Retinoblastoma protein-initiated cellular growth arrest overcomes the ability of cotransfected wild-type p53 to induce apoptosis

The retinoblastoma gene, RB, participates in the regulation of the G1/S-phase transition and in p53-mediated apoptosis. We have previously reported that stably transfected RB functions as a growth and tumour suppressor in HTB9 human bladder carcinoma cells, which carry a mutation of the p53 gene at codon 280 and lack RB expression. To elucidate the potential role of RB in the regulation of p53-mediated apoptosis, we transfected a wt p53 expression plasmid under the control of the human cytomegalovirus promoter into parental and RB-transfected HTB9 cells. The p53(+)/RB(-)cells were susceptible to apoptosis under various experimental conditions: 1) incubation in serum-free culture for 72 h, 2) short-term (6 h) or long-term (48 h) exposure to etoposide, and 3) culturing in soft agar. In contrast, p53(+)/RB(+)cells were significantly resistant to apoptosis under similar conditions and exhibited efficient growth arrest, as measured by laser scanning cytometry. Tumorigenicity in nude mice of parental HTB9 cells was lost by exogenous expression of wt p53. Likewise, none of mice injected subcutaneously with either p53(-)/RB(+)or p53(+)/RB(+)cells developed tumours, indicating that RB allows suppression of tumorigenesis, regardless of p53 status. These results suggest that the growth-inhibitory function of RB may overcome the ability of wt p53 to induce apoptosis.     

Induction of differentiation by wild-type p53 gene in a human glioma cell line

Wild-type human p53 gene was transfected into the human glioma cell line T-98G. Transfectants were then isolated and characterizedfor growth potential and differentiation phenotype. Growth suppression,overexpression of GFAP, and accumulation in G₁phase were more commonly observed in transfectants than inT-98G cells. p21_WAF1/CIP1 wasoverexpressed in transfectants, and the binding of PCNA and CDK 2 top21_WAF1/CIP1 were increased in transfectants. These results suggested the roles of p21_WAF1/CIP1, PCNA,and CDK 2 in regulation of differentiation in glioma cells and the gene transfer of wild-type p53 may be effective forthe control of glial differentiation in glioma cells.     

Differential effects of p53 mutants on the growth of human bronchial epithelial cells

We investigated the effects of five different p53 mutants on the growth of primary cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. The five defective viral pZIP-Neo constructs contained the following mutations at mutational hot-spots found in human cancers: codons 143^ala, 175^his, 248^trp, 249^ser, and 273^his. NHBE cells were infected with the p53 mutants, wild-type p53, or the pZIP-Neo vector control. The 143^ala, 248^trp, and 273^his mutants, as well as wild-type p53, decreased the colony-forming efficiency and inhibited the growth of NHBE cells. The 175^his mutant did not significantly change the growth rates. In NHBE cells from three donors, the 249^ser mutant conferred a substantial growth advantage to the NHBE cells in a colony–forming–efficiency assay. In NHBE cells isolated from one donor, the 249^ser mutant also produced a significant life span extension. These cells grew rapidly through 80 population doublings and entered an apparent “crisis” in passage 14. Karyotypic analyses of one culture at multiple passages revealed aneuploid populations with alterations of chromosomes 5, 11, and 13; quantitative DNA analysis detected aneuploidy in late passages from that culture and two other primary cultures. These data demonstrated that the codon 249^ser mutation could provide a growth advantage to bronchial epithelial cells and suggest that this mutant protein can induce genomic instability. Mol. Carcinog. 19:191–203, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Chemosensitivity of human malignant glioma: modulation by p53 gene transfer

