The epidemiology of Pseudomonas cepacia in patients with cystic fibrosis

Pseudomonas cepacia has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen colonizing and infecting the respiratory tract of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Although assessment of outcomes associated with P. cepacia colonization has been difficult, controlled studies have shown that colonized patients experience more adverse outcomes compared with those not colonized. In the United States, an increasing trend in national incidence and prevalence of P. cepacia colonization has been shown, but cases have been unevenly distributed in a few centers. These estimates, however, may be biased by intercenter differences in laboratory methods for detecting P. cepacia in patient sputum. The source and mode of transmission of P. cepacia have not been adequately demonstrated, and may vary from center to center. Until further studies elucidate the epidemiology of P. cepacia in patients with CF, it may be prudent for CF centers to consider the use of selective media to isolate P. cepacia from sputa of patients with CF, to conduct investigations of clusters of P. cepacia-colonized patients, and to consider adopting infection control precautions recommended for control of multiply resistant gram negative organisms.     

Nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical intensive care units in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical (MS) intensive care units (ICUs) participating in the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) System. DESIGN: Analysis of surveillance data on 498,998 patients with 1,554,070 patient-days, collected between 1992 and 1998 from 205 MS ICUs following the NNIS Intensive Care Unit protocol, representing 152 participating NNIS hospitals in the United States. RESULTS: Infections at three major sites represented 68% of all reported infections (nosocomial pneumonia, 31%; urinary tract infections (UTIs), 23%; and primary bloodstream infections (BSIs), 14%: 83% of episodes of nosocomial pneumonia were associated with mechanical ventilation, 97% of UTIs occurred in catheterized patients, and 87% of primary BSIs in patients with a central line. In patients with primary BSIs, coagulase-negative staphylococci (39%) were the most common pathogens reported; Staphylococcus aureus (12%) was as frequently reported as enterococci (11%). Coagulase-negative staphylococcal BSIs were increasingly reported over the 6 years, but no increase was seen in candidemia or enterococcal bacteremia. In patients with pneumonia, S. aureus (17%) was the most frequently reported isolate. Of reported isolates, 59% were gram-negative bacilli. In patients with UTIs, Escherichia coli (19%) was the most frequently reported isolate. Of reported isolates, 31% were fungi. In patients with surgical-site infections, Enterococcus (17%) was the single most frequently reported pathogen. Device-associated nosocomial infection rates for BSIs, pneumonia, and UTIs did not correlate with length of ICU stay, hospital bed size, number of beds in the ICU, or season. Combined MS ICUs in major teaching hospitals had higher device-associated infection rates compared to all other hospitals with combined medical-surgical units. CONCLUSIONS: Nosocomial infections in MS ICUs at the most frequent infection sites (bloodstream, urinary, and respiratory tract) almost always were associated with use of an invasive device. Device-associated infection rates were the best available comparative rates between combined MS ICUs, but the distribution of device-associated rates should be stratified by a hospital's major teaching affiliation status.     

A study on the incidence of nosocomial infections in a large University hospital

The results of a study on the incidence of nosocomial infections in a 1800 bed University hospital are reported. The study, carried out over a 9 months period, included: 1) continuous microbiological surveillance, and 2) a clinical and epidemiological survey. On the basis of the microbiological data collected and analyzed by a computer data system, developed and employed for the control of nosocomial infections, a weekly bed-to-bed survey was carried out by the staff of the Institute of Infectious Diseases. Among 2777 suspected nosocomial infections, as revealed by microbiological monitoring, 701 were confirmed after the bed-to-bed survey. The nosocomial infection rate was 6.75 per 100 discharges. It was higher in the surgical than in the medical wards (7.3 and 6 per 100 discharges, respectively).Nosocomial urinary tract infections were the most frequent (74.2%). The urinary infection rate was higher in the surgical than in the medical wards (5.3 and 4.6 per 100 discharges, respectively). Escherichia coli (19.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.3%), Proteus spp. (18.4%) were the pathogens most frequently associated with nosocomial infections. They were followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.8%) and Staphylococcus aureus (6.5%) in frequency.Among the risk factors, involved in nosocomial infections, the importance of catheterization was confirmed: among our patients with nosocomial urinary tract infections; 73.4% and 79.5% — in the medical and surgical wards, respectively -underwent urological instrumentation, mainly catheterization.An analogous and more detailled study is now in progress and will be extended in the next years.Corresponding author.     

