腹腔镜与开腹手术在结直肠癌治疗中的应用对比分析

目的比较腹腔镜与开腹结直肠癌切除术临床疗效,探讨腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术的临床价值。 方法选择2009年6月至2012年1月中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院胃肠外科收治的结直肠癌患者98例作为研究对象,其中52例接受腹腔镜手术,46例接受开腹手术,比较两组结直肠癌患者的手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫范围、术后腹腔（或盆腔）引流量、术中术后并发症、肛门恢复排气排便时间、术后住院时间等指标。 结果腹腔镜组与开腹组清扫淋巴结数目、术中出血量、术中术后并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义;手术时间、术后腹腔（或盆腔）引流量、术后肛门恢复排气排便时间、术后住院时间等方面差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术是可行和安全有效的,与开腹手术对比有较多优点,适合在临床进一步推广应用。     

Laparoscopic management of bowel endometriosis: predictors of severe disease and recurrence

Background and Objectives:

The identification of high-stage and recurrent cases of bowel endometriosis is critical, because these cases require careful surgical planning. We aim to describe the clinical characteristics of women with bowel endometriosis, our principles in laparoscopic management of this pathology, and to identify predictors of severe disease and recurrence.

Methods:

This was a retrospective study of 193 patients with pathologically confirmed bowel endometriosis.

Results:

Predictors of higher-stage endometriosis include a history of previous laparoscopic surgery (P=.04) and a presenting complaint of abnormal uterine bleeding (P=.01). The higher the stage of endometriosis, the more likely there would be coexistent urinary tract endometriosis (P=.02), a need for enterolysis (P=.002), ovarian cystectomy (P<.001), and bowel resection (P=.01) performed during laparoscopy. Patients with higher body mass index (BMI) had significantly higher recurrence rates of endometriosis compared to those with lower BMI (P=.002). Within our cohort, 87% of our patients achieved amelioration of symptoms by the end of the first postoperative month.

Conclusions:

Our study confirms that laparoscopic management of bowel endometriosis is safe and effective. We found 2 statistically significant predictors of higher-stage disease that should prompt careful surgical planning. Obesity is associated with a higher rate of recurrence of endometriosis.     

经肛肠梗阻导管联合腹腔镜手术治疗结直肠恶性梗阻

目的 评价经肛肠梗阻减压导管联合腹腔镜手术在结直肠恶性梗阻治疗中的应用价值.方法 2007年3月至2010年10月37例急性完全性结直肠恶性梗阻患者经肛置入肠梗阻导管至梗阻近端肠管,冲洗引流4～10 d后行腹腔镜探查并一期切除吻合.结果 37例患者中34例成功置入导管,导管引流时间为4～10 d,平均(5.8±1.6)d.置入肠梗阻导管后(3.8±1.3)d(1～7 d)患者腹痛、腹胀症状消失.与入院时腹围(92 4±7)cm相比,手术时腹围(84±6)cm,明显缩小(P=0.013).其中31例患者减压后完成腹腔镜一期根治切除吻合,术后患者恢复顺利,无严重并发症.结论 经肛型肠梗阻减压导管联合腹腔镜手术治疗急性结直肠梗阻安全、有效,可将急诊手术转为限期手术,在适当的肠道准备后腹腔镜下根治手术并一期吻合是可行的.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transanal drainage tube followed by laparoscopic surgery in management of malignant colorectal obstruction. Methods From March 2007 to October 2010, 37 patients with colorectal cancer manifesting acute complete mechanical obstruction were treated by ileus tube drainage. After irrigation and drainage ranging from 4 to 10 days, the radical operations and anastomosis were performed by laparoscopy. Results The drainage tubes were successfully implanted in 34 patients. The decompression time of patients was (5. 8 ±1.6) d, ranging from 4 to 10 d. The abdominal pain and bloating symptoms were faded away after (3. 8 ±1.3) d (1 to 7 d) drainage. And comparing to that of patients when admission, abdominal circumference significantly reduced from ( 92 ± 7 ) cm to (84 ±6)cm(P =0. 013) before surgery. Thirty-one cases were performed radical resection and anastomosis by laparoscopy after decompression. Postoperative recovery was smooth, and there was no serious complication. Conclusions Laparoscopic surgery followed decompression by transanal ileus tube is effective and safe for acute lower colorectal obstruction. Emergency surgery may be converted to limit surgery by this method. After appropriate bowel preparation, laparoscopic radical surgery and anastomosis is feasible.     

