中学生道路交通安全教育干预效果评价研究

目的 以交通安全知、信、行为评价指标,探讨中学生道路交通安全教育干预的效果.方法 以济南市7所中学的初一、初二、高一、高二学生为干预组,以合肥市某中学相同年级学生为对照组.对干预组进行交通安全教育干预,比较干预前后学生交通安全知、信、行的变化,并与同期对照比较.结果 随访时干预组各项交通安全知识的平均得分比基线调查时均有显著提高(范围:0.9～3.8),对照组提高幅度较低(范围:0～0.2);随访时两组学生的交通安全态度都趋向消极,但干预组的变化幅度较小,且有更多的学生将交通事故的原因归咎于中学生自身;随访期间两组学生每周违反交通规则的频率没有显著变化,每周违反交通规则的次数在2次以下者所占比例约为75%～80%.干预组3种违章行为有所改善,但有2种行为变得更差,而对照组有1种行为有所改善,3种行为变得更差.结论 交通安全教育对提高中学生交通安全知识有明显作用,对改善交通安全态度也体现出一定的积极作用.交通安全教育应及早进行,探索新的更有效的干预方法是未来重要的研究方向.     

Effectiveness of educational interventions to improve food safety practices among older adults

The purpose of the study was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of using Web-based and print materials for improving food safety practices to reduce the risk of foodborne illness among older adults. The study used a randomized controlled design, with participants assigned to an intervention group or control group. Although we observed small improvements in both groups, the difference in the changes between the two groups was nonsignificant, suggesting the educational materials did not impact participant behavior. We did, however, observe a trend improvement in one measure: the recommendation to avoid eating cold (not reheated) deli meats. The lack of program impact may be attributable to limitations of the evaluation (e.g., measurement effects) or the intervention (e.g., lack of personal contact). Based on the survey findings, improvements in older adults' food safety practices regarding reheating deli meats to steaming hot and cooking eggs until the yolks and whites are firm are needed. The current study and previous research suggest that current cohorts of older adults may be more receptive to print materials than Web-based materials. To improve retention and adoption of recommended food safety practices among older adults, future educational interventions should focus on a limited number of practices and combine print materials with personal contact.     

多层次地培养中青年医生队伍

笔者分析了北京协和医院中青年医师队伍现状，针对性地提出了全面多层次地培养合格人材的意见。尤其要从医术和医德两个方面培养人材，缺一不可，不能偏废。     

贫困地区目标人群计划免疫知识、态度现况调查

目的了解目标人群乡村医生、儿童母亲及儿童监护人对计划免疫相关知识的掌握情况,为下一步制定信息传播策略、提出合适的信息传播干预措施提供参考依据.方法在黑龙江、河北两省随机抽取两个国家扶贫开发县的目标人群,共105人,进行问卷调查.结果当地群众计划免疫知识匮乏,对麻疹、卡介苗和百白破3种疫苗可预防5种疾病的知晓率均在35%以下.乡村医生对计划免疫相关知识缺乏,只有10.00%的人能完全正确回答出乙型肝炎的传播途径.结论加强对乡村医生的培训,向当地群众普及计划免疫相关知识有助于提高或维持儿童计划免疫疫苗接种率.     

北京市某综合批发市场销售人员艾滋病相关知识态度调查

目的了解综合批发市场商铺销售人员艾滋病相关知识、态度现状。方法随机抽取北京市西城区某综合批发市场商铺销售人员303人进行问卷调查。结果对于“艾滋病目前不可彻底治愈”的认知情况仅为68.6%,明显低于对“艾滋病可以预防”的认知(95.0%);对艾滋病传播途径仍存在不同程度的错误认识,能够正确选择艾滋病3个传播途径且无错误选项的占52.5%;对北京市实施的艾滋病自愿咨询检测服务知晓情况较差,仅有8.9%知道具体内容,73.6%听说过,但不明白具体内容;从未听说过的占17.5%。结论调查对象对于艾滋病相关知识点掌握不均衡,对艾滋病预防控制相关政策了解不足,应在流动人口比较集中的公共场所加强艾滋病知识及政策宣传教育工作,并要结合人群特征认真研究传播方式及资料制作形式。     

Effectiveness of safety training interventions for supervisors: A systematic review and narrative synthesis

