Emmetropisation in normal and strabismic children and the associated changes of anisometropia

The purpose of this study was to measure whether emmetropisation failed in children who had strabismus irrespective of their refraction in infancy, and to record simultaneous changes in anisometropia. We also report how often hypermetropia increased before these children presented with esotropia. A total of 2920 infants had a cycloplegic retinoscopy at age 5-7 months and again at 42 months or when defective vision was identified. Changes of refraction in 210 children with strabismus are compared with the remaining 2710 who did not. When the spherical equivalent of the fixing eyes was > +2.75 D in infancy, hypermetropia decreased less in both eyes of those who had microtropia (p <. 001) and heterotropia (p <. 001) than in normal children. When it was < +2.75 D, the spherical and/or cylindrical refraction more often remained outside the ‘normal’ range in both eyes of those who had microtropia and heterotropia (p <. 05). Emmetropisation was deficient in both eyes of at least 80% of these strabismic children irrespective of their refraction in infancy. Furthermore, in the strabismic children, the mean change of refraction was less (p <. 05) in their fellow eyes than in their fixing eyes, the difference between the two eyes being on average three times greater than that in those who had normal vision. Thus, anisometropia increased in 53% of those who had strabismus but remained within normal limits (< ca. 0.75 D spherical equivalent) in 94 % of those who did not.‘Abormal’ anisometropia in infancy did not, per se, permanently affect vision because 72% of all those who had it did not have strabismus. Finally, the spherical hypermetropia of fixing eyes increased in only 35% of the children with esotropia – similar to the incidence in those who had a microtropia (p =. 36). This does not obviously support the concept that increasing hypermetropia causes accommodation to increase before convergence.     

水平肌移位术治疗水平斜视并伴垂直斜视

目的 探讨水平肌移位量与矫正垂直斜视度的关系.方法 对我院58例(80眼)诊断为水平斜视并垂直斜视者施行水平肌移位术,在做内外直肌手术时,在后徙或缩短的同时将其附着点向上或向下移位0结果 j.5g例(,80眼)中有36例(47眼),行内外直肌止端上下移位量5～7 mm,平均矫正垂直斜视度4.58°±0.78°;22例(33眼)移位小于3mm,平均矫正垂直斜视度1.75°±0.46°;10例(15眼),未行内外直肌移位,平均矫正垂直斜视度1.25°±0.36°.结论 水平肌移位术治疗水平斜视并小度数垂直斜视效果佳,而且水平肌移位量不少于5mm.     

显微镜下斜视矫正术的体会

目的探讨采用普通显微器械显微镜下斜视矫正术的可行性。方法 36例不同类型斜视患者,均采用显微技术在显微镜下行斜视矫正术。结果术后观察2周～6个月,术后反应轻,结膜水肿、充血消退较快,伤口愈合好,无1例并发症发生。结论显微镜下斜视矫正术较传统直视下斜视矫正术具有较明显优势,视野清晰、手术时间短、并发症少、术后反应轻,适合所有斜视手术病人。     

Adjustable suture strabismus surgery

Surgical management of strabismus remains a challenge because surgical success rates, short-term and long-term, are not ideal. Adjustable suture strabismus surgery has been available for decades as a tool to potentially enhance the surgical outcomes. Intellectually, it seems logical that having a second chance to improve the outcome of a strabismus procedure should increase the overall success rate and reduce the reoperation rate. Yet, adjustable suture surgery has not gained universal acceptance, partly because Level 1 evidence of its advantages is lacking, and partly because the learning curve for accurate decision making during suture adjustment may span a decade or more. In this review we describe the indications, techniques, and published results of adjustable suture surgery. We will discuss the option of 'no adjustment' in cases with satisfactory alignment with emphasis on recent advances allowing for delayed adjustment. The use of adjustable sutures in special circumstances will also be reviewed. Consistently improved outcomes in the adjustable arm of nearly all retrospective studies support the advantage of the adjustable option, and strabismus surgeons are advised to become facile in the application of this approach.     