高龄结直肠癌患者并急性肠梗阻的外科处理

目的　探讨高龄结直肠癌患者并急性肠梗阻的外科处理方法。方法　回顾性分析我院1 992～ 1 999年间 88例高龄结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻患者的临床资料 ,综合评价其外科处理方法。结果　 88例均在入院后 3h至 5d内进行手术。 1 0例绞窄性肠梗阻中仅 3例术前确诊 ,符合率为 30 %(3/ 1 0 ) ,肿瘤切除率为 67% (59/ 88) ,术后并发症发生率为 42 % (37/ 88) ,病死率为 1 1 .4% (1 0 / 88)。结论　对高龄结直肠癌致急性肠梗阻的患者应警惕肠绞窄的发生 ,积极处理合并症 ,合理选择手术方式 ,有效地预防和治疗术后并发症是提高疗效的关键     

腹腔镜下结直肠癌手术496例术后并发症的观察及护理

目的了解腹腔镜下结直肠癌手术后并发症观察及护理方法与效果。方法对我院2012年3月-2014年3月收治的接受腹腔镜下结直肠癌手术治疗的患者进行抽样,选取496例患者随机分成两组,对照组予以常规护理,实验组在常规护理基础上推行综合护理干预,观察两组临床护理效果。结果实验组并发症发生率（2．02％）明显低于对照组（5．65％）,胃管留置时间、肛门排气时间、导尿管留置时间、下床活动时间、进食时间、住院时问均短于对照组,且术后SAS、SDS评分明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论强化腹腔镜下结直肠癌术后并发症观察及护理,对减少并发症、改善患者预后、提高其生存质量具有至关重要的应用意义,值得临床积极推广与应用。     

Outcomes of laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer in elderly patients

Objective:

To evaluate the short-term outcomes of laparoscopic colorectal surgery for cancer in the elderly compared with younger patients.

Methods:

We retrospectively considered a consecutive unselected series of 159 patients who underwent elective laparoscopic procedures for colorectal cancer at our institution between January 2007 and December 2009. Of these patients, 101 (63.5%) were ≤70 years of age (Group A), and 58 (36.5%) were >70 (Group B). Operative steps and instrumentation were standardized. Demographics, disease-related, operative, and short-term data were analyzed for each group, and an appropriate statistical comparison was made. Comorbidity was quantified by using the Charlson Comorbidity Index.

Results:

We reviewed right colectomies (29.5%), left colectomies (44.7%), rectal resections (19.5%), and other procedures (6.3%). There was no significant difference in sex ratio, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiology score, type of surgical procedures, and tumor stage between Group A and Group B. A statistically higher comorbidity according to the Charlson index characterized Group B (2.2 vs 3.8; P=.034). Median operative time (228±78.1min vs 224.3±97.6min; NS), estimated blood loss (50.0±94.8mL vs 31.2±72.7mL; NS), conversion rate (2.0% vs 1.7%; NS), and timing to canalization (4.5±1.7dd vs 4.4±1.3dd; NS) were statistically comparable in both Groups. Group B was associated with a significantly longer length of hospital stay compared with Group A (8.1±2.8dd vs 10.8±6.6dd; P<.01) There was no statistically significant difference in major postoperative complications (3.8% vs 3.4%; NS), reoperations (0.9% vs 1.7%; NS), and 30-day mortality (0% vs 1.7%; NS).

Conclusions:

Laparoscopic colorectal surgery appears feasible and safe in elderly patients with increased comorbidity.     

经蓝碟(LapDisc)手助腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术

目的 探讨手助腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术的临床效果。方法 应用LapDisc手助腹腔镜技术完成27例结直肠癌根治术。结果 手术全部成功，无一例中转开腹。手术时间90～260min，平均140min。术中出血50～200ml，平均110ml。术后无死亡及吻合口漏等并发症。随访6～23个月，平均8．6月，未见切口种植复发。结论 手助腹腔镜结直肠癌根治具有安全、创伤小、术后恢复快及降低标准腹腔镜手术难度等优点，值得临床推广应用。     

腹腔镜治疗结直肠癌35例体会

目的探讨腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术的适应症、禁忌症和手术技巧的临床应用。方法回顾性分析我科从2005年2月到2009年12月35例在腹腔镜下行结直肠癌根治术的临床资料。所有手术均与开腹手术相同的标准进行的。结果 33例病人顺利完成腹腔镜手术。中转开腹2例。平均手术时间185分钟,术中平均出血量80ml,平均住院时间为11天。全组病人住院期间无死亡。术后随访时间10-60个月(平均36个月),最长者5年。1例直肠癌患者发生盆腔局部复发,但均无远处转移和Trocar处、切口处肿瘤种植发生。结论腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术相比传统开放手术有创伤小,恢复快的特点,肿瘤根治的彻底性、肿瘤局部复发率和远处转移率与传统开放手术相同。     

