晚期糖基化终产物对肾小球系膜细胞表达Fractalkine的诱导作用

目的探讨晚期糖基化终产物(AGE)对肾小球系膜细胞表达Fractalkine(Fkn)的影响。方法体外培养大鼠肾小球系膜细胞,实验设AGE组:加入AGE-BSA(100mg·L-1);对照组:加入牛血清清蛋白(BSA)(100mg·L-1);PDTC组:先加入PDTC100μmol·L-1孵育1h,再加入AGE-BSA(100mg·L-1);AGE抗体组:先加入抗AGE抗体(100mg·L-1IgG)孵育2h后,再加入AGE-BSA(100mg·L-1)。培养所需时间收集细胞,检测FknmRNA及蛋白表达,激光共聚焦显微镜检测NF-κB活化。结果AGE诱导体外培养的大鼠系膜细胞大量表达Fkn-mRNA及蛋白,PDTC和AGE抗体显著抑制AGE诱导系膜细胞表达FknmRNA及蛋白。经AGE刺激后NF-κB/P65迅速核转位,30min达高峰。结论AGE通过活化NF-κB诱导肾小球系膜细胞表达Fkn。     

小白菊内酯对硝基酪氨酸诱导的肾小球系膜细胞核转录因子-κB和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1表达的影响

目的观察小白菊内酯（PTL）对硝基酪氨酸（NT）诱导的大鼠肾小球系膜细胞核转录因子-κB（NF—κB）及单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）表达的影响。方法通过体外培养的系膜细胞进行研究。设立低糖对照组（糖浓度为5．6mmol／L）、NT试验组（100μmol／L）及吡咯二流氨基甲酸酯（PDTC）干预组（100μmol／L）和含PTL（1,5,10μmol／L）的干预组。以实时荧光定量PCR检测MCP-1mRNA的表达;用酶联免疫（ELISA）法检测培养细胞上清中MCP-1;WesternBlot方法检测系膜细胞核内NF—κBp65蛋白的表达。结果NT诱导系膜细胞24h后,MCP-1分泌明显增强（P〈0．01）,小白菊内酯（1,5,10μmol／L）对NT诱导的系膜细胞分泌的MCP-1的抑制作用随浓度增大而逐渐增强。系膜细胞在低浓度葡萄糖作用下可低水平表达MCP-1mRNA,NT作用24h后MCP-1mRNA表达明显增强（P〈0．01）,PTL可明显下调NT诱导的MCP-1mRNA表达（P〈0．01）。在NT作用1h后,系膜细胞核内的NF—κBp65蛋白核内表达增强（P〈0．05）,PTL能部分抑制NT诱导的系膜细胞NF—κBp65进入细胞核内（P〈0．05）。结论在体外含NT培养条件下,小白菊内酯可部分逆转NT诱导的系膜细胞NF—κBp65进入细胞核内,进-步抑制MCP-1mRNA及蛋白在系膜细胞的表达,提示小白菊内酯对MCP-1的影响可能与NF—κB的抑制有关。     

辛伐他汀对氧化型低密度脂蛋白及葡萄糖诱导的LOX-1表达的不同作用

【摘要】目的研究辛伐他汀干预对于氧化型低密度脂蛋白（ox-LDL）及葡萄糖诱导的巨噬细胞表面血清凝集素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体（LOX）-1表达的影响,以及核因子（NF）-κB的作用。方法U937细胞经佛波酯诱导分化后,将含有50mg/L ox-LDL和（或）25mmol/L葡萄糖的培养液与上述细胞共同孵育,应用吡咯烷二硫氨基甲酸（PDTC）及不同浓度辛伐他汀（1、10μmol/L）干预上述细胞,干预前后用ELISA检测LOX-1蛋白的表达及NF-κB的活性,RT-PCR检测LOX-1mRNA含量。结果ox-LDL、高糖及联合组均上调LOX-1表达,NF-κB的抑制剂PDTC可以抑制其作用,辛伐他汀可以下调ox-LDL诱导的LOX-1表达增加,且高浓度下调明显;但辛伐他汀对于高糖诱导LOX-1表达无明显影响。各组间NF-κB活性改变与LOX-1表达基本一致。结论辛伐他汀可以下调ox-LDL诱导的巨噬细胞LOX-1表达,但对葡萄糖诱导的LOX-1表达无明显影响,LOX-1表达调控与NF-κB信号途径有关。     