旋转斜视的临床特征及处理

目的 探讨旋转斜视临床特征及不同处理方法。方法 12例主述旋转复视患者根据眼球运动、同视机、双马氏杆和眼底照相等不同检查结果2例行下斜肌减弱术，10例行上斜肌矢状移位术。结果 所有患者未再述旋转复视，视自然物体清晰。结论 上斜肌矢状移位术适用于前下方明显的外旋转斜视，是治疗旋转斜视的主要方法，而上半视野旋转斜视明显时应采取下斜肌减弱术。     

共同性斜视的系统诊疗

在提高共同性斜视手术正位率的基础上,应规范共同性斜视的系统诊疗.儿童共同性斜视需掌握好手术时机的选择、合理的手术设计、术后随访及双眼视觉训练.成年人手术目的不仅为美容外观,部分患者术后可恢复亚正常的双眼视功能.共同性斜视患者术前、术后应进行双眼视觉的检查和训练.     

中国东北某医院2014─2017年间斜视住院患者斜视类型分布变化

目的：根据中国东北地区某医院眼科收集的数据,评估所有年龄阶段斜视住院患者的斜视类型和数量变化趋势。方法：回顾性分析2014年1月至2017年12月在哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院眼科住院的斜视患者3 661例的资料。收集患者基本信息、斜视类型以及各种斜视的数量等信息,并观察分析斜视类型分布及斜视数量的变化趋势。组间数据比较采用方差分析、χ2 检验或Fisher确切概率法。 结果：最终纳入3 555例患者,年龄为1～79岁（15.5±11.6）岁,其中3 536例患者行斜视手术治疗。患者数量呈逐年递增趋势,且在每年1、2月份及7、8月份大致达到峰值（χ2 =956.67,P<0.001）。外斜视患者数量（71.8%）明显多于内斜视患者数量（16.0%）,差异有统计学意义（χ2 =31.41,P<0.001）, 其中间歇性外斜视是最常见的斜视类型。非调节性内斜视（77.6%）是所有内斜视中最常见的斜视类型。其他特殊类型斜视虽然患者数量较少,但依然有小幅度的上升趋势。在所有年龄阶段患者中, 12岁以下的患者最常见,占总数的56.0%,其中外斜视（71.5%）是最主要的斜视类型。结论：中国东北地区某医院2014─2017年外斜视患者比内斜视患者更常见,且外斜视患者的比例逐年增加,其中间歇性外斜视是最主要的斜视类型。此外12岁以下患者是最常见的患病人群。     

共同性斜视手术与LASIK先后问题的探讨

目的研究共同性斜视手术与LASIK先后对手术效果的影响。方法选择矫正视力≥1．0，合并有共同性斜视与近视的患者。两手术间隔6个月。完成两手术后观察病人的眼位、视力、双眼视功能、结膜切口、角膜瓣情况等并进行分析。结果术后眼位正位（≤10^△）率、双眼视力≥1．0比例、建立双眼视功能比例、结膜切口痊愈率、角膜瓣痊愈率差异均无显著性。结论无论先做斜视还是先做近视，术后效果差异无显著性。笔者观察只要术前测量准确斜视角度、近视度数，术中注意保护角膜、结膜，观察好眼位，即可减少并发症的发生。     

Decreased Binocular Summation in Strabismic Amblyopes and Effect of Strabismus Surgery

