原位回植加压敷裹治疗指端复合组织离断伤

目的 介绍原位缝合加压敷裹法治疗指尖离断伤.方法 本组32例（32指）,手指受伤机制均为锐性损伤,均为指尖平面完全离断,并伴有指骨、指甲及甲床损伤,伤指均无法再植.创面面积：0.3cm×1.3cm～0.5cm×2.0cm.清创后,用5/0无损伤缝线间断原位缝合离断指体,并加压敷裹固定,术后10d拆除加压包,3周创缘拆线.结果 成活29指,成活率90.6%.术后随访36个月,伤指与健侧长度基本相等,指尖外形和颜色良好,指甲生长良好,局部无压痛.痛温觉及精细感觉恢复较好.结论 当指尖离断无法再植时,采用原位缝合加压敷裹修复伤指不失为一种有效的治疗措施.     

原位回植加压包扎治疗37例指尖离断伤

目的探讨指尖离断伤治疗方法和疗效。方法手术治疗指尖平面完全离断伴有指骨、甲床损伤而无法再植的37例患者(39指),创面面积:0.3 cm×1.2 cm~0.5 cm×1.8 cm。常规清创后,将离体指与近端断面解剖复位,用5-0丝线间断缝合,加压包扎固定;术后12 d拆除加压包堆,3周拆线。结果成活34指,成活率87.2%。33例获得随访,时间3~24个月,伤指外形、颜色与健侧基本无异,指甲生长完好,局部无触、压痛,痛温觉及精细感觉基本恢复正常。结论应用原位缝合打包加压包扎修复指尖离断无法再植的手指,可以保留最佳的外观和功能。     

经骨髓腔静脉回流的指尖再植

目的：报道经骨髓腔静脉回流指尖再植的疗效。方法：取20个新鲜手指标本，用美蓝生理盐水分别灌注指动脉（10指）和末节骨髓腔（10指），观察灌注液回流情况并对骨髓腔灌注组作显微解剖研究，2000年4月至2002年4月，对8例9指行经骨髓腔回流的离断指尖再植。术中扩大末节近，远端骨段髓腔，固定骨支架后吻合末端指动脉或指动脉弓分支1－2条，缝接指神经终末支2条。结果：实验结果证实当末节指体皮下无静脉回路时，骨髓腔有灌注液流出；末节骨髓腔通过指骨－静脉回流系统与皮下静脉相交通，9个无可供吻合静脉的离断指尖行经骨髓腔静脉回流的再植后全部成活，术后随访4－12个月，除1指甲壳缺如外，8指指尖外形良好，痛、温觉恢复，指腹二点分辨别觉为4－8mm，结论：在指尖再植术后早期，经骨髓腔的静脉回流途径是建立指尖静脉回流系统的一个有效方法。     

同指逆行指动脉皮瓣修复指尖离断伤

目的探讨指尖离断伤的治疗方法和效果。方法2006年3月－2009年3月,我们应用同指逆行指动脉皮瓣覆盖回植指骨及甲床修复食、中、环、小指指尖离断伤26例。结果术后26指皮瓣全部成活,再造指腹外观接近正常,皮瓣血运好,质软,弹性及色泽好,无臃肿。两点辨别觉6～8mm。结论此方法操作简便,是无再植条件的指尖离断伤理想治疗首选方法。     

手指末节离断原位缝合28例分析

目的针对28例手指末节离断原位缝合再植成活原因进行分析,探讨手指末节离断伤原位缝合进行综合处理的可行性及优点。方法对2010年01月至2012年01月本院急诊科处理手指末节离断伤原位缝合回顾性分析,总结经验。结果 28例手指末节离断伤中,除2例电锯伤及2例机器绞压伤发生坏死外,余均存活或有小部分坏死（后痂下愈合）,成活率达85%。结论手指末节离断伤在进行原位缝合时如能进行限制清创、拔甲及针刺放血、骨髓腔钻通、骨折良好对位、精致缝合及适当加压包扎综合处理,加之术后综合治疗,则患指多能获得存活,因方法简单,基层医院均能开展。     

指尖离断伤原位缝合术后即刻高压氧辅助治疗

目的 探讨指尖离断伤原位缝合术后即刻高压氧辅助治疗的疗效.方法 将2005年8月-2009年6月收治的25例（28指）指尖离断伤患者,根据离断平面不同分为Ⅲ型,采用原位缝合术,术后即刻辅助高压氧治疗.结果 28指中25指成活,成活率89.3%.术后平均随访21.2个月,手指外形与健侧相近,痛、温、触觉均存在.结论 该方法可提高指尖离断采用原位缝合的成活率及成活质量.     