磷脂酰肌醇3—激酶调控白介素—18诱导核因子—κB活化

目的：研究磷脂酰肌醇（PI）3－激酶在白介素18（IL－18）诱导核因子－κB（NF－κB）活化中的作用。方法：Lipofectin介导反义PI 3－激酶寡核苷酸转染HepG2细胞。用逆转录PCR法检测PI 3－激酶mRNA表达水平,以Sandwich ELISA法检测NF－κB的活化。结果：1）反义PI 3－激酶寡核苷酸抑制PI 3－激酶mRNA表达。（2）IL－18诱导NF－κB活化。（3）反义PI 3－激酶寡核苷酸呈时间（5－24h)和浓度（1－8mg/L)依赖性地抑制IL－18诱导的NF－κB活化。结论：PI 3－激酶调控白介素－18诱导的NF－κB活化。     

尾加压素II诱导心肌细胞肥大及对ERK/NF-κB通路的影响

目的探讨尾加压素II（UⅡ）对心肌细胞肥大及细胞外调节蛋白激酶/核转录因子 κB（ERK/NF κB）通路的影响。方法培养1 d龄乳鼠心肌细胞,免疫荧光法测定心肌细胞体积,Lowry’s法测定心肌细胞蛋白含量,［3H］ 亮氨酸掺入法测定蛋白合成速率,免疫印记法测定NF κB（p65）表达及其抑制物（I κBα）磷酸化水平,凝胶电泳迁移率分析测定NF κB体外活性,免疫沉淀法并ERK试剂盒测定ERK活性。结果与对照组比较,UⅡ能显著提高心肌细胞体积、细胞蛋白含量、蛋白合成速率;明显提高ERK活性,显著提高胞核NF κB（p65）表达,提高细胞质I κBα磷酸化,并显著上调NF κB体外活性。结论UⅡ可以诱导体外培养的乳鼠心肌细胞肥大,机制与上调ERK/NF κB通路活性有关。     

姜黄素对TNF-α诱导人肾小球系膜细胞增殖及PTX3表达的作用研究

目的本实验研究姜黄素(Cur)对TNF-α诱导人肾小球系膜细胞过度增殖以及PTX3过度表达的影响,并对其作用机制进行初步探究。方法本实验选择人肾小球系膜细胞进行体外研究。实验共分为6组:空白对照组、TNF-α组、Cur 20,40和80μmol·L~(-1)组和PDTC组。1. Cur对TNF-α诱导人肾小球系膜细胞过度增殖及PTX3过度表达的影响。(1)使用MTT法检测Cur对人肾小球系膜细胞过度增殖的影响。(2)使用免疫荧光法检测Cu对人肾小球系膜细胞PTX3过度表达的影响。2. Cur对TNF-α诱导人肾小球系膜细胞PTX3过度表达的作用机制研究。(1)使用Western印迹法检测Cur对人肾小球系膜细胞内NF-κB信号通路中蛋白水平及PTX3蛋白表达的影响。(2)使用qRT-PCR法检测Cu对人肾小球系膜细胞内NF-κB信号通路中mRNA水平及PTX3 mRNA表达的影响。结果 (1)Cur对TNF-α诱导人肾小球系膜细胞PTX3的过度表达有良好的抑制作用。(2) Western印迹结果表明,Cur明显抑制NF-κB P65和IKKβ的蛋白表达,增加IκBα的蛋白表达。(3)qRT-PCR结果表明,Cur明显抑制NF-κB、P65和IKKβm RNA表达,增加IκBα的mRNA表达。结论 (1) Cur可有效抑制TNF-α诱导人肾小球系膜细胞的过度增殖。(2) Cur对TNF-α诱导人肾小球系膜细胞PTX3的过量表达产生良好的抑制效果,极有可能是通过抑制NF-κB信号通路的激活而达到。     