Multidimensional analysis of the learning curve for laparoscopic colorectal surgery: lessons from 1,000 cases of laparoscopic colorectal surgery

Purpose  We consider quality of surgery throughout the learning curve and attempt to determine the learning curve for competency in performing laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Methods  The study included 1,014 patients who underwent laparoscopic colorectal resection between June 1996 and December 2007. We categorized patients into nine periods according to number of cases performed. Results  Operative time continuously decreased for right hemicolectomy (216 versus 150 min) and anterior resection (214.8 versus 147.7 min), whereas for low anterior resection it did not change over many periods and then significantly decreased after the ninth period (221.3 versus 176.4 min). The proportion of patients who had undergone previous abdominal surgery increased after the second period. Anastomotic leakage rate was 6–9% for the first 200 cases, and then decreased to less than 2%. More than 10% of operations were converted to open surgery during the first period, after which this rate significantly decreased to 2%. Number of harvested lymph nodes stabilized to 35–40 for right hemicolectomy after 200 cases, whereas for anterior and low anterior resection it was consistently 15–20 after the initial 20 cases. Overall, disease recurrence rate was 16–25%. For rectal cancer, local recurrence rate was highest (12%) in the fourth period and decreased thereafter to about 3%. Conclusion  Postoperative complications and local recurrence rate increased even after accumulation of experience because of expansion of indications for laparoscopic procedures.     

结直肠癌术前vivonex替代肠道准备的临床研究

目的探讨口服vivonex可否替代结直肠癌术前肠道准备。方法结直肠癌患者40例,分vivonex组(20例)和对照组(20例),手术前后行肠道菌群分析,血浆D-乳酸、血中细菌DNA检测,观察术中肠道清洁情况和术后感染性并发症的发生率。结果两组术前双歧杆菌/大肠杆菌(B/E)比值倒置,对照组术后B/E比值(0.25±0.06)较术前(0.72±0.59)倒置更为明显,P<0.01。vivonex组术后B/E比值(1.36±0.34)较术前(0.76±0.47)显著增加,P<0.05;两组术后B/E比值比较,vivonex组较对照组显著增加(P<0.01)。术后血浆D-乳酸对照组较vivonex组显著增加(P<0.05),血中DNA阳性率(40%)、术后感染性并发症发生率(25%)对照组均高于vivonex组(25%和15%)。结论vivonex用于结直肠癌术前肠道准备可维护肠屏障功能,降低术后感染性并发症发生率。     

Laparoscopic colorectal surgery in elderly patients: a case-control study of 15 years of experience

Introduction

The aim of this study was to review the impact of age (≥75 years) on the short-term outcomes of laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

Methods

Three hundred seventy-nine patients under 70 years of age and 91 patients 75 years and older were analyzed. Quantification of comorbidities was performed using the Charlson Weighted Comorbidity Index. Outcome measures were postoperative complications and 30-day mortality.

Results

There was no difference in the occurrence of postoperative complications between the younger and older patients. Bivariate analysis revealed that patient age was not a risk factor of major complications (odds ratio = 1.2; 95% confidence interval, .6–2.3). Although bivariate analysis revealed that older age had a statistically significant odds ratio for 30-day mortality (odds ratio = 12.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–125.4), multivariate analysis revealed that it was a weighted comorbidity index score of 5 or more (P = .02) and long operative time (P = .01) that were independent predictors of 30-day mortality and not age per se.

Conclusions

Age is not an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality in laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery.     

腹腔镜治疗放射性肠损伤12例

目的总结腹腔镜手术用于放射性肠损伤外科治疗技术的初步经验。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年1月收治的采用腹腔镜手术治疗的12例放射性肠损伤患者的临床资料。结果12例患者中,2例中转剖腹,其中1例因为广泛全腹腔粘连,另1例因为无法排除肿瘤复发;其余10例均在腹腔镜下顺利完成手术。2例肠梗阻患者行小肠造口,1例患者因消化道出血行横结肠造口术;行肠切除吻合的7例患者中,先期进行的2例在腹腔镜下分离后经小的辅助切口行肠吻合,后期进行的5例行完全腹腔镜下的分离和吻合。术后1例发生回肠结肠吻合口瘘,经双套管持续冲洗后生物蛋白胶封堵愈合,其余患者无明显腹部并发症。结论腹腔镜手术可以安全用于放射性肠损伤患者,能够避免切口不愈合等并发症。     

Clinical outcome of the laparoscopic surgery for stage II and III colorectal cancer