A wealth of research demonstrates that work unit supervisors serve a critical function in protecting the safety and health of workers. A systematic review examined the effectiveness of workplace safety training interventions intended for various supervisor populations published from 2000 to 2019. A search of seven electronic databases was supplemented with hand searches from the reference lists of identified publications, relevant scientific journals, and the gray literature. This review included an assessment of the methodological quality using a modified version of the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. A total of 22 peer-reviewed studies met a set of inclusion criteria and were subsequently assessed for methodological quality. Training interventions were grouped into five topical domains: ergonomics, leadership, supervisor-worker interaction, injury, and disability management, and general safety education. Consistent evidence was found for the effectiveness of supervisory training interventions across several outcome measures. To our knowledge, this is the first study to synthesize the literature on supervisory training interventions in the area of occupational safety. While the results are encouraging, they must be viewed with caution due to the fact that the methodological rigor of the reviewed studies was low.     

Evaluation of an occupational health education program among 11th grade students

Background There is a paucity of publications on occupational health as part of the educational curricula in high schools. We investigated the extent to which a new occupational health education program for 11th graders succeeded in achieving changes in their knowledge and attitudes. Methods Six classrooms were randomly assigned to either 96 participating students or to a control group (n = 100) that did not participate. Data on knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs were collected before and 4 months after completion of the course by means of an anonymous self-reported questionnaire. One point was assigned to each answer that was either correct or in the desired direction. Scoring was measured by adding up the points and then converting the total into a scale of 100. Results The experimental group had a statistically higher mean score (from 24.56 to 80.74) after completing the course. The control group had low scores at both time 1 (20.15) and time 2 (17.00). At least 50% more students of the experimental group gave correct answers after the course, while there was no such change in the control group. Conclusions Our findings indicate that occupational health learning can occur in the secondary school setting and confirm the program's effectiveness in achieving desired changes in the immediate outcome of knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs in different areas of occupational health. The subject of occupational health is a topic with relevance to larger educational objectives and policies. In many countries all over the world as well as in Israel, this curriculum can potentially be integrated into the body of the current instruction of “Life Abilities,” which are courses that cover topics that prepare the youngsters for adult lifestyles. Am. J. Ind. Med. 34:607–613, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

注册安全工程师职业卫生知识培训效果分析

目的 了解注册安全工程师职业卫生知识现状及培训效果,为进一步完善培训提供依据。 方法 采用自填式问卷调查方法,对注册安全工程师职业卫生知识培训效果进行调查。 结果 注册安全工程师对用人单位职责相关知识的知晓率(54.0%~98.8%)、职业病诊断的相关知识知晓率(73.3%~98.2%)较高,对职业健康检查相关知识知晓率(27.8%~98.2%)、基础知识和职业病危害预防与控制的相关知识知晓率(3.8%~96.6%)较低,经培训后大部分知识的知晓率有所升高,与培训前相比差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。 结论 注册安全工程师对职业卫生知识的掌握较为缺乏,虽经培训后提高较为明显,但在职业健康监护、职业病危害的特点与预防控制方面仍较薄弱,可作为今后继续教育的重点。     

山西省居民食品安全教育现状及对策研究

目的 了解山西省居民食品安全教育的现状,为加强山西省食品安全教育建设提供对策建议。方法 以山西省全省119个县、区或县级市随机抽取的60个县区居民为调查对象,采用统一自填问卷的方法进行研究。并运用描述性分析、卡方检验和Ridit分析法对数据进行分析。结果 居民食品安全教育总的关注度与满意度分别是53.7%和18.9%。农村居民对食品安全教育的关注度较低;文化程度与关注度成正比,学历越高关注度越高,反之亦然。男性和在政府或事业单位工作者对食品安全宣传教育现状的满意度相对更低。居民最想了解的知识是食物中毒急救常识（67.9%）。结论 为完善食品安全教育建设,建议以农村地区、文化程度低者作为重点宣传教育人群;加大食品安全教育落实执行力度;以居民需求作为开展食品安全宣传教育的主要内容等。     