呼吸重症监护病房医院感染危险因素分析

目的探讨呼吸重症监护病房(RICU)医院感染的特点、危险因素及对预后的影响。方法回顾性调查2010年1-12月入住RICU>48h患者的病例资料,对结果进行分析。结果 RICU医院感染率为30.63%(14.51/千住院日),例次感染率为45.05%(21.33/千住院日);最常见的感染部位是下呼吸道,占86.00%;最常见的病原菌是鲍氏不动杆菌,占37.50%;患者伴有肿瘤、联合使用抗菌药物>2种、有创机械通气>7d是医院感染的独立危险因素;医院感染是患者死亡的独立危险因素。结论 RICU医院感染是多因素共同作用的结果;医院感染增加RICU患者死亡风险。     

4种类型医院感染直接经济损失的配比病例对照研究

目的：了解肺部感染、泌尿道感染、深部术后伤口感染和颅内感染4种重要类型医院感染所造成的直接经济损失。方法：采用1：1配比病例对照研究方法,调查95对患者的医疗费用,计算医院感染的直接经济损失。结果：病例组的平均医疗费用38741元,对照组为18376元,平均每例感染病人多支出医疗费20365元（P＜0.0001）。医疗费用的增加以西药费为主,占总增加费用的62.07％;其次是治疗费、输血费和化验费,分别占总增加费用的10.32％、7.40％和5.72％。医院感染的经济损失因科室不同而异,肿瘤血液科最高,平均每例增加34944元。肺部感染、泌尿道感染、深部术后伤口感染和颅内感染患者的医疗费用平均每例分别增加31940元、7436元、17332元和17349元。95例感染患者的平均住院天数为50.57d,比对照组的25.22d高出25.54d（P＜0.0001）。结论：医院感染严重增加了医疗费用支出,降低了病床周转率;认真做好医院感染监控工作可获得巨大经济效益和社会效益。     

肿瘤患者医院感染流行病学分析

目的了解肿瘤患者医院感染的临床流行病学特征.方法于2003～2005年对18 368例肿瘤住院患者进行临床流行病学调查分析.结果住院患者平均感染率为5.0%,不同年度感染率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;平均漏报率为6.9%,不同年度漏报率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;化疗科医院感染率最高为7.5%,占全院医院感染的63.20%;外科医院感染率为2.5%,占19.82%;放疗科医院感染率为4.4%,占16.98%.感染部位主要为呼吸道（45.2%）,口腔（18.3%）,胃肠道（13.1%）,手术部位（11.4%）;病原体送检率为57.5%,抗菌药物使用率为51.3%.结论呼吸道感染、口腔真菌感染、胃肠道感染和手术部位感染是今后监控重点.     

永久起搏器植入患者医院感染相关因素分析

目的 分析永久起搏器植入患者医院感染相关因素,为有效防治提供依据.方法 对2007年1月-2010年12月住院的118例永久起搏器植入患者的医院感染情况进行回顾性分析.结果 118例患者发生医院感染12例、15例次,感染率12.7％,呼吸道感染最常见,尿路感染其次;医院感染相关因素包括年龄≥75岁、术前住院≥2周、心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级、肾功能不全,肌酐≥221μmol/L;感染者死亡率高.结论 永久起搏器植入患者医院感染率相对较高,常有多种相关因素,应采取相应措施以进一步降低感染率.     