Background Laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery has become widely accepted recently. However, the oncological validity of this surgery has not yet been well analyzed, especially for advanced cancer. The aim of this study is to assess the clinical outcome of laparoscopic surgery for stage II/III colorectal cancer in our hospital. Patients and methods Between June 1999 and August 2006, 321 patients underwent laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery in our hospital; of those 121 cases whose pathological findings revealed stage II/III were included in this study. Among these cases, we assessed a short-term outcome and a medium-term outcome in terms of survival evaluation. Results The male:female ratio was 73:48, and mean age of patients was 62.4 years. Thirteen tumors were located in the cecum, 29 in the ascending colon, five in the transverse colon, one in the descending colon, 43 in the sigmoid colon, and 30 in the rectum. Average duration of operation was 184 minutes, and mean estimated blood loss was 53.5 ml. Five patients (4.1%) were converted to open procedures. No intraoperative complication was observed but eight complications (6.6%) occurred postoperatively. Forty-two cases were classified as stage II, 62 as stage IIIA /B, and 17 as stage IIIC. Five patients died of cancer relapse (4.1%), and 18 cases had recurrence of disease (14.9%), to date. No port-site recurrence was detected. Overall five-year survival was 95.7% in stage II, 84.1% in stage IIIA/B, 70.0% in stage IIIC. Meanwhile disease-free five-year survival was 75.6% in stage II, 80.1% in stage IIIA/B, and 66.8% in stage IIIC. No significant difference was observed between stages, in terms of either overall or disease-free survival. Conclusion Although further evaluation is required, laparoscopic surgery for stage II/III colorectal cancer is safe and would be an oncologically adequate procedure.     

机械性肠道准备在结直肠手术的临床应用价值研究

目的探究机械性肠道准备(MBP)在结直肠手术中的临床应用价值。 方法前瞻性选取2017年5至2019年6月104例结直肠癌手术患者进行研究。根据数字随机法将患者随机分为MBP组(术前行MBP)和非MBP组(术前不行MBP)各52例。手术操作均由同一医师团队完成,两组患者均行开腹结直肠癌根治术。采用统计软件SPSS 20.0进行分析,围术期各项指标、应激反应指标、肠道菌群变化指标等采用( ±s)表示,组间行独立t检验;术后并发症行卡方检验,P<0.05为检验标准。 结果非MBP组术后首次排气时间及住院时间优于MBP组(P<0.05),两组术后并发症总发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后1 d、3 d两组Cor、hs-CRP、IL-6等应激指标水平较术前显著升高(P<0.05),MBP组显著高于非MBP组(P<0.05)。较术前相比,术后两组均出现轻至中度肠道菌群失调,非MBP组Ⅱ、Ⅲ度菌群失调程度轻于MBP组(P＝0.011)。术后两组益生菌BL、LC计数较术前明显降低,非MBP组高于MBP组(P<0.05);致病菌EB、SP计数较术前明显升高,非MBP组低于MBP组(P<0.05)。 结论结直肠手术术前行MBP可加重患者应激反应及肠道菌群失调程度,不能降低术后感染及吻合口漏等并发症的发生,其整体临床应用价值呈现弊大于利,术前不建议行MBP。     

Comparison of robotic reduced-port and laparoscopic approaches for left-sided colorectal cancer surgery

Background/objectiveThe reduced-port approach can overcome the limitations of single-incision laparoscopic surgery while maintaining its advantages. Here, we compared the effects of robotic reduced-port surgery and conventional laparoscopic approaches for left-sided colorectal cancer.MethodsBetween January 2015 and December 2016, the clinicopathological characteristics and treatment outcomes of 17 patients undergoing robotic reduced-port surgery and 49 patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for left-sided colorectal cancer were compared.ResultsThe two groups were comparable in almost all outcome measures except for the distal resection margin, which was significantly longer in the laparoscopic group (P < 0.001). The between-group differences in reoperation, incisional hernia development, and overall and progression-free survival were nonsignificant; however, the total hospital cost was significantly higher in the robotic group than in the laparoscopic group (US$13779.6 ± US$3114.8 vs. US$8556.3 ± US$2056.7, P < 0.001).ConclusionRobotic reduced-port surgery for left-sided colorectal cancer is safe and effective but more expensive with no additional benefit compared with the conventional laparoscopic approach. This observation warrants further evaluation.     

