at the signal generator amplitude setting voltage of 80 mV. Our results indicate not only the usability of the thermochromic phantom, but also its potential for evaluating non-thermal phenomena in various high-intensity focused ultrasound therapies.