同指尺侧顺行岛状皮瓣覆盖回植指骨及甲床修复拇指指尖离断伤

目的 探讨同指尺侧顺行岛状皮瓣覆盖回植指骨及甲床,修复拇指指尖离断伤的显微修复方法及临床效果.方法 2005年3月-2007年10月,收治6例拇指指尖离断伤患者.男4例,女2例;年龄23～63岁.重物压砸伤3例,切割伤2例,其他伤1例.离断平面:甲根平面2例,甲中平而3例,甲床远1/3平面1例.伤后至手术时间3～10 h.术中采用1.5 cm×1.4 cm～2.0 cm×1.4 cm同指尺侧顺行岛状皮瓣覆盖回植指骨及甲床修复离断伤.供区取离断指端掌侧皮肤修成全厚皮回植.结果 术后6例皮瓣全部成活,5例切口Ⅰ期愈合:1例因术后皮瓣肿胀,经拆除部分缝线换药后Ⅱ期愈合.供区植皮成活,切口Ⅰ期愈合.6例均获随访,随访时间6～8个月.皮瓣血运良好,质软,弹性及色泽良好,无臃肿.两点辨别觉5～6 mm.X线片检查示回植末节指骨均愈合,愈合时间为4～5周.拇指无短缩,各关节活动无影响,甲床生长良好,指甲甲整.结论 应用同指尺侧顺行岛状皮瓣覆盖营养回植的指骨及甲床修复拇指指尖离断,为无再植条件的拇指指尖离断伤提供了一种新的修复方法.     

儿童指尖离断的修复

指尖很容易受到损伤，儿童正处于生长发育期，缺损后对手的功能和外观均产生严重影响，同时对儿童心理造成一定创伤，因此儿童指尖离断，必须尽可能修复。我院于1995～2001年采用吻合血管的指尖再植和原位缝合术，再植23例儿童指尖离断患者，取得良好效果，现报道如下。１资料与方法１．１临床资料本组23例，男16例，女7例；年龄5～13岁。切割伤14例，挤压伤8例，电锯伤1例。拇指2例，示指9例，中指6例，环指5例，小指1例，均为完全离断。离断平面：甲根部15例，半月线部6例，指甲中段以远2例。１．２手术方法1.2.1指尖再植于显微镜下清创，…     

腹部皮瓣联合指骨及甲床回植重建指尖组织缺损

目的探讨腹部皮瓣联合指骨及甲床回植重建指尖组织缺损的方法及临床效果。方法 2016年5月-2018年10月,收治10例指尖离断伤患者,术中保留断指指骨及甲床甲皱襞,原位回植,腹部皮瓣包绕覆盖。结果术后10例皮瓣及甲床全部成活。随访时间6～10个月。皮瓣质地、色泽良好,按英国医学研究会评定标准(1954),感觉恢复至S3～S3+。X线片示末节指骨均愈合,愈合时间为12～24周。指体无短缩,各关节活动无影响,甲床生长良好,指甲平整。结论腹部皮瓣联合指骨及甲床回植重建指尖组织缺损的方法,使不能再植的离断指端手指长度及甲床外形得以保留。本手术方法操作简单、安全,适合在基层医院推广。     

断指再植指骨可吸收髓内钉固定的临床应用

目的分析断指再植应用可吸收髓内钉固定指骨的疗效。方法2001年9月～2003年10月，对28例工业性断指，男21例21指，女7例7指；年龄18～35岁。指别：食指11例，中指8例，环指6例，小指3例，其中近节指骨15例，中节指骨11例，末节指骨2例。于伤后1～6h进行急诊再植，并应用自行研制的可吸收消旋聚乳酸(poly-DLlactic acid，PDLLA)混合壳聚糖髓内钉固定指骨。手术先扩大指骨髓腔，然后安插合适直径和长度的髓内钉进行固定，术后用树脂绷带固定3～4周。结果28例断指再植均成活，术后随访3～10个月，平均4个月。有1例于术后3周出现排异反应，余27例在随访期内骨折均达骨性愈合。按中华医学会手外科学会断指再植功能评定试用标准：优18指，良9指，差1指，总优良率96．4％。结论可吸收PDLLA混合壳聚糖髓内钉是断指再植固定指骨的一种理想方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.