双能X线骨密度仪测定成都市城区771例健康人骨密度结果分析

目的观察成都市城区健康人群骨密度变化规律,建立该型骨密度仪成都地区骨密度正常值,为骨质疏松诊断、防治提供参考依据。方法①采用EXPERT-XL双能X线骨密度仪(美国 LUNAR公司生产)测定成都市城区健康体检者771例,其中男性300例,女性471例,测量部位包括腰椎1～4和髋部;②按年龄、性别分别输入数据,以10岁为一年龄组,分别计算各组骨密度值,结果以x-±s表示。结果男性腰椎及股骨近端骨密度峰值出现在30～39岁,女性腰椎及股骨近端骨密度峰值出现在20～29岁,随着年龄增加,骨密度逐渐降低,男性在70岁后腰椎骨密度有反弹,而女性在50～59岁间骨密度下降迅速。结论本组健康人群骨密度数据将为成都地区骨质疏松诊断、防治提供参考依据;分析男性腰椎骨密度时应结合股骨近端骨密度;女性50岁后应注意预防、治疗骨质疏松,男性骨质疏松不容忽视。     

福建省中老年人骨密度的流行病学调查

目的 了解福建省正常中老年人骨密度的水平和特点，为本地区骨质疏松症的防治提供参考。方法 应用双能X线骨密度仪(DEXA)对福建省福州、泉州、龙岩3个地区共计2643例中老年人腰椎及股骨近端进行骨密度测定。结果 中老年人随着年龄的增加，各部位的BMD逐渐下降，女性更为明显，尤其是50岁左右绝经后妇女更加突出，50岁以后女性BND低于男性。结论 OP的防治重点应放在50岁女性；测定的腰椎BMD与临床情况不相符时，应参考股骨近端的BMD进行诊断；福建省中老年人应每天进行适当的体育活动，维持骨密度，抑制骨丢失，预防OP的发生。     

北京密云地区19609例正常人群前臂远端骨密度调查及骨质疏松症发病率研究分析

目的通过密云地区19609例正常人骨密度测量,分析本地峰值骨量、骨密度变化规律及骨质疏松症的发病率。为OP早期预防、诊断、治疗提供依据。方法采用美国Osteometer Medid Tech公司生产的DTX-200型前臂双能X线骨密度仪,检测受试者非受力侧前臂远端桡尺骨三分之一处骨密度(BMD)。将检测结果按性别,十岁为一年龄段分组。结果男女峰值骨量出现在30～39岁,男性0.626±0.078 g/cm2,女性0.507±0.063 g/cm2。男女峰值骨量之间进行独立的样本t检验P<0.05,存在着显著差异,女性明显低于男性峰值骨量,男女在40岁以后随年龄增长BMD逐渐下降,男性70岁,女性60岁以后下降明显,女性早于、快于男性。各年龄段前臂远端1/3处桡骨(RADIUS)BMD要高于尺骨(ULNA)、兴趣区的(ROI)BMD,这种趋势反映了前臂远端以桡骨为主要骨的BMD,与总的前臂远端BMD数据相差不多。各年龄段OP发生率随年龄增加而增加。结论密云地区男女峰值骨量出现在30～39岁,不同年龄,不同性别间骨密度存在显著差异。骨质疏松发生率与年龄的增长呈明显正相关性,患病率从50～59岁开始增加,女性高于男性。     

合肥地区1162例正常人群骨密度的分析研究

目的 了解合肥地区正常人群骨密度的变化规律和骨质疏松的患病率.方法 采用美国Lunar公司的双能x线骨密度仪对合肥地区1162名20～91岁居民进行腰椎2～4、股骨近端和前臂的骨密度测量.结果 男性腰椎骨密度峰值在30～34岁,女性腰椎骨密度峰值在25～29岁;男性股骨近端骨密度峰值在20～24岁,女性股骨近端骨密度峰值在25～29岁;男性前臂骨密度峰值在30～34岁,女性前臂骨密度峰值在35～39岁.峰值后随年龄增长而骨密度下降,女性在50～59岁出现明显加速,男性没有出现加速下降现象.合肥地区50岁以上男性骨质疏松的患病率为25.8%,女性骨质疏松的患病率为54.1%.两者之间差异有非常显著性(P<0.01).结论 合肥地区正常人群骨密度随年龄增长而降低,骨质疏松的患病率也随之增加,骨质疏松的患病率女性高于男性.     

