Mycotic pseudoaneurysm of the left circumflex coronary artery: a fatal complication following drug-eluting stent implantation.

Coronary artery stent infection is a rare complication of percutaneous intervention. We report a case of fulminant coronary stent infection with Staphylococcus aureus presenting as a pseudoaneurysm of the left circumflex artery following repeated implantation of drug-eluting stents in the setting of multiple episodes of recurrent in-stent restenosis. We speculate that sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting stents may be more likely to predispose to infection than bare metal stents because of their immunomodulating and antiproliferative effects.     

Fractured DES with a patent coronary artery: clinical implications

Recently, reports of stent fracture with focal restenosis have suggested that it is another mechanism of in-stent restenosis after implantation of sirolimus-eluting stents. However, the mechanism by which strut disruption occurs remains unknown. Current reports of in-stent restenosis suggest that fracture of drug-eluting stents is different from bare-metal stents, and can progress to restenosis and reocclusion. We report on a patient with a fractured stent in a patent coronary artery that progressed to diffuse neointimal hyperplasia presenting with acute myocardial infarction 2 years after stent placement.     

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Versus Drug-Eluting Stent for High-Risk Proximal Left Anterior Descending Stenosis

Determining how to treat a patient with symptomatic isolated proximal left anterior descending coronary artery disease may present a challenge. Previous randomized trials comparing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with bare metal stents with minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery demonstrated significantly higher reintervention rates for stenting, with similar mortality and reinfarction rates. However, current evidence suggests that the use of drug-eluting stents may reduce the need for repeat revascularization. Also, in recent studies there were fewer periprocedural complications in patients undergoing PCI, with similar death and reinfarction rates. Moreover, the quality of life for patients who have received drug-eluting stents is similar to that of patients who have undergone minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery. Therefore, PCI with drug-eluting stents is the current treatment of choice for patients with isolated proximal left anterior descending coronary artery disease, unless they have complex lesions or repeated in-stent restenosis. In this article, the current treatment options are reviewed and outlined.     

Treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery disease with drug-eluting stents: is it time for a randomized trial?

The treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery disease by percutaneous intervention represents a considerable challenge for interventional cardiologists. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines currently recommend surgical revascularization for this disorder and percutaneous interventions have thus far been performed only in exceptional cases, albeit with positive results in some patients. Technical limitations, however, including stent restenosis, limit the application of this technique at present. The availability of drug-eluting stents, which are associated with a reduction in angiographic restenosis, might change this situation. Preliminary results show that the implantation of drug-eluting stents for unprotected left main coronary artery lesions is a feasible and safe approach. Randomized clinical trials comparing the use of drug-eluting stents with coronary artery bypass surgery for unprotected left main coronary artery disease are the next step, but can such trials be contemplated at this stage? In this review we present an overview of the findings to date and discuss the direction that research should now take.     

药物洗脱支架年代无保护左主干病变血运重建策略的选择

冠状动脉旁路移植术一直被认为是治疗无保护左主干病变的金标准.近年来,由于经皮冠状动脉介入治疗技术及器械的迅速发展,特别是药物洗脱支架的广泛应用,使冠状动脉介入治疗术后由再狭窄导致的再次靶病变血运重建率明显降低,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗无保护左主干病变研究以及和冠状动脉旁路移植术疗效对比研究越来越多,并且显示药物洗脱支架对无保护左主干病变有良好的疗效,其安全性与冠状动脉旁路移植术相似,甚至在某些方面具有优势.现就近年来冠状动脉旁路移植术和冠状动脉介入治疗无保护左主干病变的研究进展做一综述,探讨在药物洗脱支架年代无保护左主干病变治疗策略的选择.     

