泌尿系统淋巴瘤的影像学诊断

目的 分析泌尿系统淋巴瘤的CT及MRI表现.方法 12例泌尿系统淋巴瘤,1例接受MR平扫和增强扫描,其余11例接受CT平扫和动态增强扫描.结果 12例均为非何杰金淋巴瘤,11例为全身疾病的一部分,1例为原发输尿管黏膜相关性淋巴瘤.10例发生于肾脏,分别表现为肾实质内结节或肿块样病灶、弥漫性肾实质浸润、腹膜后病变侵犯一侧肾周及其肾盂输尿管、环绕肾周软组织增厚或肿块;1例输尿管淋巴瘤,表现为输尿管软组织密度结节,其上方输尿管及肾盂梗阻性扩张积水;1例膀胱淋巴瘤,CT表现为弥漫膀胱壁增厚,腔明显变窄,伴腹膜后淋巴结增大融合.结论 对无既往病史、泌尿系统病变为首发表现的病例,提高对淋巴瘤累及泌尿系统各种影像表现的认识是提高诊断正确率的关键.     

Ureteral injuries: CT diagnosis.

Ureteral injury is a rare, yet very serious, complication of various abdominal, pelvic, and even spinal procedures. It is often clinically unsuspected as symptoms are nonspecific and the patient may present weeks and even months after the injury. Therefore the diagnosis of ureteral injury is often delayed, leading to more serious morbidity. A ureteral injury may be first diagnosed on CT in a patient evaluated after surgery. A high index of suspicion is essential and a CT study should then include a delayed scan in order to establish the diagnosis of ureteral injury resulting in a urinoma. This may obviate the need for additional invasive imaging studies or unnecessary exploration.     

Bilateral hematoma after tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy for unilateral horseshoe kidney stones: A case report

BACKGROUNDBilateral perirenal hematoma is rarely reported in endoscopic management of horseshoe kidney stones, and there are few studies reporting the formation of bilateral hematoma following tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for unilateral horseshoe kidney calculi.CASE SUMMARYA 32-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of repeated intermittent hematuria for 10 years. Plain abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan revealed calculi in the horseshoe kidney; the largest being 2 cm in diameter. Tubeless PCNL was performed to remove the stones. Three days after the operation, the patient was discharged in a stable situation. Three days after discharge, the patient presented to our emergency department because of right low back pain and vomiting. Emergent CT scan revealed subcapsular and perirenal hematocele and exudates in both kidneys. Ultrasound-guided puncture and drainage of perirenal effusion were performed. After the temperature stabilized, the patient received low-pressure injection of urokinase 100000 U for 3 d. His routine blood indexes and the renal function returned to normal in 3 wk. CT re-examination 3 mo after lithotripsy showed that the subcapsular and perirenal hematoma and exudates in both kidneys were significantly absorbed as compared with those before. The patient was followed up for 1 year, during which no flank pain or hematuria recurred.CONCLUSIONThis is the first case report on the formation of bilateral hematoma following tubeless PCNL for unilateral horseshoe kidney calculi.     

Huge encrusted ureteral stent forgotten for over 25 years: A case report

BACKGROUNDUreteral stent insertion is a relatively non-invasive procedure commonly used in the field of urology to resolve urinary obstruction. However, they are sometimes forgotten and the risk of complications increases with time.CASE SUMMARYA 43-year-old woman with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections visited our hospital for evaluation of persistent left flank pain, and lower urinary tract symptoms despite anti-biotic treatment. She had received urological surgery in her teens but did not know the details of her surgery. Kidney, ureter, and bladder X-ray and abdominopelvic computed tomography revealed a forgotten left ureteral stent with huge encrustation at both ends and a severely dilated left kidney with parenchymal thinning. In order to remove the ureteral stent, a laparoscopic nephroureterectomy was planned. The ureteral stent was successfully removed, and she was discharged after recovery. The patient was followed up for two years after surgery and did not show any signs of long-term complications. CONCLUSIONLong indwelling stents can cause dire complications requiring radical interventions. Stent registry systems, novel stent material development, and proper patient education is important for complication prevention.     