新疆乌鲁木齐地区207例男性骨密度测定结果分析

目的 对进行常规体检无症状男性进行骨密度测量及分析,来了解一定年龄范围内男性骨质疏松发生的情况.方法 健康体检男性207人,年龄40～70岁.民族有汉、维吾尔族,长期生活在乌鲁木齐市,均为长期办公室工作者,采用法国MDS公司生产的Lexxos型双能X线骨密度仪进行腰椎前后位、左侧股骨近端的BMD测定.结果 在207位体检者中40～49岁中有26(38.8%)人出现骨密度异常,其中15人发生骨质疏松症占7.24%.50～59岁中48(41.4%)人出现骨密度异常,25人发生骨质疏松症占12.1%,60～69岁中在20人中13人出现骨质疏松症.骨密度出现降低的部位股骨大转子(GT)＞股骨颈＞腰椎,而腰椎1-4椎体间没有明显差异.在骨密度异常人组中,其中有29人有高血压;24人有甲状腺结节;12人有糖尿病.还有其他的疾病包括:脑梗塞、冠心病、慢性胃炎等.结论 男性骨质疏松的发生要引起高度重视,尤其对有一些可能引起骨质疏松症隐患的人群.     

浙江地区人群11926例跟骨骨密度研究

目的 探讨浙江地区人群骨量的分布规律和骨质疏松的患病情况.方法 采用美国进口Dove3000骨密度测量仪对11926例浙江居民的跟骨骨量进行测定,按年龄分成14组,SPSS10.0统计软件对各组数据进行处理.结果 浙江地区人群骨量约在25～35岁达到峰值,50岁开始随年龄的增加而逐年减少;20岁后男性骨密度明显高于女性(P＜0.01),女性骨量的丢失速率明显快于男性;女性绝经1～3年骨量开始快速丢失,约10年后趋缓;骨质疏松的患病率与年龄的变化呈正相关(r=0.99),女性患病率明显高于男性(P＜0.01).结论 浙江地区人群骨量25～35岁达到峰值,50岁后随年龄的增加而逐年减少;女性骨量低于男性,50岁后骨量丢失的速率明显快于男性;女性骨量丢失与绝经时间密切相关.     

人体双髋骨密度分布规律研究

目的 探索人体双髋骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)的分布规律,为选择髋部感兴趣区提供依据.方法 用GE Lunar Prodigy型双能X线骨密度仪(dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry,DXA)测量受检者双髋BMD,感兴趣区选择股骨颈和全髋部.结果 共检测301例,其中男性135例,左右侧股骨颈BMD差值为(0.004±0.048)g/cm~2,左右侧全髋部BMD差值为(0.006±0.042)g/cm~2,差异均无统计学意义;高低侧股骨颈BMD差值为(0.038±0.029)g/cm~2[95%CI(0.034,0.043)],高低侧全髋部BMD差值为(0.035±0.025)g/cm~2[95%CI(0.030,0.039)].女性166例,左右侧股骨颈BMD差值为(0.006±0.040)g/cm~2,左右侧全髋部BMD差值为(0.003±0.036)g/cm~2,差异均无统计学意义;高低侧股骨颈BMD差值为(0.032±0.025)g/cm~2[95%CI(0.028,0.036)],高低侧全髋部BMD差值为(0.030±0.021)g/cm~2[95%CI(0.027,0.033)].无论男性还是女性,髋部股骨颈BMD与全髋部BMD呈正相关.结论 人体左右侧髋部感兴趣区BMD总体分布基本一致,但个体髋部存在优势侧与非优势侧,建议测量双侧髋部BMD,并报告较低的一侧.     