Catheter-based local antiproliferative therapy in kissing balloon technique for in-stent stenosis of coronary artery bifurcation lesions

There is currently no promising interventional solution for in-stent stenosis in previously stented bifurcation lesions, even with drug-eluting stents. Rather than being restricted to stent struts, catheter-based local antiproliferative therapy offers the advantage of homogenous drug transfer to the whole vessel wall, and thereby allows for intracoronary pharmacotherapy without adding additional layers of metal into an already stented lesion. The newly developed GENIE catheter (Acrostak Corp, Switzerland), applied in the kissing balloon technique, allows for delivery of liquid paclitaxel into whole bifurcation lesions without repeat stent implantation. After conventional percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, local delivery of paclitaxel using two GENIE catheters in the kissing balloon technique was performed in three patients (left anterior descending, left circumflex and right coronary arteries) with highly symptomatic in-stent bifurcation stenoses. The intervention was feasible and safe in all coronary arteries. Final angiography and control angiography after six months showed good results. No major adverse cardiac events occurred 30 days and six months after intervention. The patients, who represent a group at high risk of recurrent instent restenosis, remained asymptomatic since the local drug delivery. They did not require insertion of a drug-eluting stent or crossover to coronary artery bypass surgery. In conclusion, this new treatment strategy proved to be safe and effective in this first human experience and offers a promising alternative to surgery or implantation of additional stents in these patients.     

药物洗脱支架在冠心病无保护左主干病变中的应用

目的评价药物洗脱支架治疗经选择冠心病无保护左主干病变的安全性和有效性。方法2003年1月~2005年6月间,共有48例经选择的冠心病患者,年龄39~81岁,经冠状动脉造影证实为无保护左主干病变(左主干狭窄均≥75%)行介入治疗置入药物洗脱支架。结果48例患者介入治疗均获得成功,共置入药物洗脱支架75枚(51 Cypher,18 Taxus,6 Firebird)。其中左主干开口部狭窄5例(10.4%,5/48),体部狭窄6例(12.5%,6/48),远端分叉部位狭窄37例(77.1%,37/48)。37例远端分叉部位狭窄患者中,主支支架加边支经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)10例,双支架术27例,最后成功对吻球囊扩张30例(81.1%,30/37)。所有患者治疗后临床症状明显缓解或消失,住院及6个月随访期间无严重心血管事件发生,43例患者术后6个月行冠状动脉造影随访,2例患者再狭窄(均为分叉病变)行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG),冠状动脉造影随访率89.6%,再狭窄率4.7%。结论药物洗脱支架介入治疗冠心病无保护左主干病变安全有效,近中期效果良好。     

药物洗脱支架治疗冠脉病变的近期疗效

目的　观察药物洗脱支架治疗冠脉病变的近期疗效。方法　采用经皮冠脉方法 ,对 2 9例冠心病病人进行 3 1例次介入治疗。术后随访采用临床观察及冠脉造影评价其近期疗效。结果　 2 9例冠心病中不稳定性心绞痛 1 7例 ,急性心肌梗死 9例 ,冠脉支架内再狭窄 3例 ,共植入药物洗脱支架 3 3只 ,其中CypherTM支架 2 6只 ,TAXUS支架 7只。全部病例随访 3～ 1 4个月 ,除一例术后死亡外 ,无一例发现胸痛及支架内再狭窄的临床表现。 3例随访中作冠脉造影 ,显示DES内无再狭窄征象。结论　药物洗脱支架治疗冠脉病变的近期疗效肯定 ,且无不良事件增加 ,对具有高度再狭窄可能的复杂病变 ,亦可获益。     

应用药物洗脱支架治疗椎动脉Wingspan支架内再狭窄

目的探讨应用药物洗脱支架治疗Wingspan支架内再狭窄的可行性和安全性。方法采用Firebird药物洗脱支架对2例Wingspan支架置入术后椎动脉V4段局限性再狭窄（狭窄率〉70％）的患者进行治疗,其中1例为症状性患者,另1例为对侧椎动脉闭塞并且双侧后交通发育不良。将支架缓慢通过再狭窄处,在911．93～1013．25kPa压力下保持15S,释放支架。结果支架均顺利到位并释放,术后即刻造影显示均无明显残余狭窄。手术后患者均无不良反应,术前眩晕反复发作的患者临床症状消失。2例患者均经6个月以上的临床随访,无临床缺血事件发生。1例于支架再置入后6个月复查DSA,显示无明显再狭窄。结论应用药物洗脱支架对Wingspan支架置入术后再狭窄进行再次支架成形术是安全、可行的,病例选择的标准和疗效尚待更大样本的研究。     

