甲型H1N1流感肺炎的影像学表现

甲型H1N1流感是新发呼吸道传染病,肺炎是其主要并发症.本文介绍了甲型H1N1流感肺炎的病理、临床、影像检查策略、影像学表现和演变以及鉴别诊断.     

甲型H1N1流感胸部影像学表现

甲型H1N1流感是2009年在全球爆发流行的呼吸道传染病.引起胸部异常者少见但病人症状较重.主要胸部影像学表现为肺内磨玻璃影和实变影.胸部X线摄影和CT是常用检查手段.就2009年H1N1流感的胸部影像学表现进行综述.     

31例重症和危重症甲型H1N1流感患者的临床与影像学表现特点

目的：探讨重症和危重症甲型H1N1流感患者的临床与影像学表现特点。方法：回顾性分析31例重症和危重症甲型H1N1流感患者的临床表现及胸部影像学资料。其中重症甲型H1N1流感患者19例,平均（15.9±5.6）岁,体重指数（BMI）平均19.3±4.2。危重症患者12例,平均（23.5±13.6）岁,BMI平均22.2±5.5。结果：重症和危重症患者均有发热、咳嗽、咳痰、乏力等症状,两肺可闻及湿啰音、哮鸣音？V刂⒆榛颊咄怀霰硐治粑？少数出现胸痛、紫绀及咳血痰。重症组有肺炎病灶17例,影像表现均为斑点片状影,两肺受累7例,累及全肺2例,急性肺损伤3例;危重症组患者均有肺炎病灶,斑点片状影4例,大片状阴影8例,双肺受累9例,累及全肺7例,超过2/3的患者发生重症肺炎、中重度低氧血症、急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）和呼吸衰竭。结论：发热、咳嗽及咳痰等仍然是重症和危重症甲型H1N1流感患者的临床特征。高危人群感染甲型H1N1流感病毒后较易发展为重症或危重症病例。有基础疾病的患者在出现持续发热的同时,两肺见广泛磨玻璃密度影及大片状实变影,应警惕ARDS或病毒性肺炎合并细菌或真菌感染。     

孕产妇甲型H1N1流感肺炎的影像学特点

目的：探讨孕产妇甲型H1N1流感肺炎的临床及胸部影像学表现特点。方法：依据卫生部甲型H1N1流感诊断标准,回顾性分析7例确诊的孕产妇（孕妇4例,产妇3例）甲型H1N1流感肺炎患者的临床及胸部影像学资料。结果：7例孕产妇甲型H1N1流感肺炎患者中,围产期妇女6例,重症型5例,危重型2例,占住院甲型H1N1流感患者的1.3%（7/520）,占重症及危重型患者的9.2%（7/76）。影像学表现特点：病变分布于双肺下叶5例;病变形态呈大片状影4例,呈小片状影5例;病变呈较高密度实变影5例、磨玻璃影4例;合并单侧或双侧胸膜炎或胸腔积液6例;治疗后,肺部病变大片密度较高实变影在短期内有明显吸收,淡薄影磨玻璃密度影完全吸收。结论：孕产妇是发生甲型H1N1流感肺炎的危险群体,特别是围产期伴有并发症的患者,影像学表现为双肺中叶（舌叶）及下叶大片状或小片状密度较高实变影,多伴有胸腔积液,积极有效治疗可完全康复。     

儿童危重症甲型H1N1流感中枢神经系统并发症的影像学表现

目的：探讨儿童危重症甲型H1N1流感中枢神经系统（CNS）并发症的影像学特点。方法：回顾性分析8例危重症甲型H1N1流感伴CNS并发症的临床及影像学资料,所有患儿住院期间均行MRI平扫及增强扫描,其中3例行CT扫描。结果：4例为流感相关脑病,影像学检查未见明显异常,痊愈出院。死亡4例,其中3例并发急性坏死性脑炎（ANE）,影像表现为多灶性、对称性脑部损害,以双侧丘脑受累为特征,内囊、豆状核、脑干及大小脑髓质均可受累,病变区CT呈低密度,MRI呈长T1、长T2信号,DWI示双丘脑中心区呈低信号,周边呈高信号;ADC图示中央呈稍高信号,环状略低信号环绕。另1死亡病例并发颅内真菌感染,真菌性脑膜炎MRI见脑膜明显强化,真菌性肉芽肿MRI呈类圆形稍长T1、长T2信号,增强边缘强化。结论：儿童危重症甲型H1N1流感CNS并发症有：流感相关脑病、ANE和机会性真菌感染。ANE病死率高,但其影像表现有相对特征性。     