老年男性2型糖尿病患者骨密度变化的分析

目的:探讨老年男性2型糖尿病患者骨密度的变化情况.方法:应用双能X线骨密度测定法测定52例老年男性2型糖尿病患者腰椎和股骨颈的骨密度,同时检测身高,体重,血钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶,24 h尿钙,计算体质指数,并与46例同龄正常健康老年男性进行比较.结果:老年男性2型糖尿病患者骨质疏松症的患病率为11.5%,正常对照组骨质疏松的患病率为3.8%.两组间体质指数,血钙、磷及碱性磷酸酶无明显差异,但糖尿病组24 h尿钙高于正常对照组,差异具有显著性(P＜0.01).结论:老年男性2型糖尿病患者的骨质疏松患病率较正常男性明显增高,是2型糖尿病的常见并发症.     

Influence of patient's weight on dual-photon absorptiometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of bone mineral density

Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Hologic QDR 1000) and by¹⁵³Gd dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) (Novo Lab 22a) in 120 postmenopausal women. Though a high correlation existed between the two techniques, the ratio between DXA and DPA values was not constant. Using DXA we observed a higher dependence of BMD on weight than in the DPA measurements. To investigate the different behaviour of DXA and DPA machines with weight, we analysed the effects of increasing thickness of soft tissue equivalents on the BMD of the Hologic spine phantom and on the BMD equivalent of an aluminium standard tube. Increasing tissue-equivalent thickness caused the phantom BMD measured by DPA to decrease significantly but had not effect on the DXA measurements. The different behaviour of DPA and DXA equipment with regard to the phantoms could account for the differences observed in the relations between BMD and weight in the patients. Using multiple regression we studied the influence of weight and body mass index on the relation between BMD measured by the two techniques. The introduction of either of these variables into the regression resulted in an improvement of the prediction of the DXA values from the DPA values. However, the residual standard error of the estimate was still higher than the combined precision errors of the two methods, so that no simple relation allows a conversion of BMD_DPA into BMD_DXA. Our results confirm that BMD is positively correlated with weight in postmenopausal women; the influence of weight on BMD is blunted when the Novo Lab 22a DPA machine is used for measuring bone mineral.     

腰椎旋转角度对骨密度测量值影响的定量研究

目的定量分析腰椎旋转角度对双能X线法(Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry,DXA)测量腰椎骨密度值(Bone mineral density,BMD)的影响,并提出校正方法。方法模拟腰椎BMD标准测量方法,将5具成年男性腰椎标本放于特制的可旋转模具上。以5°为增加量,将标本从0°(标准前后位)逐渐旋转至45°,测量不同旋转角度状态下的腰椎BMD。同时,对标本进行X线摄片,根据Nash-Moe法评估椎体的旋转程度,并与DXA获得的图像进行比较。结果随着腰椎旋转角度增加,腰椎的投射面积逐渐增加,骨矿含量无显著性变化,骨密度值逐渐降低。相关性分析表明,腰椎旋转角度与投射面积呈正性相关,与BMD呈负性相关。当旋转度数至15°时,测量BMD值与0°值之间有显著性差异(P=0.001)。当旋转至45°时,BMD降低达21%。根据Nash-Moe法判断腰椎旋转程度,DXA法与X线法的符合率为90%。结论椎体旋转角度对腰椎骨密度值具有显著性影响,可以导致测量值较真实值偏低。对于存在腰椎旋转畸形患者,应当根据旋转角度校正骨密度,以避免过高估计患者骨质疏松严重程度。     

Vertebral bone mineral density measured laterally by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

The bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar vertebrae in the anteroposterior (AP) view may be overestimated in osteoarthritis or with aortic calcification, which are common in elderly. Furthermore, the risk of spinal crush fracture should be more closely related inversely to the BMD of the vertebral body than to that of the posterior arch. Therefore, we measured BMD of lumbar vertebrae in lateral (LAT) view (L2–L3), using a standard dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (DEXA), thus eliminating most of the posterior spinal elements. The precision of BMD LAT measurement was determined both in vitro and in healthy volunteers. Then, we compared the capability of BMD LAT and BMD AP scans for monitoring bone loss related to age and for discriminating the BMD of postmenopausal women with nontraumatic vertebral fractures from that of young subjects. In vitro, when a spine phantom was placed in lateral position in the middle of 26 cm of water in order to simulate both soft-tissue thickness and X-ray source remoteness, the coefficient of variation (CV) of six repeated determinations of BMD was 1.0%. In vivo, the CV of paired BMD LAT measurements obtained in 20 healthy volunteers after repositioning was 2.8%. The age-related difference between a peak bone mass group estimated in a group of 27 healthy women aged 20 to 35 years and a group of 50 women aged 60 to 75 years, in whom neither vertebral fracture nor osteoporosis risk factors could be detected, were 21.7% and 37.6% in AP and LAT view, respectively. An arbitrary BMD fracture threshold was defined in AP and LAT views as the 90th percentile of the BMD value of a group of 22 osteoporotic women with vertebral fractures. The distribution of BMD AP and LAT above and below this threshold in 169 consecutively screened women without vertebral fracture was then analysed. In both AP and LAT views, 39.1% and 31.3% had BMD values above and below this threshold, respectively. Of the remaining, 16.0% had a BMD below this threshold only in AP and 13.6% only in LAT view. Thus, if BMD LAT was a better reflection of vertebral body bone mass than BMD AP, and thereby a better predictor of the resistance to crush fracture, our results would suggest that only the use of the standard AP view could under- or overestimate spinal fracture risk in about 30% of women screened for osteoporosis. In conclusion, our results indicate that BMD measurement in lateral view is feasible with a standard DEXA instrument. This mode of scanning, besides overcoming artefacts due to osteoarthritis of the posterior arch and aortic calcifications, appears to provide a greater sensitivity for assessing bone mass loss of the vertebral body than the standard anteroposterior scan.     

Comparison of areal and estimated volumetric bone mineral density values between older men and women

We compared areal bone mineral density (BMD) of the total body (TBMD), antero-posterior lumbar spine at L3 (APS), lateral spine at L3 (LS) and femoral neck (FN). In order to understand better the effect of gender-related size differences on BMD, we also compared the estimated volumetric BMD at L3 (VLS) and the femoral neck (VFN). Subjects were asymptomatic women (n=22) and men (n=44) with an age range of 58–79 years. BMD at each site was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry using a Hologic 2000 in array mode. Results of the statistical analyses (ANOVA) showed the men to have significantly greater BMD at all areal sites [APS, LS (p<0.05); FN (p<0.01); TBMD (p<0.001)]. The two estimated volumetric comparisons, however, showed no gender differences. Results demonstrate how measures from areal BMD measures can be misleading when comparing groups of different size. In older men and women planar measures may overestimate gender differences in BMD.     

体重体成分与骨密度的关系

为了研究体成分与骨密度（ＢＭＤ）之间的关系，因体重与ＢＭＤ显著相关，体成分各个组成相加等于体重，而体成分与ＢＭＤ的关系仍不清楚。方法随机选取２０６名１６～５２岁健康的男女性汉族人，用双能Ｘ射线吸收法（ＤＸＡ）测量ＢＭＤ与体成分，进行ＢＭＤ与体重，体成分的多元线性回归分析。结果体重，瘦组织（ＬＴＭ）与男女性的ＢＭＤ显著正相关，脂肪组织（ＦＴＭ）仅对女性全身，腰椎ＢＭＤ起显著性作用。结论影响男女性ＢＭＤ的体成分中，ＬＴＭ是主要因素，ＦＴＭ仅对女性ＢＭＤ有影响。本文较全面地研究了体成分与ＢＭＤ的关系。     