Urinomas caused by ureteral injuries: CT appearance

BACKGROUND: We report the computed tomographic (CT) features of urinomas caused by ureteral injuries which are often not clinically suspected, causing delay in diagnosis. METHODS: CT studies of 12 patients with ureteral injury were reviewed. Ureteral injuries were iatrogenic in 9 patients and traumatic in the remaining three. CT was performed between 2 and 139 days (average = 33 days) after the insult. The most common presenting symptoms were severe abdominal pain and fever. All CT studies were performed before and after intravenous contrast administration. In 11 of 12 cases, delayed scanning was added 15 min to 5 h later. RESULTS: The sites of injury were the proximal ureter in two patients, the middle ureter in three, the distal ureter in two, and the ureteral anastomosis in five. The urinomas appeared as confined water-density fluid collections in seven patients, as free fluid (urinary ascites) in two, and as both in three. Extravasation of contrast from the ureter was observed on early scans in six patients and on delayed scanning only in the other six. The density of the opacified urinoma measured 80-200 HU. Ipsilateral hydronephrosis was observed in seven patients. Ureteral injuries were treated conservatively in eight patients and surgically in four. CONCLUSION: Ureteral injuries after iatrogenic or penetrating trauma often are diagnosed with considerable delay. The presence of ascites or localized fluid collections in symptomatic patients after abdominal surgery or penetrating trauma should raise the possibility of a ureteral injury and prompt delayed scanning.     

Acute celiac artery occlusion secondary to blunt trauma: Two case reports

BACKGROUNDAcute celiac artery (CA) injuries are extremely rare but potentially life-threatening and are more often caused by a penetrating injury rather than a blunt injury. The clinical manifestation of CA injuries is usually atypical, which easily causes missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis. Currently, there are only a few reports of acute traumatic occlusion of CA. The CA artery gives off branches to dominate the liver, stomach. and spleen; however, occluded CA did not cause significant organ ischemia, and the compensatory blood flow from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) played a pivotal role.CASE SUMMARYHerein, we report two cases of acute CA occlusion secondary to severe blunt trauma. Case one was a 19-year-old male, suffered from a motorcycle crash. He complained of dyspnea, and the closed drainage was performed soon after the hemopneumothorax was confirmed by ultrasound. Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed hemopneumothorax, multiple rib fractures, right scapular fracture, and liver rupture. Reexamination with contrast-enhanced CT suggested perihepatic fluid was significantly increased, and CA was occluded. Because the hepatic hemorrhage is associated with hepatic artery injury, the CA was retrogradely opened through the SMA, and then, the right hepatic artery was embolized with coils successfully through the conventional pathway. Stent implantation was not performed, and the CA occlusion was managed by conservative treatment. A follow-up CT scan 3 mo after discharge showed the origin of CA remained occluded. Case two was a 37-year-old man, suffered injury from fall from height. He complained of lower back and bilateral heel pain. Contrast-enhanced CT examination revealed multiple rib fractures, bilateral pneumothorax, fourth lumbar (L4) vertebral burst fracture, and pelvic fractures. Furthermore, a small high-density mass in a lesser peritoneal sac and in front of the abdominal aorta was detected. The reexamination 14 h after admission showed the CA was occluded. The patient was conservatively treated. The symptoms of nausea after meals disappeared about 4 wk later, and abdominal distension was significantly relieved after 6 wk. The abdominal CT angiography at 60 d showed that the CA thrombus was not recanalized.CONCLUSIONPatients with CA occlusion will have different clinical manifestations, and the dominant organ will not have obvious ischemia. Conservative treatment is safe, and the patient’s symptoms will be improved with the establishment of collateral circulation.     

Endovisually guided zero radiation ureteral access sheath placement during ureterorenoscopy

Background: Almost all endourologic procedures use fluoroscopic imaging in some steps, which exposes both the patient and the surgical team to considerable amounts of radiation. Primary reports on results of a simple direct visual endoscopic access sheath placement technique which does not use fluoroscopy at all are presented.