军人甲型H1N1流感273例临床特点分析

自2009年5月10日我国发现首例输入性甲型H1N1流感病例以来,疫情随之在我国逐渐蔓延。2009年8-12月,我们共收治军人甲型H1N1流感273例。现将其临床特点分析报告如下。     

重症甲型H1N1流感的临床分析及CT表现

目的 探讨重症甲型H1N1流感患者的临床特点及CT表现.方法 回顾性分析24例重症甲型H1N1流感患者的临床和CT资料.结果 83.3%(20/24)的重症甲型H1N1流感患者为男性.最常见(66.7%,16/24)的首发症状为咳嗽,而非发热(58.3%,14/24).胸部CT扫描24例患者均有不同程度的肺部异常表现.24例中位于双侧肺野19例(79.2%),单侧肺者5例(20.8%),病变累及5个肺叶者15例(62.5%).病变形态表现为斑片状实变影16例(66.7%)、局灶性渗出影13例(54.2%)、磨玻璃影13例(54.2%)、大片状实变影9例(37.5%)及间质性改变4例(16.7%).4例(16.7%)患者伴有胸水.所有患者均无纵隔淋巴结肿大.结论 肺部异常是重症甲型H1N1流感患者诊断的重要指标,重症甲型H1N1流感患者的临床和CT表现有一定的特征.     

新型甲型H_1N_1流感危重症23例临床分析

目的探讨新型甲型H1N1流感危重症的临床特征、诊断及治疗方法。方法对已经确诊的23例新型甲型H1N1流感危重症患者的临床特点、治疗过程、治疗效果进行综合分析。结果新型甲型H1N1流感危重症孕妇患病率达到47.9%,60%患者体温高于38.5℃。症状以咳嗽、咳痰、胸闷为主,且80%患者有湿啰音。影像为片絮状影,弥散实变影。血常规检查提示白细胞计数偏低,中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、血小板与正常相比无统计学意义。生化检查中,谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶明显升高,总胆红素及直接胆红素升高。乳酸脱氢酶及α-羟丁酸脱氢酶明显升高。患者的血肌酐、尿素氮正常,尿酸升高。血浆中钠、钾、氯、钙均降低。结论新型甲型H1N1流感危重症的体征、影像、生化均有别于其他病毒性肺炎,预后与就诊时间、妊娠密切相关,尽早终止妊娠与机械通气,糖皮质激素的早期大量应用可改善预后。     

科学应对甲型H1N1流感

甲型H1N1病毒在世界范围内的广泛流行引起了WHO的高度重视,疫情警告级别一度从3级提高到4级,又提高到5级.本文从流感病毒的发现、历史上流感大流行的有关情况出发,介绍此次甲型H1N1流感疫情的科学应对方法 ,包括甲型H1N1病毒的传播及甲型H1N1流感的临床表现、治疗、主要防控措施等.     

甲型H1N1流感危重症1例分析

1临床资料 患者,男性,16岁。因发热、咳嗽、腹痛53h,加重伴呼吸困难10h。于2009—11—02：2：10入院。患者无明确甲流病例接触史。患者53h前无明显诱因出现发热,测体温38．7℃,伴阵发性咳嗽,无痰。腹痛、以左上腹痛为最,呕吐胃内容物,量不详。无心悸、胸闷、抽搐、流涕等,     

重症及危重症甲型H1N1流感肺炎的影像表现

目的 探讨重症及危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒肺部感染的胸部影像表现.方法 回顾性分析18例甲型H1N1流感并发肺炎患者的临床及影像资料,将其分为重症组(11例)及危重症组(7例),所有患者均经胸部X线检查,其中2例行CT检查.结果 重症组11例,8例X线表现为双侧肺野中内带分布的、边缘模糊的小斑片和结节状阴影,3例X线表现为局灶性边缘模糊的片状阴影,其中1例胸部CT表现为右下肺大片实变影.危重症组7例,4例X线表现为双肺弥漫分布的磨玻璃密度阴影伴部分实变,其中1例出现胸颈部皮下气肿,1例胸部CT表现为双肺广泛分布的、沿支气管走行的斑片状磨玻璃密度影,双下肺结节状实变病灶和胸腔积液;其他3例表现为双侧肺野内大范围实变影.结论 甲型H1N1流感肺炎的影像表现包括重症患者肺内的结节样和斑片状阴影,危重患者肺内弥漫的支气管周围分布的磨玻璃密度灶和多灶性实变.     