Purpose: Binocular summation (BiS) occurs when binocular visual function surpasses that of the better eye alone. We sought to evaluate whether strabismic amblyopia reduces BiS more than strabismus alone, and determine whether BiS improves in strabismic amblyopes after strabismus surgery. Methods: We prospectively recruited 15 patients with strabismic amblyopia who then underwent strabismus surgery. Thirty age-matched normal subjects and 30 non-amblyopic strabismic patients served as controls. Subjects underwent binocular and monocular visual acuity testing on high-contrast Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) as well as 2.5% and 1.25% Sloan low contrast acuity (LCA) charts. BiS was calculated as the difference between better eye and binocular scores. Results: Strabismic amblyopes and strabismic controls did not significantly differ in preoperative BiS, but both had subnormal BiS preoperatively on LCA charts. Among 11 strabismic amblyopes with preoperative and postoperative BiS measurements, average postoperative BiS was not significantly different from preoperative. Improved LCA BiS postoperatively occurred in some patients and was associated with measurable preoperative stereoacuity (P=0.02), older age at strabismus onset (P=0.02), and larger preoperative angle of strabismus (P=0.0043).Conclusions: In this preliminary study, strabismic amblyopes experienced subnormal BiS, but amblyopia generally did not further impair BiS beyond that due to strabismus alone. Some strabismic amblyopes experienced improved low-contrast BiS after strabismus surgery. This suggests that further investigation in larger groups of patients should be undertaken to analyze a previously unrecognized functional benefit of strabismus surgery in strabismic amblyopes.     

斜视弱视治疗中应注意的几个问题

近年来国内斜视、弱视的诊断与治疗水平不断提高。但在斜视、弱视治疗中尚存在一些需要进一步澄清和强调的问题,如斜视手术的目的是什么、斜视手术时机如何选择、如何规范弱视的诊断与治疗等。有些问题在一些眼科医师中还存在着比较模糊的认识。本文就相关问题进行阐述,并藉此与眼科同道探讨。     

Comparison of Surgical Success for Infantile Esotropia and Strabismus Associated with Neurological Impairment

Purpose: Surgery for strabismus associated with neurological impairment is assumed to have unsatisfactory results in comparison with other strabismus cases. The aim of this study is to compare the surgical success rates of infantile esotropia (IE) and strabismus associated with neurological impairment.

Methods: The records of 103 patients that received operations for IE and strabismus associated with neurological impairment between January 1994 and May 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. The angles of deviation and surgical success rates were evaluated at preoperative, 1-month postoperative, and 24-month postoperative visits.

Results: Forty-five patients received operations for strabismus associated with neurological impairment (25 patients with esotropia and 20 patients with exotropia) and 58 patients for IE. Mean preoperative angles of deviation in cases with neurological impairment were 42 prism diopters (PD) for esotropia, 44.7 PD for exotropia, and 44.4 PD for IE. One patient from each group had consecutive deviation at first visit, and at last visit, 3 patients with neurological impairment and 5 patients with IE had consecutive deviations. Surgical success rates at the end of the second year were 52% for esotropia and 50% for exotropia in patients with neurological impairment and 56.8% for IE cases.

Conclusion: This study was unable to find the differences between surgical success rates in IE and strabismus associated with neurological impairment.     

显微镜下斜视矫正术

目的:观察采用普通显微器械显微镜下斜视矫正术的可行性。方法:把斜视病例分为两组:显微镜下斜视矫正术组:36例各类斜视患者,均采用显微技术在显微镜下行斜视矫正术。直视下斜视矫正术组:45例,直视下行斜视矫正术。结果:追踪观察2wk~6mo,显微镜下斜视矫正术组:术后反应轻,结膜水肿、充血消褪较快,伤口愈合好,无1例并发症发生。直视下斜视矫正术组:术后发生肌肉滑脱的2例,球结膜伤口充血、结膜下出血、水肿者40例,结膜瘢痕10例,结膜囊肿2例,结膜息肉3例。结论:显微镜下斜视矫正术较传统直视下斜视矫正术具有较明显优势,可以清晰地看清肌肉、血管、及针在巩膜内的走行、深浅,使手术较易掌控,可以使手术量及手术操作准确无误,缩短手术时间、避免出血、穿透巩膜等直视下手术常见的并发症的发生,同时组织分离准确,操作减少,也直接减轻了术后反应,缩短了术后恢复时间,适合所有需斜视手术患者,优势为初学者易掌握巩膜进针深度。     