脊柱退行性疾病对腰椎前后位骨密度的影响分析

双能X线骨密度仪检测骨密度是诊断骨质疏松症的"金标准",学者推荐50岁以上人群采用腰椎前后位进行测量。然而骨质疏松症发病率较高的老年人群,常常合并罹患多种脊柱退行性疾病,例如腰椎间盘突出、退行性侧凸、骨赘增生等,这些病理改变可导致腰椎前后位骨密度值准确性降低。因此,提高腰椎骨密度测量准确性,对于骨质疏松症的诊断和治疗具有重要意义。本文就常见的脊柱退行性疾病对腰椎前后位骨密度的影响作一综述,以期帮助临床医生全面评估和诊断骨质疏松症。     

股骨近端骨密度的测量

双能X线骨密度仪检测骨密度是诊断骨质疏松症和疗效随访的金标准,特别是髋部骨密度的测量对于骨折的预测尤其测定部位本身骨折的预测作用较大.由于脊柱部位的骨密度测量值易受到脊柱退行性疾病的病理改变如退行性侧凸、骨赘增生、腰椎间盘突出等影响,测量的准确性下降.因而近年来欧美国家临床试验也好或者骨质疏松诊疗也好,大都以股骨近端的BMD测定为标准.本文就股骨近端解剖特点、骨密度测量的意义、方法以及测量的注意点作一个综述,以期帮助临床医生或技术员全面评估股骨近端骨密度测定的意义.     

The prevalence of significant left-right differences in hip bone mineral density

Introduction We determined the prevalence of left-right differences in hip bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and the resultant consequence, namely: the frequency at which patients would be classified differently if lumbar spine and only one hip (rather than both hips) were measured.Methods This was a retrospective DXA scan reanalysis of 3012 white women ≥50 yrs who had scans of both hips using Hologic DXA systems. The difference between left and right hips was considered significant if it exceeded the least significant change (LSC) for any of three hip subregions (total hip, femoral neck, trochanter). The number of women with osteoporosis in both hips, the left hip only, or the right hip only was determined by lowest T-score from total hip, femoral neck, or trochanter.Results Despite high left-right correlations of subregion BMD, significant left-right differences in BMD were common: the difference exceeded the LSC for 47% of women at total hip, 31% at femoral neck, and 56% at trochanter. Left-right differences in BMD that exceeded the LSC affected the percent agreement of left-right hip classification: for all women irrespective of spine status, there was 77% classification (diagnostic) agreement in hip pairs in which the left-right hip BMD difference exceeded the LSC versus 87% agreement in which LSC was not exceeded (significant difference in proportions, P<0.0001). The greatest risk of different classification would occur in women with normal spines as the diagnosis might be determined by hip T-scores. Using L1-4 lumbar spine T-scores, 1229 women were normal at the spine. Twenty-four (2%) were osteoporotic at both hips. However, 12 women (1%) were osteoporotic only in the left hip (significantly different from zero, P<0.001) and 11 (1%) only in the right hip (P<0.001); of these 23 women, the difference in BMD between the osteoporotic hip and the contralateral hip exceeded the LSC in 16 (70% of those with osteoporosis in only one hip). Using L1-4 lumbar spine T-scores, 1159 women were osteopenic at the spine. Of these, 126 (11%) were osteoporotic at both hips, 54 (5%) only in the left hip (P<0.001), and 42 (4%) only in the right hip (P<0.001); of these 96 women, the difference in BMD between the osteoporotic hip and the contralateral hip exceeded the LSC in 56 (58% of those with osteoporosis in only one hip).Conclusions A statistically significant number of women with osteoporosis are potentially classified differently when scanning only one hip as a result of the high prevalence of left-right differences in BMD. Although the percentages are low, the total number of women affected may be large. From a public health perspective, the practice of scanning both hips could potentially identify more women with osteoporosis and may help prevent future hip fractures.