危重症甲型H1N1肺炎的影像表现及病理组织分析

目的：探讨危重症甲型H1N1肺炎影像表现特征及病理机制,提高对危重症甲型H1N1肺炎的认识与诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析7例危重症甲型H1N1肺炎死亡患者的影像表现,并与尸检病理资料进行比较分析。5例行肺部CT检查,其中1例行胸部X线及CT扫描,2例仅行胸部X线正位片检查。5例尸检,2例尸体解剖。结果：7例甲型流感患者均在发病4～7d出现危重症表现,其中2例患有基础性疾病（糖尿病）,1例孕妇;3例X线胸片显示两肺弥漫性模糊密度增高阴影,中下肺为著;5例肺部CT显示两侧中下肺外带、背段及基底段片状实变阴影,其中1例合并出现气胸、肺不张、胸腔积液,1例双上肺内可见薄壁空洞和扩张支气管影。结论：影像学检查是危重症甲型H1N1肺炎的重要诊断评估手段,其表现具有一定特征性,但缺乏特异性,确诊需结合临床与实验室检查。     

High-resolution computed tomography findings from adult patients with Influenza A (H1N1) virus-associated pneumonia

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings at presentation in patients diagnosed with Influenza A (H1N1) virus-associated pneumonia.

Materials and methods

We reviewed the HRCT findings from 20 patients diagnosed with Influenza A (H1N1) and compared their HRCT scans with chest radiographs, obtained on the same day. The imaging studies were obtained 4-9 days after the onset of symptoms. The patients included 11 men and 9 women (ages 24-62 years; mean 42.7 years). All patients had a body temperature greater than 100.4 °F (>38 °C), tachypnea, and cough. Other common symptoms included diarrhea (60%) and sore throat (30%). The radiographs and HRCT scans were reviewed independently by two observers who reached a consensus decision.

Results

The predominant HRCT findings consisted of bilateral ground-glass opacities (n = 12), bilateral areas of consolidation (n = 2), or a mixed bilateral pattern of ground-glass opacities and areas of consolidation (n = 6). The abnormalities were bilateral in all of the 20 patients, had a predominantly sub-pleural distribution in 13 patients, and had a random distribution in the remaining 7 patients. The predominant radiographic findings were consolidations. Normal radiographs were found in 4 out of the 20 patients.

Conclusion

HRCT may reveal parenchymal abnormalities in patients with Influenza A (H1N1) infection who have normal findings on radiographs. The predominant HRCT findings were bilateral, peripheral, ground-glass opacities and/or bilateral areas of consolidation. The patients who presented consolidations had more severe clinical course.     

重症及危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的胸部影像学表现

目的探讨重症、危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的胸部影像特征。方法 29例经病毒核酸检验确诊的重症、危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎患者,其中,22例经胸部X线摄影,12例经胸部CT扫描,8例同时接受了上述两种方法检查。对所有患者的临床与影像资料进行了回顾性分析,并比较了X线胸片与CT的诊断潜能。结果 22例经胸部摄影患者表现为肺纹理增重,两肺野内、中带有边界模糊的斑片状致密影。12例经胸部CT扫描的患者表现为两肺野散在分布的斑片状致密影及磨玻璃样密度影,其中6例X线胸片未见病变。同时,CT显示胸腔积液与心包积液各2例。结论重症、危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的影像学表现是以两肺斑片状及磨玻璃样密度影为主,CT可以发现两肺上野及外带的较淡致密影,对判定病变的有无及累及范围明显优于X线胸片。     

甲型H1N1流感肺炎治疗后转归CT影像表现

目的:观察甲型H1N1流感肺炎治疗前后影像变化,探讨其转归影像表现。方法:回顾性分析25例甲型H1N1流感并发肺炎患者临床及治疗前后影像资料,其中男18例,女7例。结果:轻症12例,病变仅限于1个肺叶内,表现为片状磨玻璃密度影,临床以流感样症状为主,治疗后9例完全吸收,3例基本吸收。重症6例,病变累及单侧2个或双侧2个肺叶的片状阴影,以肺实变为主,临床表现为重症肺炎,治疗后1例炎症基本吸收,2例部分肺叶病变基本吸收,部分肺叶病变吸收后残留间质增生及纤维化,另3例炎症吸收后残留间质增生及纤维化。危重症7例,表现为双肺广泛分布的大片状实变影和/(或)磨玻璃密度影,临床表现为病情危重,治疗过程中3例病情存在反复,无明显吸收;4例治疗后炎症部分吸收并残留间质增生及纤维化。结论:甲型H1N1流感肺炎以磨玻璃密度影及斑片状阴影为主,影像表现多样,治疗后轻症者多完全吸收,重症及危重症者多残留间质增生及纤维化。     

Radiological & clinical findings in sporadic cases hospitalized for H1N1 pneumonia