氟伐他汀对高糖培养大鼠肾小球系膜细胞CTGF mRNA的影响及其作用机制的研究

目的探讨高糖状态下肾小球系膜细胞中结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）mRNA的表达以及HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂氟伐他汀对其的影响及作用机制。方法体外培养大鼠肾小球系膜细胞,实验分为4组：低糖组（LG组,5.5 mmol/L葡萄糖）;低糖＋甘露醇组（LG＋M组,5.5 mmol/L葡萄糖＋24.5 mmol/L甘露醇）;高糖组（HG组,30 mmol/L葡萄糖）;高糖＋氟伐他汀组（HG＋Flu组,30 mmol/L葡萄糖＋10μmol/L氟伐他汀）。采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测CTGF和纤维粘连蛋白（FN）mRNA的表达,Western印迹检测磷酸化p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（p-p38 MAPK）及其下游因子cAMP反应元件结合蛋白1（p-CREB1）。结果与LG＋M组相比,HG组系膜细胞增殖明显,p-p38 MAPK、p-CREB1表达明显上调,CTGF和FN mRNA的表达增加。与HG组比较,HG＋Flu组可抑制系膜细胞增殖,p-p38 MAPK、p-CREB1的表达明显下调,CTGF和FN mRNA的表达降低。结论高糖状态下肾小球系膜细胞CTGF mRNA表达增强,p-p38 MAPK和p-CREB1表达明显升高,氟伐他汀抑制肾小球系膜细胞CTGF mRNA和细胞外基质的分泌可能部分是通过影响p38 MAPK及其下游核因子CREB1的激活而实现。     

PV-杀白细胞素和PDTC对THP-1巨噬细胞IL-1β表达的影响

目的探讨NF-κB信号通路在金黄色葡萄球菌PV-杀白细胞毒素相关性肺损伤中的作用。方法实验前用100 nmol·L-1佛波酯孵育THP-1细胞48 h,充分诱导使其分化为巨噬细胞,分为三组,正常对照组、PDTC阻断组和rPVL刺激组,PDTC阻断组实验前1 h加入PDTC孵育,1 h后分别加入PBS和rPVL刺激其诱导分化好的巨噬细胞,采用ELISA检测细胞上清IL-1β的蛋白含量,RT-PCR检测IL-1βmRNA水平的表达,Western-blot检测NF-кB的表达。结果 PV-杀白细胞毒素能促进THP-1巨噬细胞分泌IL-1β,同时rPVL能活化NF-κB蛋白,NF-κB信号通路的特异性阻断剂能够抑制NF-κB蛋白的活化。结论 NF-κB信号通路蛋白激活及细胞因子大量释放可能是PVL相关肺损伤重要的发病机制。     

反义白介素-1受体相关激酶-1寡核苷酸抑制白介素-1诱导的NF-κB活化

目的 :研究反义白介素 1受体相关激酶 1(IRAK 1)寡核苷酸对核因子 κB(NF κB)活化的影响。方法 :Lipofectin介导反义IRAK 1寡核苷酸转染HepG2细胞 ,以逆转录PCR法检测IRAK 1mRNA表达水平 ,用SandwichELISA法检测NF κB的活化。结果 :反义IRAK 1寡核苷酸抑制IRAK 1mRNA表达 ;反义IRAK 1寡核苷酸呈剂量 (1～ 8μg)和时间 (5～ 2 4h)依赖性地抑制NF κB活化 ,反义IRAK 1寡核苷酸 4μg与细胞共孵育 8h时抑制效果最好。结论 :反义IRAK 1寡核苷酸通过阻断IRAK 1表达抑制NF κB活化 ,预示反义IRAK 1寡核苷酸可潜在抑制IL 1的炎症活性。     

脂多糖诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞分泌高迁移族蛋白B1及NF—κB调控的实验研究

目的探讨脂多糖（LPS）对人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVECs）分泌高迁移族蛋白B1（HMGB1）的影响。方法体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞株,3-6代用于实验。10μg/L的LPS诱导HUVEC6h、12h、24h、48h,ELISA法检测细胞培养液中HMGB1含量。并通过加入NF—κB通路活化阻断剂PDTC观察LPS对HUVECs分泌HMGB1表达的影响。结果正常内皮细胞不分泌HMGB1．10μg/L的LPS诱导HUVECs分泌HMGB1,并呈时间依赖性,而PDTC阻断NF—κB通路后能部分减少HMGB1表达。结论LPS通过激活NF—κB通路可诱导HUVECs分泌HMGB1,而HMGB1证实参与动脉粥样硬化的各个过程．这可能是LPS致动脉粥样硬化的抑制之一。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.