Farmworker reports of pesticide safety and sanitation in the work environment

BACKGROUND: Migrant and seasonal farmworkers are at risk for occupational illnesses from pesticide exposure, and the effectiveness of pesticide safety regulations has not been evaluated. It is important to learn from farmworker safety experiences to develop effective measures to improve agricultural workplace safety. METHODS: Formative research included in-depth interviews with farmworkers, farmers, extension agents, and health care providers. Survey research included interviews with 270 minority farmworkers during 1998, and 293 during 1999. RESULTS: Farmworkers and farmers hold different beliefs concerning pesticide safety which affect sanitation practices. Farmworkers report in survey data that farmers do not adhere to regulations mandating training and basic sanitation facilities. CONCLUSIONS: Several points of intervention are available to improve pesticide safety and sanitation. Additional regulation by itself is not an advantageous starting point. The emphasis for intervention must include educating farmers as well as farmworkers.     

Effectiveness to promote weight loss maintenance and healthy lifestyle habits of a group educational intervention program in adults with obesity: IGOBE program

BackgroundTo achieve sustainable weight loss and healthy lifestyle changes is a huge challenge in the fight against obesity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness to promote weight loss maintenance and healthy lifestyle habits of a group educational intervention program, Group Intervention in OBEsity (IGOBE), compared with a usual care therapy to lose weight.MethodsPatients with obesity (n = 437; 18.5% men, 18–77 years and 40.4 ± 6.7 kg/m²) were randomised into two groups to follow a prospective interventional real-life study: a control group (CG), treated with usual clinical practice, and an intervention group (IG), in which the patients participate in a group intervention program on healthy lifestyle habits with weekly sessions for six weeks, after which a re-evaluation was made at six months and at 12 months of follow-up. After finishing the study dropout rates were 44.6% in CG and 43.4% in IG. Anthropometric, dietetic habits and body composition data were analysed in both groups at the pre-intervention and post-interventions of the subjects by completer’s analysis.ResultsAt 12 months of following IGOBE program, the IG achieved greater weight loss (–7.1% of the initial weight) than the CG, which exhibited a weight gain (3.0% of the initial weight). The body weight change induced in the IG was accompanied by a reduction in fat mass, particularly visceral fat and waist circumference. Relevantly, the IG adhered to a healthy dietary pattern and changed its eating habits, which correlated with the improvement in body weight.ConclusionsIntensive educational group treatment that induces a change of eating habits and adherence to healthy dietary pattern is more effective in a long-term to counteract obesity traits than a standard treatment performed individually. The IGOBE program could be a cost-effective practice in the clinical management of obesity.     

Ecological strategies to promote healthy body image among children

Background: Personal habits of children and adolescents related to healthy body image (BI) are influenced by various determinants in the micro‐ and macroenvironment. These include attitudes and behaviors about eating; exercise and physical appearance modeled by parents, teachers, and peers; as well as opportunities to learn new habits and social praise for healthy choices. The coordinated school health program (CSHP) is compatible with the 5 levels of an ecological approach to developing new health behaviors. Methods: Authors systematically applied the ecological model to all 8 components of coordinated school health. Next, strategies for each of the components were developed using the professional literature as well as author expertise in the areas of health education, exercise science, and dietetics. Results: For each strategy, applicable health and physical education standards, as well as goals for each strategy and additional Web resources, were provided to assist educators and administrators in supporting healthy BI among students. Conclusions: Educators may effectively use a coordinated approach to guide multiple intervention activities aimed at increasing healthy habits among adolescents and their families. The strength of the CSHP is its collaborative nature with active participation by students, faculty members, family caregivers, agency professionals, community residents, and health care providers.     

济南市部分居民食品安全知识、态度、行为调查

目的探讨济南市居民食品安全相关知识、态度、行为（KAP）的现状,为食品安全相关内容的健康教育提供基础资料。方法采用偶遇的方法调查济南市居民1527人,对被调查居民食品安全相关的KAP现状进行调查分析。结果参与调查的济南市居民食品安全相关知识的知晓率为60.2%,居民的文化程度越高,相关知识的知晓率越高,大学和大学以上文化程度的居民与其他文化程度的居民相比差异有统计学意义（χ2=86.8,P〈0.05）,25~35岁组居民食品安全相关知识知晓率最高（65.8%）,与其他年龄组的居民相比差异有统计学意义（χ2=100.4,P〈0.05）,女性的知晓率（62.4%）显著高于男性（57.8%）（χ2=33.3,P〈0.05）,随着居民家庭人均月收入的增加,食品安全相关知识的知晓率有增加的趋势;92.9%的居民希望获得食品安全相关的知识;居民最常选择超市购买食品,最担忧农药或者兽药超标的食品安全问题,但遭遇食品安全问题时处理不够积极。结论济南市居民食品安全相关知识普及率不高,但态度比较积极,食品安全相关行为中也存在一些问题。     