Loss of wild-type p53 activity is one of the most common molecular abnormalities in human cancers including malignant gliomas. The p53 status is also thought to modulate sensitivity to irradiation and chemotherapy. Here, we studied the effect of a p53 gene transfer on the chemosensitivity of three human glioma cell lines with different endogenous p53 status (LN-229, wild-type; LN-18, mutant; LN-308, deleted), using the murine temperature-sensitive p53 val¹³⁵ mutant. Expression of mutant p53 enhanced proliferation of LN-308 cells but reduced proliferation in the other cell lines. Expression of wild-type p53 caused reversible growth arrest of all cell lines but failed to induce apoptosis. Growth arrest induced by wild-type p53 was associated with strong induction of p21 expression. Strong induction of BAX expression and loss of BCL-2 expression, which are associated with p53-dependent apoptosis rather than growth arrest, were not observed. Wild-type p53 failed to sensitize glioma cells to cytotoxic drugs including BCNU, cytarabine, doxorubicin, teniposide and vincristine. The combined effects of wild-type p53 gene transfer and drug treatment were less than additive rather than synergistic, suggesting that the intracellular cascades activated by p53 and chemotherapy are rebundant. Unexpectedly, forced expression of mutant p53 modulated drug sensitivity in that it enhanced the toxicity of some drugs but attenuated the effects of others. These effects may represent a dominant negative effect of mutant p53 in LN-229 cells which have wild-type p53 activity but must be considered a gain of function-type effect in the other two cell lines which have no wild-type p53 activity. Importantly, no clear-cut pattern emerged among the three cell lines studied. We conclude that somatic gene therapy based on the reintroduction of p53 will limit the proliferation of human malignant glioma cells but is unlikely to induce clinically relevant sensitization to chemotherapy in these tumors.     

转染p16基因对人肺腺癌细胞放射效应的影响

目的 :探讨p16基因与人肺腺癌细胞放射效应的关系。方法 :免疫组化、Westernblot方法检测人肺腺癌细胞株Anip973、AGZY83a的p16蛋白表达 ,FuGene转染方法把 p16表达载体转入这两个细胞株 ,进行细胞存活曲线、流式细胞仪 (FCM )分析细胞周期分布。结果 :p16蛋白表达AGZY83a为 87.4 % ,明显高于Anip973(5 2 % ) ,细胞存活曲线显示低表达的Anip973与转染后Anip973p16的Dq值有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,D0 值间无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。p16蛋白高表达的AGZY83a与AGZY83ap16间D0 值、Dq值均无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;流式细胞仪测定细胞周期结果显示 ,Anip973转染 p16基因后出现G2 M期比例增加 ,S期比例减少。结论 :转染 p16基因后可能通过改变细胞周期分布及抑制细胞对照射后的亚致死性损伤修复 ,来改变p16蛋白低表达的人肺腺癌细胞株Anip973的放射效应 ,而对于高表达的AGZY83a则无显著影响。     

p38MAPK基因对人胶质瘤细胞BT325生长周期的影响

目的　研究 p3 8MAPK基因对人多形性胶质母细胞瘤BT3 2 5生长周期的影响。 方法　利用脂质体介导法将p3 8MAPK基因导入BT3 2 5细胞中 ,用免疫细胞化学染色和Western blot检测其在转染前后的表达情况 ,用HE染色、透射电镜和流式细胞仪等研究其对细胞形态和生长周期的影响。结果　pCMV 5 p3 8MAPK组p3 8MAPK蛋白表达阳性 ,细胞形态发生变化 ,G1%增多 ,而S %和G2 %减少 ,并出现凋亡峰。结论　p3 8MAPK基因可影响BT3 2 5细胞的生长周期 ,并诱导BT3 2 5细胞凋亡。     

A Comparative Study of Glioma Cell Lines for p16, p15, p53 and p21 Gene Alterations