国产药物洗脱支架在冠心病复杂病变中的应用研究

目的 探讨国产药物洗脱支架在冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)复杂病变患者中应用的安全性及临床疗效.方法 将215例确诊为冠心病的患者分为3组:单枚支架植入组(n=75)、两支架植入组(n=72)和多枚(≥3枚)支架植入组(n=68),术后长期随访,观察术后12个月随访终点时支架内再狭窄发生率及主要心血管事件(包括死亡...     

冠脉支架植入术后支架内再狭窄的危险因素研究

目的对冠脉支架植入术后的支架内再狭窄危险因素进行研究。方法在2011年7月-2013年7月期间,我院收治冠脉支架植入术患者120例,对该120例患者术后支架内的再狭窄危险因素进行研究,并采取Logistic多因素分析再狭窄的危险因素。结果通过术后患者危险因素研究可知,与患者的胆固醇、术前狭窄、是否吸烟、有糖尿病及高血压等因素有关,与支架有无药物涂层也有关,表现为负相关,危险度是0.01。结论对糖尿病及高血压患者来说,实施支架植入术之后,出现再狭窄症状的几率增加。同时,冠脉支架患者对危险因素应采取预防措施,如戒烟,避免再狭窄情况出现,提高患者的生存质量。     

全吸收式血管支架的临床研究进展

经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）治疗已经成为冠心病患者冠脉血运重建的主要手段。第二代金属药物洗脱支架（DES）虽然较以往裸金属支架显著减少了支架内再狭窄和靶病变再次血运重建的发生率,但仍不能从根本上解决支架长期存留带来的问题。新型可吸收支架早期提供血管支撑,随后完全消失,从根本上克服了支架永久存留的不足,成为目前心血管介入领域研究的焦点。本文就目前主要的全吸收式血管支架的种类及相关临床研究进行概述。     

Long-term follow-up of patients after gamma intracoronary brachytherapy failure (from GAMMA-I,GAMMA-II,and SCRIPPS-III)

We report the long-term outcome of 225 patients who failed gamma-brachytherapy for in-stent restenosis. Total adverse events, target vessel revascularization, and myocardial infarction were higher after repeat percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting. Therefore, coronary artery bypass grafting may be the preferable first-line therapy in these patients until other therapies (i.e., drug-eluting stents) are available. Shorter time from brachytherapy to radiation failure and late thrombosis after brachytherapy were independent predictors of adverse events.     

Successful trapping of an organized thrombus in a coronary artery aneurysm in myocardial infarction: case report and literature review

A 44-year-old female presented with acute inferior myocardial infarction. Emergency coronary angiography showed an aneurysm of the proximal right coronary artery and an occlusion of the vessel downstream due to a huge organized thrombus. Mechanical fragmentation, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist, and intracoronary thrombolysis were all tested without success. Finally, the aneurysm was covered with a standard bare metal stent in order to trap the thrombus between the stent and the vessel wall and at least partially in the aneurysm. The strategy was successful, and after 1 week, the blood flow in the right coronary artery was normal; however, the aneurysm remained. After 6 months, there was significant in-stent restenosis of the proximal and mid segments of the right coronary artery but no evidence of the aneurysm. The restenosis was treated with two drug-eluting stents, leading to an excellent result after a further 6 months. The patient was free of symptoms and the left ventricular ejection fraction was within the normal range.     

Restenosis due to underexpansion of sirolimus-eluting stent in a bifurcation lesion.

Even in the drug-eluting stent era, percutaneous coronary intervention in bifurcation lesions is complex and technically demanding, and considerable expertise is required. This case report describes in-stent restenosis due to stent underexpansion after kissing stents using sirolimus-eluting stents.     