PurposeTo evaluate the CT and clinical findings in patients with H1N1 pneumonia and to discuss any differences between our results and previously reported articles.Patients and methodsScreening for cases was started in April 2015. First case was diagnosed in October 2015. The number of cases increased with Peak in December. We reviewed and analyzed the primary CT patterns and the clinical presentation.ResultsOur patients were more prevalence in the age ranges from 30 to 60 years, equally distributed in both sex. Cough & fever (94%) were the most frequent clinical presentation .The commonest CT finding was the patchy Ground-glass appearance (either alone or associated with other findings) found in 11 cases (69%) followed by Consolidation in 10 patients (63%). The lung affection was bilateral in 14 patients (88%), multifocal in 13 patients (81%), Peripheral location was in 10 patients (62%). Out of the 16 positive cases in CT scan, the X-ray showed positive findings in only 12 cases (75%).ConclusionsThe most common lung pattern in H1N1 was GGO and consolidation, with bilateral and multifocal involvement in the majority of cases showing peripheral tendency. X-ray missed about 25% of cases.     

甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的影像学表现

目的:回顾性讨论12例甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎患者的胸部X线和CT表现特征。方法:经临床证实的甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎病例12例,男8例,女4例,年龄范围6~51岁,平均年龄21岁。所有患者在发病后1周内均行胸部X线检查及胸部CT扫描。结果:本组病例中,出现临床症状1~4天胸片像表现为阳性者10例,占83%;4~8天胸片像上为阳性者2例,占17%。多数患者的病灶多发。进展期病变发展迅速,常累及多部位及双肺。好转期一般在7~14天。结论:甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎主要影像学表现为:①病变位于肺的外周多,多部位受累,双肺各叶均可发生,以双肺下叶为著;②病变多发,大小不等;③早期最常见的影像学表现为斑片状磨玻璃影;④病变变化迅速。     

Influenza A (H1N1) virus-associated pneumonia: high-resolution computed tomography-pathologic correlation

Objective

The purpose of this study was to describe the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) features of fatal cases of Influenza A (H1N1) virus-associated pneumonia and to correlate them with pathologic findings.

Methods

The study included six adult patients who died following Influenza A (H1N1) virus-associated pneumonia. All patients had undergone HRCT, and the images were retrospectively analyzed by two chest radiologists, who reached decisions by consensus. Two experienced lung pathologists reviewed all pathological specimens. The HRCT findings were correlated with the histopathologic data.

Results

The predominant HRCT findings included areas of airspace consolidation (n = 6) and ground-glass opacities (n = 3). The main pathological features consisted of diffuse alveolar damage with hyaline membrane formation (n = 5), associated with various degrees of pulmonary congestion, edema, hemorrhage, inflammatory infiltration and bronchiolitis. A patient who survived longer showed findings of organizing pneumonia.

Conclusion

Fatal cases of Influenza A (H1N1) virus-associated pneumonia can present as areas of consolidation on CT, with or without ground-glass opacities. These abnormalities can be pathologically correlated with diffuse alveolar damage. Patients with longer survival may present with findings of organizing pneumonia.     

76例重症甲型H1N1流感的影像学表现及动态观察

目的：探讨重症甲型H1N1流感的胸部影像学表现。方法：回顾性分析76例重症甲型H1N1流感的影像学资料,将所有病例根据临床特点和病程分为三组：第1组（n=50）：门诊病例或是住院时间很短的病例;第2组（n=14）：临床上有急性呼吸衰竭但未用机械通气的病例;第3组（n=12）：急性呼吸衰竭同时需要机械通气的病例。观察所有患者平片、CT表现,并对病变的大小、形态、数目和分布加以分析。结果：重症甲型H1N1流感的主要影像学表现为双侧或单侧的磨玻璃样改变、实变或混合型病变,第1组以磨玻璃样改变为主,病变一般多发,可侵及所有肺叶,但主要发病部位为双肺下叶,多呈周围性分布;第2组以实变为主,可合并磨玻璃样改变或局灶性实变,恢复期可有少数病例呈纤维性修复;第3组以实变为主,可合并间质性改变,单纯磨玻璃样改变少见;少数病例可合并胸腔积液、心包积液和肺不张;第3组部分病例可伴有继发性气胸、纵膈气肿、皮下气肿以及霉菌感染,继发肺动脉高压、右心衰竭、肝脾淤血。结论：在不同的临床病程中患者有不同的影像学表现。轻症病例影像学表现比较轻微,恢复也比较彻底,一些重症病例可呈纤维性修复,而危重病例,尤其是需要机械性通气的病例其并发症尤其是气胸的发生概率较高,且病情变化比较反复,在病变进展期及时复查X线胸片以了解影像的变化,对于正确地评估病情、采取积极恰当的治疗措施将起到重要的指导作用。