A total of 10 glioma cell lines were examined for alterations of the p16, p15, p53 and p21 genes, which are tumor suppressor genes or candidates with direct or indirect CDK-inhibitory functions. Genetic alterations (deletions or mutations) were frequently seen in the p16, p15 and p53 genes in these cell lines, but not in the p21 gene. When the states of the p16, p15 and p53 genes were compared among cell lines, all the cell lines showed abnormalities in at least 1 gene, often in 2 or 3 genes coincidentally, suggesting that dysfunction of these genes is closely related to glioma cell growth. Although alteration of all 3 genes was most frequent, there were cell lines having either p16/p15 or p53 or p16 and p53 gene alterations, suggesting that the time order of these genetic alterations was variable depending on the cell line. Among cell lines examined, one with homozygous p53 gene deletion seemed of particular practical value, since such a cell line might be useful in various studies, including investigation of the functions of various mutant p53 genes in the absence of heteromeric protein formation. On examination of the primary tumor tissues, the same alterations of the p16/p15 and p53 genes as detected in the cell lines were demonstrated in all 6 cases examined: p16/p15 gene deletion in 1, p16 gene mutation in 1 and p53 gene mutations in 5 cases. This suggested that the p16/p15 and the p53 gene alterations and their combinations in at least some glioma cell lines reflected those in the primary glioma tissues.     

Integration of the PRB and P53 Cell Cycle Control Pathways

Two fundamental molecular pathways, the pRB and p53 pathways, regulate cell growth and cell death. The importance of these pathways in cellular growth control is underscored by the observation that members of these pathways are found mutated in all human cancer. These two pathways have typically been studied and described independently. However, as we discuss here, recent data have revealed an intimate molecular and genetic interaction between the p53 and pRB pathways.     

外源型P14ARF基因对人脑胶质瘤细胞生长的影响

目的：研究Ｐ１４ＡＲＦ基因对人脑胶质瘤细胞株（Ｕ－２５１）生长的影响。方法：用脂质体介导携带Ｐ１４ＡＰＦ的真核表达载体转染Ｕ－２５１细胞,观察其对该细胞株的生长、增殖周期等生物学行为的影响。结果：导入Ｐ１４ＡＰＦ胶质瘤细胞Ｕ－２５１的生长有明显的抑制作用。     

Intracranial Germ Cell Tumors: Detection of p53 Gene Mutations by Single-strand Conformation Polymorphism Analysis

Using polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis, p53 gene mutation was examined in 12 intracranial germ cell tumors (5 yolk sac carcinomas and 7 germinomas), many of which were derived from young patients in the first to the second decade. A total of 10 mutations were detected in 4 of the 12 cases and, in 3 of them, the mutations were multiple or tandem. Among the 10 mutations, 7 were missense, 1 was splicing and 2 were silent. The 7 missense mutations were located at previously proposed hot spot codons or in their vicinity or, when outside the hot spots, at a codon encoding an amino acid conserved in most vertebrates. These findings suggested that all 7 missense mutations may actually give rise to functional alteration of the p53 protein. The splicing mutation was considered to be a germ-line mutation, though its biological effect was equivocal, since the neoplastic tissue contained an additional mutation. The pattern of the mutations was predominancy of G:C-A:T transition with frequent involvement of the CpG site. These mutations were more frequently detected in yolk sac carcinomas (60%; 3/5 cases) than in germinomas (14%; 1/7 cases), suggesting that the contribution of the p53 mutation to carcinogenesis differed with the histological type of the intracranial germ cell tumor.     

