食品安全与污染物监测管理

食品安全是一个重大的公共卫生问题,直接关系人民群众的身体健康和社会稳定,为保障食品安全,食品中污染物监测势在必行。本文对食品安全的行动策略、控制方法及指导思想作了初步概述,同时也论述了污染物监测程序、指导思想以及监测取得的成果等。1食品安全行动策略1.1健全食品卫生法律法规与标准体系:食品卫生法律法规与标准是企业和个人从事食品生产经营活动必须遵守的行为准则;是消费者保护自身合法权益的法律武器;是政府实施食品安全监督的重要法律依据。只有建立健全法律法规与标准体系,才能更有效地开展食品安全监督管理工作。1.2建立…     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气患者外周化学感受器敏感性改变及其危险因素研究

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者外周化学感受器敏感性改变及其危险因素。方法选取2018年7月至2019年2月中国医科大学附属第一医院28例OSAHS患者为观察组,12例健康者为对照组,并通过低氧撤退试验来评估外周化学感受器的敏感性,同时分析影响OSAHS患者外周化学感受器敏感性改变的危险因素。结果观察组睡前外周化学感受器敏感性的均值(21.74±3.20)低于对照组(25.50±2.85),P<0.05;晨起时高于对照组者[(41.09±8.29)vs.(27.63±2.54),P<0.05],对照组睡前与晨起时外周化学感受器敏感性的均值差异无统计学意义;观察组晨起与睡前时外周化学感受器敏感性差值的均值为(86.87±19.694)与对照组(9.43±11.782)比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多元回归分析结果示:呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)是OSAHS患者晨起外周化学感受敏感性改变的危险因素(P=0.012),体质量指数(BMI)是睡前外周化学感受器敏感性改变的危险因素(P=0.041)。结论OSAHS患者中存在外周化学感受器敏感性的异常,晨起时外周化学感受敏感性升高,其可能与AHI有关,而睡前外周化学感受器敏感性下降,其可能与BMI有关。     

超声心动图评价高龄高血压患者左心室收缩与舒张功能

该文探讨超声心动图各指标评估高龄老年高血压患者左心室不同构型的收缩与舒张功能的临床价值。方法：将高龄老年原发性高血压患者153例，按Ganau法分为4组：正常构型组（47例），左心室质量指数（LVMI）男〈134g／m^2，女性〈110g／m^2，相对室壁厚度（RWT）〈0．45；向心性重构型组（35例），LVMI正常型构组，     

1992-2008年粤桂琼流动人口疟疾联合管理区广西玉林市疟疾监测措施与联防效果评价

目的分析粤桂琼流动人口疟疾联合管理区广西玉林市1992-2008年疟疾监测结果,评价联防联控措施。方法收集1992～2008年广西玉林市辖7县（区）当地居民发热病人、病灶点居民和流动人口及重点人群疟疾间接荧光抗体（IFAT）监测资料进行流行病学描述和统计分析。结果17年间玉林市共血检当地居民发热病人75．84万人次,重点居民913万人次,流动人口发热病人10．17万人次．流动人口非发热人群6．71万人次,四类人群血检阳性率分别为0．004％、0．001％、0．704％和0．003％,共检出疟疾病例747例,本地感染病例占总病例的3．75％（28／747）,输入性病例占96．25％（719／747）,重点人群IFAT抗体阳性率为006％（211／368746）。结论玉林市参加三省疟疾联防17年来．疟疾年带虫发病率一直控制在1／万以下,1999年起至今无当地感染疟疾病例和输入继发病例发生．流动人口发热病人血检阳性率从1992年的3．230％降至2008年的0．036％,流动人口疟疾管理与监测措施得当,联防效果显著。     

Prevalence of hereditary haemochromatosis in two Swedish urban areas

Abstract. The prevalence of hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) was studied in Stockholm and Göteborg, the two largest cities in Sweden, using screening with transferrin saturation in combination with serum ferritin and further clinical and laboratory examinations. In Göteborg, none of 1660 men aged 50 and 51 years, randomly selected from the census register, was found to have HH. In Stockholm, nine out of 11920 male hospital inpatients were diagnosed as having HH. The calculated mean and 95% confidence ranges were consistent with earlier findings in two studies on men in Malmö, the third largest urban area in Sweden. Pooling results from these three main urban areas, the mean prevalence was 0.073% (17/23, 355), which is considerably lower than figures reported from one area in northern Sweden and from pedigree analyses in several other areas in the world. Screening of the US population in the N-HANES II study also showed much lower figures. The reasons for these discrepancies are discussed and it is suggested that the average prevalence of HH in Caucasian populations is probably around 0.1 %.     