Material and methods: First a semi-rigid ureteroscopy was carried out up to the renal pelvis, then the access sheath (36?cm, 11/13?Fr) without the obturator was placed over a 7.5?Fr semi-rigid ureteroscope and ureteroscopy was repeated over the guide wire to the point where the sheath could be inserted without force as if the ureteroscope would act as the guide wire (rod), which is controlled under direct endoscopic vision.

Results: Eighty-eight cases out of 106 procedures were successful regarding the insertion of the ureteral access sheath (UAS) under direct vision using a 36?cm 13/11?Fr sheath. Fourteen ureters had non-negotiable strictures needing stenting for passive dilation. The mean time for UAS insertion was 19?s. The stone free-rate was 78.12%. Among our 106 cases, there were six cases of the upper tract urothelial cancers.

Conclusion: Ureteral access sheath placement could be safely performed using a semi-rigid ureteroscope under direct visual control and resulted in shorter operative time, without radiation exposure during the RIRS procedure of both the patient and the surgery team.     

Laparoscopic excision of an acquired ureteral diverticulum: A case report

Ureteral diverticula, especially acquired diverticula, are rare. Surgery is indicated when a diverticulum is accompanied by complications such as stones, pyelonephritis, stenosis, and signs of malignancy. A 59‐year‐old woman visited our urology department with asymptomatic macrohematuria. Enhanced CT scan revealed a right ureteral diverticulum with a 16‐mm diameter that contained two tiny stones inside. After 8 months, the size of these stones increased; therefore, the patient underwent laparoscopic resection of the ureteral diverticulum and end‐to‐end anastomosis of the ureter. Subsequent histopathology of the excised specimen revealed an acquired diverticulum. Follow‐up intravenous pyelography showed adequate urine passage with only minor dilatation of the pelvis at 3 months after the operation. The laparoscopic approach is believed to be feasible for ureteral diverticula cases that require ureteral end‐to‐end anastomosis.     

Recurrent abdominal pain due to small bowel volvulus after transabdominal preperitoneal hernioplasty: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUNDCompared with open mesh repair, transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) hernioplasty results in less chronic postoperative inguinal pain and faster postoperative recovery. However, it may still lead to rare but serious complications. Here we report a case of intestinal volvulus with recurrent abdominal pain as the only clinical symptom, which occurred 3 mo after TAPP repair for bilateral inguinal hernia.CASE SUMMARYA 50-year-old male patient underwent laparoscopic TAPP for bilateral inguinal hernias. After the operation, he experienced recurring pain in his lower right abdomen around the surgical area, which was relieved after symptomatic treatment. Three months after the surgery, the abdominal pain became severe and was aggravated over time. The whirlpool sign of the mesentery was seen on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). Laparoscopic exploration confirmed that a barb of the V-Loc™ suture penetrated the peritoneum, which caused the adhesion of the small intestinal wall to the site of peritoneal injury, forming intestinal volvulus. Since there was no closed-loop obstruction or intestinal ischemia, recurrent abdominal pain became the only clinical manifestation in this case. After laparoscopic lysis of adhesions and reduction of intestinal volvulus, the patient recovered and was discharged.CONCLUSIONThe possibility of intestinal volvulus should be considered in patients who experience recurrent abdominal pain following TAPP surgery during which barbed V-Loc sutures are used for closing the peritoneum. Contrast-enhanced CT and active laparoscopic exploration can confirm the diagnosis and prevent serious complications.     

The Morel-Lavallée lesionLavalleeLavelle

BackgroundTrauma patients present to the emergency department with various injuries. Few injuries can be easily missed during the evaluation of polytrauma patients. We report one such rare injury in a trauma patient.Case ReportWe report the case of a 67-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with an alleged history of trauma. He reported severe pain in the lower abdomen, right hip, and right thigh. An x-ray study did not reveal any bony injury, and an extended focused assessment with sonography in trauma was also negative. Point-of-care ultrasound of his right thigh revealed the presence of a Morel-Lavallée lesion.Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This?Morel-Lavallée lesions are post-traumatic, closed, degloving injuries that go unnoticed in many polytrauma patients. Emergency physicians should be mindful of this lesion because delay in diagnosis can result in significant complications.     