伊朗亚兹德小儿斜视的流行与手术结果的调查研究

目的: 对伊朗亚兹德不同类型斜视的发病率及术后效果的调查。方法: 在此描述性研究中,对年龄低于 16 岁患斜视人群的医疗记录进行回顾性分析。收集术后效果及并发症的问卷数据,对其进行统计学分析。卡方检验用于定性分析,曼-惠特尼 U 检验用于定量分析。结果: 11a 间有 685 例儿童性斜视确诊。斜视类型如下:307 例 ( 44. 8% ) 外斜视,294 例 ( 42. 9% ) 内斜视,84 例( 12. 2%) 水平斜视合并垂直斜视。术后 280 例( 73. 9%)调整到正常水平( 水平偏差范围< 8Δ) 。结论: 研究中最常见的类型为外斜视。术后效果与已发表文献具有可比性。但仍需较长时间随访以评估手术效果。     

限制性斜视的特征和手术

目的：探讨限制性斜视的临床特征及手术。方法：对24例28眼视网膜手术后和7例9眼甲状腺相关性免疫眼眶病(简称TRIO)所致的限制性斜视病人，应用三棱镜加交替遮盖或三棱镜映光法(Krimsky法)测定斜视角，进行眼球运动及复视像检查，并观察该斜视手术的治疗效果。结果：1．限制性斜视的主要临床特征是斜视的方向均与主要牵制肌肉相一致，而与复视像分离最大方位和眼球运动受限最大方位则相反。2．限制性斜视手术后可以消除或改善复视，尤其是有效解决了第一眼位和阅读位的斜视。结论：1．限制性斜视的临床特征有助于指导对限制的肌肉做出准确判断和定位并进行斜视手术。2．斜视手术可改善复视症状、矫正眼位。     

Predictive Value of Age,Angle, and Refraction on Rate of Reoperation and Rate of Spontaneous Resolution in Infantile Esotropia

In the Early vs. Late Infantile Strabismus Surgery Study (ELISSS), 13.5% of children operated at 20 months vs. 3.9% of those operated at age 4 had gross binocular vision (Titmus Housefly). Reoperation rates were 28.7% in the former vs. 24.6% in the latter group and, although all were eligible for surgery at baseline at 11 SD 3.7 months, 8% in the early group vs. 20% in the late group were never operated, mostly because their angle decreased spontaneously. We assessed the predictive value of age, angle, and refraction in these matters.

Methods: The ELISSS reoperation rates were first compared with those found in nine series of consecutive cases in nine university clinics operated during one particular year, between 6 and 23 years previously. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effect of postoperative angle and clinic on the chance of reoperation. Secondly, a meta-regression analysis was done of these and other reported reoperation rates. The mean age at operation and the mean duration of follow-up were regressed on the logistically transformed reported reoperation rates. Finally, to estimate the chance of spontaneous decrease of the angle without surgery, a random-effects model was fitted on the 6-monthly orthoptic measurements of angle and refraction in the ELISSS that antedated surgery, loss to follow-up, or final examination. In the random-effects model (see online-only supplement link or visit, www.simonsz.net), for ELISSS patients the random effect was defined as the deviation of the average angle, the fixed effect. A vector was defined based on age and spherical equivalent of the patient. The variance around the prediction consisted of uncertainty in the estimations, random effects, and residuals.

Results: In the retrospective study, 204 patients who had been first operated between 6 and 23 years previously were eligible. A reoperation had been performed in 32 (19.3%) of the remaining 166 children who were 4.33 SD 1.35 years old at first surgery. The reoperation rate was 7.3% for those with a postoperative angle of ?4° to +4° (N?=?82), 25% for postoperative divergence > 5°, and 29% for postoperative convergence 10° to 14°. Strabismologists overestimated the reoperation rates at double. In the meta-regression analysis, 12 studies were included. Reoperation rates were between 60% and 80% for children first operated around age 1 and approximately 25% for children operated around age 4 (best fit: ?0.221 Ln [age in months] + 1.1069; R²?=?0.5725). Finally, in the predictions of random-effects model, a small angle at age 1 and hyperopia of approximately +4 increased the chance of spontaneous decrease of the angle into a microstrabismus.