安顺市5年碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的了解安顺市2000年以来碘缺乏病防治进展和现状,分析2000-2004年全市碘缺乏病监测结果。方法随机抽样法调查小学生甲状腺肿情况,测定小学生尿碘,测定盐碘。结果安顺市8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率2004年为14.28%,高于2000、2001、2002、2003年(P<0.05)。居民碘盐食用率2004年为94.04%,加碘合格率为94.20%,高于前4年(P<0.01)。5年监测儿童尿碘中位数在219.08～384.34μg/L。结论现行碘盐基本适合安顺市人群,但8～10岁学生甲状腺肿大率仍处于较高水平。     

室内燃煤地方性氟中毒空气中颗粒物理化特性的讨论

本文用串级冲击式大流量采样器在四个以不同煤种为燃料的氟病区居民室内采集了空气分级颗粒物样品,用 KC-8301可吸入颗粒物采样器采集了上述现场空气中气态和气溶胶态氟化物,同时用离子色谱和离子选择电极等手段对其进行了测定,在此基础上,对各病区室内空气颗粒物及其上主要无机阴离子的浓度、粒度分布规律,空气中不同状态氟的含量等问题进行了初步的探讨,并结合呼吸道沉积理论讨论了它们与人体健康的关系。     

已达标地区血防监测巩固工作探讨

南通市下辖８个县（市）、区,历史上属血吸虫病轻度流行区,有流行县（市）、区７个,流行乡（镇）１２４个,流行村８８３个,累计有螺面积８９９２．２４万ｍ２,累计血吸虫病患者２６４０７人,１９７６年全市达到基本消灭血吸虫病标准。之后,积极开展监测、巩固工作...     

血吸虫病传播阻断地区传染源监测方法探讨

目的探讨血吸虫病传播阻断地区传染源监测方法,为进一步完善疫情监测体系提供科学依据。方法选择高邮市为该类地区传染源观察点,采用主动监测和被动监测两种方式,连续观察1996～2007年人群病情变化,分析传染源的特征,评估两种监测方式的效果。结果共调查169455人,流行村人均查病0.9次,主动监测与被动监测人数比为8.9∶1,被动监测效果相对较好。主动监测未查出粪检阳性病人;被动监测发现粪检阳性病人39例,均为外地感染,以青壮年农民因生产性接触疫水者居多。结论在血吸虫病传播阻断地区,要以流动人口为主要查病对象,有效控制外来传染源。     

Influence of heavy traffic,city dwelling and socio-economic status on nasal symptoms assessed in a postal population survey

BACKGROUND: The association between social position, living environment and nasal symptoms is inconsistent. We wanted to test how living environment, occupation and social position were associated with nasal symptoms. METHODS: In a postal survey study of a random sample of 12,079 adults, aged 20-59 years living in the southern part of Sweden the relationship between nasal symptoms, socio-economic status and environmental factors was analysed. RESULTS: The response rate was 70% (n = 8469) of whom 33% reported significant nasal symptoms. Nasal discharge, thick yellow discharge, a blocked nose, sneezing and itching were strongly associated with living close to heavy traffic or living in cities. Most of the nasal symptoms provoked by extrinsic factors were more frequently reported among subjects who lived close to heavy traffic and in cities. Apart from thick yellow discharge and nasal symptoms provoked by damp/cold air which were more common in the socio-economic position "low" no relation to the socio-economic group was found. The prevalence of self-reported hay fever was neither affected by site of living nor by socio-economic status. Nasal symptoms evoked by "allergic" factors were linked to asthma but symptoms evoked by non-allergic factors were linked to chronic bronchitis/emphysema CBE. CONCLUSIONS: To conclude, we found a strong relation between geographical site and the prevalence of self-reported nasal symptoms which emphasizes the environment as a risk factor for nasal symptoms. Only by merging the socio-economic groups into "low" and "middle/high" an association to nasal symptoms was apparent. Nasal symptoms evoked by "allergic" factors were linked to asthma but symptoms evoked by "non allergic factors" were linked to CBE.     

Prevalence of toxocariasis in rural and urban areas

The prevalence of toxocariasis was studied among different age groups of the population in eight municipal entities of the Sverdlovsk Region. Since 1995, the number of infected patients was shown to have annually increased by 1.4-2 times and amounted to 2.9 per 100,000. The 2003 serological surveys indicated that Toxocara antibodies were found in 8.9% of the children examined in different areas of the region. The epidemic process more actively involved rural children. Numerous tests for Toxocara eggs were more positive in the cities and towns with every amenity than in rural areas. Serodiagnostic tests demonstrated that children aged 3-6 and 7-14 years were involved into the epidemic process. The similar data were obtained in different age groups of adults. Nevertheless, among the adult population, the number of adult seropositive persons was significantly 1.9 times higher than that of children, which may reflect certain regularities in the formation of an immune stratum. The titers of serum Toxocara antibodies, being 1:800 or higher, may suggest that more than 50% of the total number of the examinees might be, in terms of clinical signs, patients with toxocariasis.     

南宁市中老年人群高血压患病及相关因素调查

目的:了解南宁市中老年人群高血压患病及其相关因素情况,为进一步综合防治提供科学依据。方法:随机抽取市区部分事业单位≥40岁工作人员共11226例,年龄(57·03±8·62)岁。按统一要求测定血压、体质指数、腰围、血糖、血脂及血尿酸等有关项目。结果:南宁市≥40岁人群高血压标化患病率为16·82%,其中1级高血压占75·15%,2级占20·60%,3级占4·27%;男性高于女性。血糖、血脂异常,超重、肥胖及及腰围增大的检出率高血压组不仅显著高于非高血压组,而且正常血压高值组也较正常血压组明显增高。结论:南宁市≥40岁成人高血压患病率仍有一定程度的增长,而正常血压高值人群增长明显。高血压或正常偏高血压者伴多代谢异常情况均较正常血压组明显增高。