Thrombosis of external iliac and common femoral arteries secondary to blunt trauma due to handlebar injury

BackgroundVascular injuries are uncommon following a bicycle handlebar injury in children. However, they are associated with an extremely high morbidity including limb loss and asymmetric limb growth.Case presentation11 year old previously healthy female who presented to a pediatric emergency department immediately after sustaining blunt trauma to her abdomen by a bicycle handlebar. She complained of pain in her right lower extremity without paresthesia and was noted to have a painful superficial laceration to the right lower abdomen with tenderness on palpation. The extremity was noted to be mottled, cool to touch, with decreased sensations and delayed capillary refill but intact motor function. The peripheral pulses in the extremity were noted to be absent on exam, which was confirmed by a bedside Doppler. A Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) of the abdomen and pelvis revealed an occluding thrombus in the external iliac and right common femoral arteries which required surgical repair. She subsequently developed occlusion secondary to traumatic dissection and compartment syndrome in the same extremity requiring repeat surgical intervention.ConclusionIn managing patients with blunt force trauma to the abdomen from handlebars, clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for vascular injuries even with low-risk mechanism of injury and superficial injuries noted on exam. Their assessment should include immediate examination of bilateral peripheral pulses of the lower extremities to evaluate for clinical findings associated with acute lower limb ischemia as well as bedside Doppler exams and early consideration of CTA to assess for occult vascular injury.     

Isolated scaphoid dislocation: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUNDIsolated dislocations of the scaphoid are extremely rare types of injuries, commonly associated with severe ligament disruptions, and are occasionally misdiagnosed. Treatment options for dislocations of the scaphoid mainly include closed reduction, with or without internal fixation, and open reduction with ligament repair.CASE SUMMARYA 59-year-old male worker sustained a twisting trauma of his right wrist, caused by a moving belt while he was operating a machine. When he presented at our emergency department, the patient complained of swelling, tenderness, and restriction of movement of the right wrist. Radiographs confirmed a primary complex partial radial dislocation of the scaphoid and some chip fractures of the capitate and hamate. Closed reduction with K-wire internal fixation was performed with the assistance of arthroscopy, and an excellent prognosis was achieved.CONCLUSIONArthroscopy-assisted reduction is a minimally invasive method to reduce the dislocated scaphoid and maintain the blood supply.     

A program of telementoring in laparoscopic bariatric surgery

Background This study proposes a system for teaching and surgical support with the benefits of online Information and Communications Technology (ITC) -based telementoring for laparoscopic bariatric surgery (LBS). Material and methods A system of telementoring was established between a university center and two community hospitals. Telementoring was performed via internet protocol using a direct point-to-point connection, ASDL 1.2 Mbps, time delay 150 ms, 256-bit advanced encryption standard (AES). In the period of time selected, all interventions for LBS in both hospitals were included. When patients agree with telementoring, data outcomes (operating time, hospital stay, conversion to open surgery and complications) were collected. The rest of these interventions were recorded. Results Thirty-six patients underwent elective LBS, 20 of whom were referred and accepted for telementoring. Patients selected without telementoring took longer: 200 (46) min vs 139 (33) min, p?<?0.01. There were two conversions in non-mentored groups. The hospital stay was 4.6 (0.5) days for telementored interventions and 6.7 (0.5) days without mentoring (p?<?0.01). Four patients (12,5%) in non-mentored groups suffered minor complications. Conclusions This program supports the safety and feasibility of telementoring in LBS. Telementoring is an alternative in community hospitals because it can improve the quality of advanced procedures of laparoscopic surgery.     