野生型p53基因对肝癌细胞多药耐药的逆转作用及其相关机制

背景与目的：细胞凋亡的发生机制在肿瘤多药耐药中起重要作用,野生型p53基因是细胞凋亡的激活剂,与肿瘤多药耐药密切相关。本研究旨在探讨野生型p53基因能否实现对肝癌细胞多药耐药的逆转以及逆转的相关机制。方法：构建野生型P53蛋白表达序列的真核表达载体pCR3．1-p53,用脂质体转染技术建立人肝癌细胞Bel-7402的p53转染细胞株,对转染细胞株进行MTT实验,观察p53基因对肿瘤细胞生长的抑制作用和对肝癌细胞对长春新碱（vincristine,VCR）药物敏感性的影响,姬姆萨染色法观察细胞形态,免疫组织化学SP法检测细胞P糖蛋白（P—glycoprotein,P—gp）的表达,逆转录PCR法检测细胞内mdr1、MRP、GSTπ、TopoⅡ mRNA的表达。结果：转染p53的Bel—p53细胞生长明显慢于未转染的Bel-7402细胞。转染野生型p53的Bel-p53细胞在VCR浓度为0．01μg／ml,0．1μg／ml,1．0μg／ml,10μg／ml,25μg／ml时,其药物敏感性增加;VCR作用最佳浓度为1．0μg／ml。形态学检查转染细胞,在VCR作用下细胞数明显减少,细胞散在不成片、细胞高度水肿、胞体不规则突起,可见核固缩、核裂解、核溶解。p53基因对Bel-7402细胞的mdr1／P—gP的表达有明显的抑制作用．对TopoⅡα基因的表达有上调作用,对GSTπ、MRP基因表达没有影响。结论：p53基因对肝癌细胞多药耐药有逆转作用．其逆转机制可能与降低mdr1／P—gp的表达、上调TopoⅡα的表达．从而增加细胞内VCR药物浓度和VCR药效有关。     

Axin通过激活p53的表达抑制结肠癌细胞的生长

目的： 观察过表达Axin对结肠癌SW480细胞生长的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法：将pCMV5-HA-Axin质粒瞬时转染至结肠癌SW480细胞中,并设置转染空载体pCMV5-HA及未转染空白对照组,采用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法及克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖状态的变化,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期变化;RT-PCR检测Axin及p53 mRNA的表达;Western blot检测Axin及P53蛋白的表达。结果：与转染空载体及空白对照组比较,过表达Axin显著抑制结肠癌SW480细胞的增殖。MTT实验显示转染Axin后细胞生长明显受到抑制,存活的瘤细胞明显减少(P<0.05);克隆形成实验结果显示瞬时转染Axin质粒组细胞集落形成能力明显下降(P<0.05);流式细胞仪分析检测结果显示转染Axin质粒后结肠癌SW480细胞周期G1前期比例升高,G1期明显被阻滞,S期比例下降(P均<0.05)。RT-PCR结果显示转染Axin的SW480细胞中p53 mRNA的表达较转染空载体组升高约1倍(P＜0.05);同时,Western blot结果显示转染质粒Axin后结肠癌SW480细胞中P53的蛋白表达量明显增加,较转染空载体组几近升高1倍(P＜0.05)。结论：过表达Axin抑制结肠癌SW480细胞增殖,其作用机制是通过激活癌基因p53的表达而发挥效应的。     

Therapeutic potential of recombinant p53 overexpression in breast cancer cells expressing endogenous wild-type p53

Reconstitution of the p53-dependent apoptotic pathway by gene transfer of a recombinant wild-type p53 minigene leads to rapid apoptotic cell death in breast and other cancer cell types expressing null or mutant p53. Tumour cells expressing wild-type p53 have been reported to be more resistant to this treatment strategy, presumably as a result of mutations in downstream regulators of p53-dependent apoptotic signalling. The MCF-7 breast cancer cell line is representative of this class of tumour cell. Our recent observation of a p53-dependent apoptotic response following adenovirus-mediated HSV thymidine kinase gene transfer and gancyclovir treatment led us to reexamine recombinant p53 cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells. Infection with a recombinant adenovirus expressing wild-type p53 resulted in a dramatic increase in p53 protein levels and was accompanied by an increase in p21^{WAF 1/CIP1} protein levels and G1 arrest within 24 hours post-infection. A significant decrease in MCF-7 cell viability was first observed at 5 days post-infection and coincided with the appearance of morphological and biochemical changes consistent with apoptotic cell death. By day 7 post-treatment, cell viability decreased to 45% and clonogenic survival was reduced to 12% of controls. The results demonstrate that persistent, high level expression of recombinant p53 can induce programmed cell death in MCF-7 cells. While the mechanism by which p53 overexpression overcomes the defect in downstream apoptotic signalling is not clear, our data suggests that this treatment strategy may be beneficial for the class of tumour cells represented by the MCF-7 cell line.     