腹腔镜与开腹手术治疗结直肠癌疗效比较

目的探讨腹腔镜与开腹手术治疗结直肠癌的手术效果。方法把62例结直肠癌患者随机分为常规开腹手术组(常规组)和腹腔镜下结直肠癌手术组(观察组)各31例。观察两组患者术后肛门排气时间、住院天数和肠梗阻的发生率,并对疗效进行评价。结果观察组患者术后肛门排气时间和住院天数均显著少于常规组。常规组20例结肠癌术后有6例发生肠梗阻,发生率为30.0%,观察组22例结肠癌术后有1例发生肠梗阻,发生率为4.55%。常规组11例直肠癌术后有2例发生肠梗阻,发生率为18.18%,观察组9例直肠癌术后有1例发生肠梗阻,发生率为11.11%。结论腹腔镜下结直肠癌手术创伤小,术后恢复快,肠梗阻的发生率较少。     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的临床体会(附42例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的临床疗效及应用价值。方法:回顾分析2009年4月至2011年4月为42例直肠癌患者行腹腔镜根治术的临床资料。结果:41例(97.6%)成功完成腹腔镜手术,1例中转开腹。手术时间平均95 min,术中出血量平均30 ml,术后胃肠道功能恢复时间平均36 h,平均住院9 d,无围手术期死亡及并发症发生,术后38例按Folfox及Eelox方案化疗。随访3～24个月,平均18个月,切口均无肿瘤种植转移及复发。中转开腹患者于术后3个月死于肿瘤广泛转移导致的全身多器官功能衰竭。结论:腹腔镜直肠癌根治术具有患者创伤小、术后康复快、术中出血少、解剖清晰、切除病灶彻底等优点,值得推广应用。     

Laparoscopic surgery for appendiceal cancer with intestinal malrotation in an adult: A case report

IntroductionIntestinal malrotation is a congenital anatomical anomaly resulting from abnormal midgut rotation. Many cases occur during childhood and present with intestinal obstruction and midgut volvulus. Intestinal malrotation rarely occurs in adults and is found incidentally because it is asymptomatic. We herein report a case of intestinal malrotation, and colorectal cancer operated laparoscopically.Presentation of caseA 78-year-old man presented to our Department of Surgical Gastroenterology with fecal occult blood. There were no abnormal findings in the physical examination. Colonoscopy revealed a type 3 tumor in the cecum. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed that the tumor was located in the appendix along the midline of the abdomen. The small intestine and colon occupied the right and left sides of the abdominal cavity, respectively. The diagnosis was appendiceal cancer with nonrotation-type intestinal malrotation. A laparoscopy-assisted ileocecal resection was performed. During surgery, the right-side colon was not fixed to the retroperitoneum, and the right-side colon could be extracted out of the abdominal cavity through the umbilical wound with only adhesive dissection, and mesenteric and lymph node dissection can be performed outside the body. The postoperative course was uneventful.DiscussionAppendiceal cancer with intestinal malrotation is managed with laparoscopic surgery because this method is safe and minimally invasive.ConclusionThe laparoscopic approach may be safer and less invasive than laparotomy, and extracorporeal lymph node dissection is safe and reliable for patients with intestinal malrotation.     

Laparoscopic surgery for colon cancer with intestinal malrotation in adults: Two case reports and review of literatures in Japan

IntroductionIntestinal malrotation is a congenital anomaly, and its occurrence in adults is rare. Colon cancer with intestinal malrotation is far more rare. We herein report two cases of colon cancer with intestinal malrotation treated with laparoscopic surgery and reviewed the literatures in Japan.Presentation of casesCase 1 involved a 78-year-old man. Abdominal enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed that the tumor was located in the sigmoid colon. Intraoperatively, the cecum and ascending colon were located along the midline and the small intestine occupied the right side of the abdomen. The tumor was located in the cecum, and the patient was diagnosed with cecal cancer with intestinal malrotation. We performed laparoscopy-assisted ileocecal resection. Case 2 involved a 81-year-old man. Colonoscopy revealed a laterally spreading tumor in the cecum. Intraoperatively, the position of the small intestine and the ascending colon was similar to case 1, and Ladd’s band was found in front of the duodenum. Thus, we diagnosed the patient with a laterally spreading cecal tumor with intestinal malrotation and performed laparoscopy-assisted ileocecal resection.DiscussionA review of the literature revealed 49 cases of colon cancer with intestinal malrotation and laparoscopic surgery performed at 30.6%. If laparoscopic mesenteric excision for colon cancer with intestinal malrotation is unsafe because of the abnormalities of the artery, mesenteric excision should be performed outside the body.ConclusionIf the intestinal malrotation is diagnosed preoperatively, 3D-CT angiography should be used to reveal the vascular anatomic anomalies for safe performance of laparoscopic surgery.