Aberrant right hepatic artery arising from the celiac trunk: A potential pitfall during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Aberrant extrahepatic arteries and variants of biliary anatomy are well known. During surgery in this area, surgeons have to concentrate on avoiding inadvertent injuries to these structures. We present a patient with an aberrant right hepatic artery arising directly from the celiac trunk, resulting in an abnormal path of the cystic artery. A 62‐year‐old man was diagnosed with acute cholecystitis and underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A preoperative abdominal computed tomography scan showed an aberrant right hepatic artery arising directly from the celiac trunk. The cystic artery did not pass through Calot's triangle. During operation, the cystic artery was anterior and adherent to the cystic duct. Surgeons must be familiar with anatomical variations of the extrahepatic biliary tree and arterial supply to prevent inadvertent injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Fracture of the scapular neck combined with rotator cuff tear: A case report

BACKGROUNDScapular fracture has a low incidence rate, accounting for 0.4%-0.9% of all fractures, and scapular neck fractures are extremely rare, comprising approximately 7%-25% of all scapular fractures. Scapular neck fractures are often studied as case reports mostly accompanied by other injuries, thus leading to confusion. All previous cases of scapular neck fractures are not associated with rotator cuff injuries.CASE SUMMARYA 62-year-old man was admitted to our emergency department 6 h after his right shoulder and back were impacted by heavy objects. The patient presented chest tightness and shortness of breath. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed pneumohemothorax, multiple rib fractures, and right scapula fractures. Three-dimensional CT reconstruction of the right shoulder joint showed a trans-spinous scapular neck fracture with a glenohumeral joint dislocation. Rotator cuff injury was suspected because the patient had a glenohumeral joint dislocation and was then confirmed by shoulder magnetic resonance imaging. A staged surgery was performed, including open reduction and internal fixation of the right scapula fracture and repairing of rotator cuff by right shoulder arthroscopy. At the 5-mo follow-up, the fracture line was blurred and the shoulder joint function was good.CONCLUSIONFracture of the scapular neck combined with rotator cuff tear is rare and the rotator cuff injury should not be ignored in clinical work. Stable internal fixation combined with secondary arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tear can achieve good results.     

妇科手术输尿管损伤的特点及处理

目的探讨妇科开腹手术和腹腔镜手术中输尿管损伤的原因、诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析1464例腹腔镜手术、5410例开腹手术中发生输尿管损伤患者的临床资料,包括损伤部位、类型、诊治情况和预后。结果1464例腹腔镜手术发生输尿管损伤6例（0．41％）,5410例开腹手术发生输尿管损伤5例（0．09％）,开腹手术输尿管损伤均为恶性肿瘤手术,发生在腹腔镜手术1例为阴式辅助腹腔镜子宫全切,5例为全腹腔镜子宫全切术。术中发现损伤4例,其中2例行膀胱镜下输尿管置管,2例开腹行输尿管吻合加置管。术后发现损伤7例,其中4例行腹腔镜下输尿管置管,3例行开腹膀胱输尿管再植或吻合术。所有患者预后良好。结论输尿管损伤是妇科手术中少见而严重的并发症,多发生于恶性肿瘤的手术和腹腔镜的子宫切除术时,若术中出现腹腔渗液,术后不明原因发热、阴道流液时,应考虑输尿管损伤的可能,应及时明确诊断及早处理。     

腹腔镜在泌尿外科重建手术中的应用

目的 为了提高腹腔镜在泌尿外科重建手术中的应用。方法 复习近年来有关文献，阐述了腹腔镜在泌尿外科重建手术中的适应证、临床操作要点和并发症等。结果 临床上已确立的腹腔镜重建手术如肾孟成形、根治性前列腺切除术和睾丸固定术；其他操作如肾部分切除术、肾动脉瘤修补术、输尿管输尿管吻合术、回肠输尿管成形术和膀胱扩大术等是新进展性手术。结论 期望未来的腹腔镜手术将会增加，并发展成为先进和复杂的泌尿外科重建手术的选择方法。     

Immunoglobulin G4-related kidney disease involving the renal pelvis and perirenal fat: A case report