Discussion: The benefit of early surgery for gross binocular vision is balanced by a higher reoperation rate and an occasional child being operated that would have had a spontaneous decrease into a microstrabismus without surgery. The fact that, in the ELISSS, hyperopia was associated with a decrease of the angle underscores the benefit of early refractive correction.     

斜视手术患儿屈光状态分析

目的了解不同类型斜视中屈光状态分布规律,及与各类斜视成因的相关性.方法对2001～2002年在我院行手术治疗的473例斜视患儿均在睫状肌麻痹下行屈光检查,采用Bagolini线状镜选取非注视眼作为研究对象.结果共同性内斜视中远视与远视散光最多(91.30%),与其他类型斜视差异有显著性.近视与近视散光在共同性外斜视中略多于其他两类斜视(44.16%),但特征不显著.弱视眼在共同性内斜视及非共同性斜视中明显多于共同性外斜视,依次为31.68%、43.21%和14.72%.结论因远视引起的调节因素应为共同性内斜视的主要发病因素之一,而屈光因素引起的调节与辐辏失调与共同性外斜视的产生关系不甚密切.斜视患者屈光状态的检查对有效改善眼位并最终建立正常视功能有重要意义.     

A case of monocular nystagmus blockage syndrome and manifest-latent nystagmus

A 24-year-old man, left eye enucleated at the age of ten months, had jerk-right nystagmus with increasing amplitude in abduction and null position in near-extreme adduction. Under occlusion or in darkness, the nystagmus changed to jerk-left, the amplitude increased in adduction and null position was in abduction; as if his left eye had nystagmus blockage syndrome and he was seeing with this absent left eye! The difference between nystagmus blockage syndrome and latent nystagmus is discussed: nystagmus blockage syndrome is manifested by ‘motor’ maneuver of adduction and abduction, whereas latent nystagmus is induced with ‘sensory’ maneuver of occlusion. It suggests that nystagmus blockage syndrome and latent nystagmus may arise from different mechanisms despite their frequent concurrence.     

Orbital Approach for Retrieval of Transected Extraocular Muscles

Transection of an extraocular muscle can occur from orbital and facial trauma, or as a complication of surgery. The injury can occur either near the muscle insertion or in the muscle belly. Identification of the proximal end of the muscle in the orbit may be difficult, especially if the transection occurs a farther distance from the insertion, and, in these cases, the muscle is often considered lost. We present two patients who suffered from traumatic transections of an extraocular muscle more than 10 mm from the insertion. Both patients underwent transconjunctival orbitotomy to retrieve and secure the severed extraocular muscle. Both patients achieved good primary gaze alignment postoperatively. Preoperative imaging should be considered in cases of traumatic extraocular muscle transection.     

知觉性内/外斜视与视力障碍发病年龄关系的研究

目的 研究知觉性内斜视或外斜视的发生与视力障碍发病年龄的关系。方法 回顾性分析169例知觉性斜视的临床资料,包括视力障碍的发病年龄、病因和知觉性斜视的类型等。结果 169例知觉性斜视中34例先天性视力障碍(20％),其中20例(59％)发生知觉性内斜视,14例(41％)发生知觉性外斜视;135例(80％)获得性视力障碍,其中21例(16％)发生知觉性内斜视;114例(84％)发生知觉性外斜视。两组间有显著性差异,x~2=27.67,P<0.01。86例视力障碍(51％)因白内障所致,其中无晶状体者64例(74％)。结论 先天性视力障碍(发病年龄≤6个月)主要发生知觉性内斜视,获得性视力障碍(发病年龄>6个月)主要发生知觉性外斜视。白内障是导致知觉性斜视最常见的原因。