Magnolol inhibits growth of gallbladder cancer cells through the p53 pathway

Magnolol, the major active compound found in Magnolia officinalis has a wide range of clinical applications due to its anti‐inflammation and anti‐oxidation effects. This study investigated the effects of magnolol on the growth of human gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) cell lines. The results indicated that magnolol could significantly inhibit the growth of GBC cell lines in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Magnolol also blocked cell cycle progression at G₀/G₁ phase and induced mitochondrial‐related apoptosis by upregulating p53 and p21 protein levels and by downregulating cyclin D1, CDC25A, and Cdk2 protein levels. When cells were pretreated with a p53 inhibitor (pifithrin‐a), followed by magnolol treatment, pifithrin‐a blocked magnolol‐induced apoptosis and G₀/G₁ arrest. In vivo, magnolol suppressed tumor growth and activated the same mechanisms as were activated in vitro. In conclusion, our study is the first to report that magnolol has an inhibitory effect on the growth of GBC cells and that this compound may have potential as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of GBC.     

外源性P73基因对WtP53型人肺腺癌细胞A549化疗敏感性的影响

目的 研究外源p73基因转染wtp53型人肺腺癌A549细胞对其化疗药物敏感性的影响。方法 用脂质体介导的转染技术。将含有全长人野生型p73α cDNA和野生型p53 cDNA的真核表达重组质粒分别导入A549细胞，观察基因转染前后肿瘤细胞对化疗药物顺铂和阿霉素敏感性的变化。结果 A549-p73α细胞可以稳定地表达P73α蛋白，其生长速度较未转染p73α和转染wtp53基因的A549细胞明显减慢，克隆形成数下降，凋亡细胞明显增多。与未转染组比较，在原本没有抑制和杀伤作用的化疗药物浓度作用下A549-p73α细胞生长明显受到抑制，顺铂和阿霉素的IC50值分别降低为约1／6和／70。结论 研究显示外源性p73基因的导人增加了wtp53型人肺腺癌A549细胞对顺铂和阿霉素等化疗药物的敏感性，为p73基因用于治疗wtp53不能发挥作用的恶性肿瘤提供实验依据。     

Assessment of mutations in ki-ras and p53 in colon cancers from azoxymethane- and dimethylhydrazine-treated rats

Mutations in the Ki-ras oncogene and the p53 tumor suppressor gene are known to occur at high frequencies in human colon cancers. We measured the frequency of mutations in these two genes in colon adenocarcinomas obtained from a widely used experimental model of human colon carcinogenesis: F344 rats treated with the carcinogens azoxymethane (AOM) or dimethylhydrazine (DMH). We detected codon 12 mutations in Ki-ras in approximately 60% of colon adenocarcinomas induced by either carcinogen. We characterized the rat p53 intron-exon junctions to construct primers for polymerase chain reaction amplification of this gene. We discovered that the rat p53 gene was structurally different from the human p53 gene, as the rat gene was missing one intron between exons 6 and 7. Both single-stranded DNA conformational polymorphism analysis and direct DNA sequencing of the highly conserved regions of rat exons 5–7 were conducted because the corresponding human regions (exons 5–8) have been reported as being mutated most frequently in human colon cancers. Using these methods, we were unable to identify any p53 mutations in the highly conserved regions of exons 5–7 in either AOM- or DMH-induced colon adenocarcinomas. These data confirm that Ki-ras was mutated in most colon cancers in AOM- or DMH-treated rats but indicate that molecular alterations in the p53 gene, if they occur in this animal model, are different from most p53 mutations in human colon cancers. Mol. Carcinog. 19:137–144, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.