产科合并医院感染临床特点观察

目的 探讨产科合并医院感染的特点.方法 回顾性分析2460例孕产妇的临床资料;观察医院感染发生部位、病原菌构成及相关因素.结果 2460例孕产妇发生医院感染120例占4.9％;感染部位泌尿道46例占38.3％、切口感染40例占33.3％、生殖道感染15例占12.5％、胃肠道8例占6.7％、口腔感染6例占5.0％;120例医院感染患者共培养出病原菌164株,革兰阴性杆菌82株占50.0％、革兰阳性球菌68株占41.5％、真菌12株占7.3％;医院感染因素为妊娠并发症及合并症、侵入性操作、预防性应用抗菌药物、住院时间长.结论 产科患者医院感染发生率高、感染部位多、病原菌复杂、影响因素多,应提高产科医院感染的认识,针对影响因素进行干预.     

肿瘤患者合并医院感染调查分析

目的 调查肿瘤科患者合并医院感染的特征,探讨其相应对策.方法 回顾性调查1280例肿瘤患者的临床资料.结果 1280例肿瘤患者合并医院感染260例,感染率为20.3％;以呼吸系统为主共105例;送标本培养240份,检出病原菌110株,阳性率为45.8％;其中革兰阴性菌50株占45.4％,革兰阳性菌40株占36.4％,真菌20株占18.2％年龄大、化疗次数多、预防应用抗菌药物、侵入性操作、住院时间长是医院感染的危险因素;感染组死亡率为15.4％.结论 肿瘤科患者医院感染可加重病情,应提高高龄患者机体免疫力;掌握抗菌药物适应证;严格遵守无菌操作;缩短住院日创造条件以减少医院感染的发生.     

老年住院患者院内感染及影响因素分析

目的 探讨老年患者院内感染的发生率和影响因素。方法 以出院患者病历为依据,采用回顾性调查,比较2004年1月1日~2005年12月31日60岁~出院患者院内感染率及相关因素。结果 4 865例60岁~老年患者院内感染率为8.79%。不同年龄组院内感染率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),随年龄增长,院内感染率增高;不同住院天数的院内感染率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),随住院天数延长,院内感染率增高;院内感染发生部位以呼吸道(40.65%)和泌尿道(20.09%)为主。原发病为恶性肿瘤、糖尿病、慢性阻塞性肺病的院内感染率较高,分别为14.29%,13.31%和12.80%。院内感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占62.75%。结论 老年人住院期间易发生院内感染,感染发生与患者基础疾病、年龄、住院时间及侵入性操作等有关。应针对老年患者特点,制定综合预防措施,有效控制和降低老年患者院内感染率。     

某大型综合性医院2006-2010年住院患者医院感染监测分析

目的 调查分析某大型综合性医院住院患者的医院感染特点、流行特征及有关影响因素,为制定有效的医院感染管理措施提供依据.方法 采用回顾性方法对某大型综合性医院2006-2010年住院患者信息系统相关资料及医院感染监测资料进行汇总分析.结果 2006-2010年住院患者共266 514例,医院感染的发生率逐年下降(x2=153.25,P=0.000);医院感染漏报率逐年呈下降趋势(x2=194.82,P=0.000);下呼吸道感染在易感部位的构成中占第1位为35.52％;医院感染与患者年龄的关系呈现不规则“U”型特证;医院感染发生率最高的是8月份,为3.26％,最低的是5月份为2.53％;住院院时间与感染率呈正相关,住院时间60 d的患者感染率明显增高;手术与否和医院感染有相关性(x2=530.54,P=0.000);不同科室之间医院感染发生率有所不同,以血液内科最高为17.25％;检出的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占69.6％.结论 医院感染的发生与患者年龄、基础疾病、侵入性操作、住院时间、抗菌药物不合理使用等因素有关,建立快速准确的医院感染监测系统,是做好医院感染控制,提高医院感染管理效率的有效方法.     