BACKGROUNDImmunoglobulin (Ig) G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an autoimmune disease associated with chronic and progressive inflammation and fibrosis. It is difficult to differentiate IgG4-RD involving the kidney from infectious diseases and malignancy on imaging.CASE SUMMARYWe report the case of a 51-year-old Chinese man whose abdominal computed tomography scan showed diffuse bilateral enlargement of the kidneys and perirenal fat, thickening of the renal pelvic walls, and hydronephrosis of the right kidney. Relevant laboratory test results showed a serum creatinine level of 464 μmol/L. The patient was diagnosed with acute renal failure and was started on intermittent hemodialysis. Further tests revealed high serum IgG4 levels (20.8 g/L) and an enlarged right submaxillary lymph node. Biopsy and histopathological examination of the enlarged node led to the diagnosis of IgG4-RD. After corticosteroid therapy, his serum creatinine level quickly decreased to near normal levels.CONCLUSIONIgG4-RD affecting the renal pelvis or perirenal fat is rare, with atypical imaging features. Multidisciplinary consultation is critical for accurate diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Suspected cases should undergo biopsy to avoid misdiagnosis.     

Parasitic leiomyoma in the trocar site after laparoscopic myomectomy: A case report

BACKGROUNDLaparoscopic myomectomy is increasingly used for resecting gynecological tumors. Leiomyomas require morcellation for retrieval from the peritoneal cavity. However, morcellated fragments may implant on the peritoneal cavity during retrieval. These fragments may receive a new blood supply from an adjacent structure and develop into parasitic leiomyomas. Parasitic leiomyomas can occur spontaneously or iatrogenically; however, trocar-site implantation is an iatrogenic complication of laparoscopic uterine surgery. We describe a parasitic leiomyoma in the trocar-site after laparoscopic myomectomy with power morcellation.CASE SUMMARYA 50-year-old woman presented with a palpable abdominal mass without significant medical history. The patient had no related symptoms, such as abdominal pain. Computed tomography findings revealed a well-defined contrast-enhancing mass measuring 2.2 cm, and located on the trocar site of the left abdominal wall. She had undergone laparoscopic removal of uterine fibroids with power morcellation six years ago. The differential diagnosis included endometriosis and neurogenic tumors, such as neurofibroma. The radiologic diagnosis was a desmoid tumor, and surgical excision of the mass on the abdominal wall was successfully performed. The patient recovered from the surgery without complications. Histopathological examination revealed that the specimen resected from the trocar site was a uterine leiomyoma.CONCLUSIONClinicians should consider the risks and benefits of laparoscopic vs laparotomic myomectomy for gynecological tumors. Considerable caution must be exercised for morcellation to avoid excessive tissue fragmentation.     

Short-term clinical and oncological outcomes after single-incision plus one-port laparoscopic surgery for rectosigmoid cancer: a retrospective clinical analysis of 30 cases

ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and feasibility of single-incision laparoscopic surgery+1 (SILS+1) radical resection of sigmoid and upper rectal cancer.MethodsThe clinical data of 30 consecutive patients with sigmoid and upper rectal cancer who underwent SILS+1 radical resection between October 2018 and January 2020 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. An initial 5-cm periumbilical transverse incision was made. Then, a multiport device was placed in the umbilical incision. Two 10-mm ports were used for laparoscope insertion, and the other two ports were used for laparoscope device insertion. A 12-mm trocar was placed in the right lower abdominal quadrant under laparoscopic view and served as the surgeon’s dominant operating channel.ResultsAll operations were performed successfully without conversion to conventional laparoscopic surgery or open operation. Three patients developed postoperative complications: one patient developed ileus, one developed postoperative bleeding, and one developed wound infection. There were no perioperative deaths.ConclusionsThe safety and feasibility of SILS+1 radical resection of sigmoid and upper rectal cancer was established by experienced surgeons in our study. However, further studies are needed to demonstrate the advantages of this procedure compared with the benefits of conventional laparoscopic surgery.