经桡动脉植入Firebird药物支架86例临床观察

目的 观察经桡动脉途径植入Firebird药物支架在冠状动脉性心脏病(冠心病)介入治疗中的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析86例经桡动脉途径植入国产药物洗脱支架冠心病患者的临床资料,观察术中并发症发生率、术后随访主要心血管不良事件发生率和血管再狭窄率.结果 共植入国产药物洗脱支架113枚.86例患者住院期间无血栓形成和临床随访无主要心血管事件发生,术后6个月冠状动脉造影复查无支架内再狭窄.结论 经桡动脉途径在冠心病介入治疗中安全有效,国产药物支架近期能够有效预防冠状动脉介入治疗后血管再狭窄.     

Recurrent in-stent restenosis with total occlusion remedied with drug-eluting balloon angioplasty

We report a 69 year old female who presented with chest pain to the Emergency Department of the National Heart Institute Malaysia. Her history revealed that she had had 2 separate episodes of chest pain beginning in 2002, resulting in total occlusion of her mid left anterior descending artery (LAD) requiring percutaneous coronary intervention and stenting on both occasions. Cine angiogram on her current admission revealed recurrent target lesion in-stent restenosis with total occlusion of the distal LAD. Intravascular ultrasound revealed multilayered suboptimally deployed stents in the LAD. Successive drug-eluting balloon deployments resulted in sustained patency of the LAD after 1 year.     

Drug-eluting stents and other anti-restenosis devices

Restenosis remains as the main limitation of percutaneous coronary intervention, even in the era of coronary stents. Recently, drug-eluting stents have been shown to reduce significantly both the rate of in-stent restenosis and the need for subsequent revascularization procedures compared with bare-metal stents. At present, these beneficial effects have been demonstrated mainly with Cypher (Cordis Corporation) and Taxus (Boston Scientific) stents. They persist for at least 3 years after implantation. Although the results of some complex clinical angiographic studies are still awaited, all the indications suggest that use of this type of stent will become standard in percutaneous coronary interventions in the future. With regard to other techniques, intracoronary brachytherapy is effective only for the treatment of in-stent restenosis. The recent withdrawal from the market of brachytherapy catheters means that the technique has effectively disappeared from the interventional cardiologist's armamentarium, at least in our setting. Other devices, especially rotational atherectomy catheters and cutting balloons, will survive in the era of drug-eluting stents as they facilitate stent implantation in particularly complex lesions.     

Role of adjunct pharmacologic therapy in the era of drug-eluting stents

The success of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has historically been limited by a relatively high rate of restenosis, a response of the coronary artery to trauma induced during PCI. Bare-metal stents, by providing a supportive intravascular scaffolding, have significantly reduced the incidence of restenosis compared with traditional balloon PCI. However, significant loss of lumen within the bare-metal device (in-stent restenosis) occurs in 10-30% of patients within 6 months of the procedure. The recent introduction of drug-eluting stents, permitting local delivery of high concentrations of immunosuppressive or anti-proliferative agents, promises to prevent the processes underlying restenosis. Although these devices have been successful in providing an incremental reduction in rates of restenosis, they are expensive. To date, clinical trials of pharmacologic treatment have failed to demonstrate a clinically significant impact on restenosis. Recently, results of the Cilostazol for Restenosis (CREST) trial, a randomized, double-blind study, show that cilostazol reduces the risk of restenosis in patients who receive bare-metal stents, including high-risk patients. Effective adjunct pharmacologic therapy to prevent in-stent restenosis, therefore, remains desirable, particularly in patients receiving bare-metal stents, and potentially in patients receiving drug-eluting stents who are at high risk for restenosis (i.e., those with diabetes, long lesions, and small vessels).     

药物洗脱支架内血栓研究进展

药物洗脱支架能明显降低冠状动脉介入术后支架内再狭窄和靶病变再次血运重建,而支架内血栓发生率虽很低但预后差,是药物洗脱支架的潜在危险,预防支架内血栓形成是冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病介入领域的研究热点和难点。