医院感染现患率调查分析

目的 了解湖北省医院感染现患率及医院感染的实际状况.方法 采用横断面调查方法,床旁调查与查看病历相结合,对调查日处于医院感染状态的病例进行统计分析.结果 调查住院患者44 273例,实查43 646例,实查率98.58％,发生医院感染1494例,现患率3.42％,1756例次,例次感染率为4.02％;感染率最高科室为综合ICU;医院感染部位以下呼吸道感染为首位,占49.53％;抗菌药物使用率为54.50％.结论 通过医院感染现患率调查,全面了解湖北省医院感染现状,同时为制定全省医院感染预防控制措施及目标性监测提供科学依据.     

2型糖尿病患者医院感染及抗菌药物使用分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病住院患者医院感染的临床特点,分析抗菌药物使用情况,为更有效预防和控制医院感染提供科学依据.方法 回顾性分析医院内分泌科2010年2型糖尿病住院患者840例相关临床资料.结果 840例患者中64例发生医院感染,感染率为7.6％;感染部位以呼吸系统为主28例,占43.8％,其次为泌尿道21例,占32.8％;医院感染患者的病原学送检率为75.0％,病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主;年龄、住院天数、病程,糖化血红蛋白等是医院感染的高危因素;医院感染的抗菌药物使用存在不合理现象.结论 糖尿病患者医院感染率较高,需预防与控制高危因素降低感染率,并针对医院感染合理使用抗菌药物.     

The epidemiology of nosocomial epidemic Pseudomonas cepacia infections

Pseudomonas cepacia has occasionally been identified as an epidemic and endemic nosocomial pathogen. In outbreaks, usually one clinical site predominates but many may be involved. Detailed investigations have usually implicated a contaminated liquid reservoir or moist environmental surface as the source. Liquid sources have included a number of different classes of antiseptics and disinfectants such as quaternary ammonium chlorides, biguanides, hexachlorophene, and iodophors. Environmental and patient isolates have had multiply resistant antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. The clinical distinction between colonization and infection may be difficult and may challenge the skills of the clinician. Expenditure of resources needed to solve epidemics is justified in view of the potential virulence of this organism and the high likelihood that an unrecognized but easily eliminated liquid environmental reservoir may be the source.     

心胸外科住院患者术后医院感染的特征分析及预防措施

目的 探讨心胸外科住院患者术后医院感染的特征及预防措施.方法 采用回顾性调查分析统计心胸外科2005年1月-2010年12月住院患者术后医院感染率、感染部位、病原菌分布、感染危险因素.结果 1520例患者术后发生医院感染81例,感染率5.33％;其中呼吸道感染48例,占59.25％,手术切口感染19例,占23.46％.,泌尿道感染5例,占6.18％;医院感染相关危险因素是患者年龄、合并基础疾病、侵入性操作和住院时间.结论 加强医院感染管理,针对术后感染的危险因素积极采取有效措施,合理使用抗菌药物可减少医院感染的发生.     

烧伤患者医院感染相关因素分析

目的 了解烧伤患者发生医院感染的相关因素,以采取有效的预防和控制措施.方法 对2007年1月-2009年12月3220例烧伤患者进行回顾性调查分析.结果 医院感染的发生率＜3岁者为12.7％、＞60岁患者为32.4％,明显高于3～59岁组(8.2％),3组年龄段患者医院感染率差异有统计学意义(x2=69.328,P＜0.01)；住院3个时间段5～20、21～40 d和＞40 d发生的医院感染率分别为1.4％、4.4％和46.5％,差异有统计学意义(x2=981.248,P＜0.01)；轻度(1.5％)、中度(7.1％)和重度(78.4％)的感染率,差异有统计学意义(x2 =1606.598,P＜0.01);气管切开组(68.1％)医院感染率明显高于未切开组(3.4％),差异有统计学意义(x2=59.077,P＜0.01)；感染部位构成居前3位的分别为烧伤创面、呼吸道和胃肠道.结论 医院感染的发生与患者年龄、住院时间、烧伤严重程度、气管切开等因素相关,应采取积极的、有针对性的预防措施.     