石河子大学医学生食品安全知识、态度及行为调查

目的对石河子大学医学院大学生食品安全知识、态度及行为情况进行调查,并分析其影响因素,为大学生食品安全健康教育提供依据。方法随机抽取医学院6个专业925名大学生进行食品安全知识、态度及行为问卷调查。结果医学生食品安全知识平均得分（5.77±1.87）分,不同年级学生得分不全相同,高年级组得分高于低年级组,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=14.588,P=0.006）;女生得分（5.88±1.74）高于男生（5.57±2.07）,差异有统计学意义（Z=-2.576,P=0.007）;汉族得分（5.95±1.82）高于少数民族（5.04±1.90）,差异有统计学意义（Z=-5.603,P=0.000）;学过食品相关课程的学生得分（5.99±1.88）高于未学过的学生（5.64±1.85）,差异有统计学意义（Z=-2.764,P=0.006）;电视、网络是医学生获取食品安全信息和知识的主要途径。结论高校应加强对大学生的食品安全教育,使他们获得更多的食品安全知识,改变不良的行为习惯。     

An educational intervention to enhance nurse leaders' perceptions of patient safety culture

OBJECTIVE: To design a training intervention and then test its effect on nurse leaders' perceptions of patient safety culture. STUDY SETTING: Three hundred and fifty-six nurses in clinical leadership roles (nurse managers and educators/CNSs) in two Canadian multi-site teaching hospitals (study and control). STUDY DESIGN: A prospective evaluation of a patient safety training intervention using a quasi-experimental untreated control group design with pretest and posttest. Nurses in clinical leadership roles in the study group were invited to participate in two patient safety workshops over a 6-month period. Individuals in the study and control groups completed surveys measuring patient safety culture and leadership for improvement prior to training and 4 months following the second workshop. EXTRACTION METHODS: Individual nurse clinical leaders were the unit of analysis. Exploratory factor analysis of the safety culture items was conducted; repeated-measures analysis of variance and paired t-tests were used to evaluate the effect of the training intervention on perceived safety culture (three factors). Hierarchical regression analyses looked at the influence of demographics, leadership for improvement, and the training intervention on nurse leaders' perceptions of safety culture. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A statistically significant improvement in one of three safety culture measures was shown for the study group (p<.001) and a significant decline was seen on one of the safety culture measures for the control group (p<.05). Leadership support for improvement was found to explain significant amounts of variance in all three patient safety culture measures; workshop attendance explained significant amounts of variance in one of the three safety culture measures. The total R(2) for the three full hierarchical regression models ranged from 0.338 and 0.554. CONCLUSIONS: Sensitively delivered training initiatives for nurse leaders can help to foster a safety culture. Organizational leadership support for improvement is, however, also critical for fostering a culture of safety. Together, training interventions and leadership support may have the most significant impact on patient safety culture.     

2005年忻州市部分中学生艾滋病知识态度调查

[目的]了解忻州市中学生艾滋病知识、态度状况。[方法]2005年9月随机抽取市级中学450名学生进行问卷调查。[结果]忻州市中学生的艾滋病知识水平较低（及格率为66．2％），对艾滋病的3条主要传播途径的知晓率较高（达94．4％、96．0％、86．7％），对非传播途径的知晓率较低，回答正确率最低仅为30．0％；对艾滋病人态度上有较多的爱心，对性道德的态度令人担忧，对艾滋病的流行危机感不强，性知识的70．0％来源于大众媒体和同学朋友。[结论]应加强艾滋病知识、非传播途径、危机感及性道德的教育。     

Knowledge and practices of pesticide use among farm workers in the West Bank,Palestine: safety implications

Objectives  

The objectives of this study were to assess the knowledge and practices associated with pesticide use in an agricultural community in Palestine, and to determine the prevalence of self-reported health symptoms related to pesticide exposure.