Nosocomial respiratory infections

Nosocomial respiratory infections, including influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus disease, respiratory syncytial virus, psittacosis, tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, and fungal disease, have been widely reported in the medical literature. To estimate the relative risk of acquiring them and to determine their characteristics, data from 117 U. S. hospitals participating in the National Nosocomial Infections Study of the Center for Disease Control were analyzed for the calendar years 1970–1973. These data showed the following: (1) The over-all nosocomial infection rate for discharged patients was approximately 5%, and the over-all nosocomial respiratory infection rate was approximately 0.6%, or 17% of total nosocomial infections. (2) The majority of respiratory infections were in patients on surgical services. (3) A total of 27,409 organisms were isolated from patients with these respiratory infections, with gram-negative organisms accounting for two to three times more disease than gram-positive organisms. (4) The seasonal variation in disease was minor, with greatest incidence occurring in late winter and lowest in midsummer. Recommendations for controlling these infections effectively begin with the establishment of an ongoing surveillance program to define the problem. Then, direct control measures should be applied to assist the host in developing or maintaining resistance to infection, to control reservoirs of infection, and to interrupt the routes of transmission.     

1335例住院患者医院感染现患率调查分析

目的 了解某综合医院住院患者医院感染现状,为有效控制医院感染提供科学依据.方法 采用横断面调查方法,床旁调查和病历调查相结合,对调查日发生医院感染的病例进行统计分析.结果 共调查住院患者1335例,发生医院感染96例、101例次,现患率为7.19％、例次感染率为7.57％,其中以综合ICU最高,占33.33％;医院感染部位以下呼吸道为主,占38.61％;分离出病原菌24株,以革兰阴性菌为主;调查日抗菌药物使用率为52.43％.结论 通过现患率调查,明确了解医院感染的重点科室、重点部位和重点环节,应加强重点科室、重点部位、重点环节管理,降低呼吸道感染,合理使用抗菌药物,避免交叉感染,从而不断降低医院感染率.     

Nosocomial bacterial infections and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in university hospitals of hamedan, iran

Background: Nosocomial infections constitute a global health problem, leading to a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of nosocomial infections in edu-cational hospitals of Hamadan, western Iran.Methods: During a 1-year period from April 2006 to March 2007, all patients with cul-ture-proven nosocomial infections from educational hospitals in Hamedan, west-ern Iran were included. Nosocomial infections were defined as a culture-proven infection, which occurred more than 48h after admission in the hospital. An-timicrobial susceptibility testing of isolated bacteria was performed by disc dif-fusion method. Results: A total of 170 cases of culture-proven nosocomial infections were diag-nosed. Most cases were in intensive care units (ICUs) (57.4%). The common sites of infection were lower respiratory tract (51.8%) and urinary tract (31.9%). Kleb-siella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, were the most prevalent pathogens (32.7%, 22.9%, and 14.8% respectively). Most en-terobacteriacea isolates were resistant to third generation cephalosporins. The resis-tant rates to ceftriaxone were 75.5% for K. pneumoniae, and 76% for E. coli. Among P. aeruginosa isolates, 26.5% were resistant to ceftazidim, and 36% to cipro-floxacin. Among S. aureus isolates, 80% were methicillin-resistant. Conclusion: The patients in the ICUs are at a higher risk of nosocomial infec-tions. The high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in the hospitals highlights the need of further infection control activities and surveillance programs.     

基层医院2010年医院感染横断面调查分析

目的 了解医院感染现患率及抗菌药物使用现状.方法 按照2010年“全国医院感染横断面调查计划书”要求,调查二级医院2010年10月7日0:00-24:00所有住院患者:采用频数、率和构成比描述调查结果.结果 应调查患者321例,实际调查321例,实查率100.0％;医院感染现患率为3.4％,感染部位主要为下呼吸道,占41.7％;抗菌药物使用率为83.0％,其中预防性使用占67.9％;治疗前病原菌送检6例,送检率为9.2％.结论 基层医院比综合性三级医院医院感染现患率低、标本送检率低;下呼吸道感染的控制和抗菌药物应用的管理,是基层医院感染管理工作的薄弱环节.