色彩识别机械训练系统对比色准确性的影响

目的:评价采用TTB色彩识别机械训练系统进行色彩识别训练对观察者比色准确性的影响及对比色板色标颜色与非标准色标颜色识别准确性影响的差异。方法:采用TTB色彩识别机械训练系统对31名口腔修复专业研究生进行每周1次、共3次的色彩识别训练,记录每次训练中的测试成绩及完成训练所需的时间;在训练前后分别采用Vita 3D-Master比色板作为比色工具,以从29个独立的Vita 3D-Master比色板标准色标中抽取的7个色标及Vita Bleachedguide 3D-Master比色板中的7个独立的非Vita 3D-Master比色板标准色标为目标色标进行比色测试,作为基线测定成绩及训练后测定成绩。使用SPSS10.0软件包,采用方差分析统计每次测试成绩与训练用时的差异,采用Wilcoxin符号秩和检验比较训练前后各组比色准确率的差异。结果:训练中的测试成绩逐渐提高,第1次(900.29±51.68)与第3次(933.81±32.94)之间的差异有统计学意义(P0.01);训练用时逐渐减少,第1次(46.29±13.29)min与第2次(32.68±8.8)min及第3次(30.00±7.07)min之间的差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);训练后测定正确率高于基线测定,其中对比色板色标颜色的识别正确率(60.37%±18.33%、46.08%±22.04%)及对全部色标颜色的识别正确率(37.10%±11.58%、28.34%±11.73%)在训练前后均有统计学差异(P0.01),但对非标准色标颜色的识别正确率(13.82±14.98%、10.60%±11.65%)在训练前、后无统计学差异(P0.01)。结论:TTB色彩识别机械训练系统可提高观察者的临床比色能力,但对于提高观察者识别非标准色标颜色准确性的能力有限。     

两种牙齿比色训练系统的应用对比分析

目的 评价牙齿比色训练箱与训练软件对受训者辨色能力的影响,为口腔色彩识别训练的设计提供参考依据.方法 选择具备1～5年修复临床经验的口腔修复学专业研究生62名作为受训者,采用Vita 3D-Master比色板作为比色工具,以随机数字表随机抽取的7个比色板标准色标和7个比色板非标准色标为目标色标进行比色测试,测量训练前受训者可准确识别的色标个数.按照测试成绩将受训者平均分为TTB组和,TT组(每组31名),分别用牙齿比色训练箱和训练软件进行每周1次、连续3周的牙齿比色训练;按上述方法进行训练中期比色测试.之后两组互换训练方式,再进行每周1次、连续3周的训练后,进行训练后比色测试.采用Wileoxin符号秩和检验分析训练中期与训练后两组受训者可准确识别的色标个数差异.结果 训练中期TTB组受训者可准确识别的标准色标和全部色标个数(4.4 ±1.3、5.3±1.6)均高于TT组(4.0±1.4、4.9±1.5),但差异均无统计学意义(P=O.457、0.310).训练后TT组受训者可准确识别的标准色标个数(4.9±0.8)高于TTB组(4.7±1.1),但差异无统计学意义(P=0.222,0.118);TT组可准确识别的全部色标个数(6.4±0.8)大于TTB组(5.8±0.9),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 两种系统联合应用时,先进行牙齿比色训练软件训练,后进行牙齿比色训练箱训练的效果较好.     

三种比色板在牙科比色中的临床效果分析

目的：对比研究Vita经典比色板、Vita3D-Master比色板和SHOFU NCC比色板在牙科比色中的临床效果,以指导临床和技工制作瓷修复体。方法：采用修复前比色、修复体制作完成后口腔外比色以及口腔内核对颜色的方法,对比三种比色板的比色效果。结果：修复体制作完成后,在口腔内、外核对颜色时,使用Vita3D-Master比色板和SHOFU NCC比色板的满意度均高于Vita经典比色板,而Vita3D比色板和NCC比色板之间无显著性差异。结论：Vi-ta3D-Master比色板和SHOFU NCC比色板颜色范围较宽,临床比色可以取得较好的效果。     

两种常用比色板的临床色度学研究

目的从临床角度探讨两种比色板色度学的变化。方法用Shade Eye EX电脑比色仪分别测试Shofu16色比色板和Vita16色比色板的比色片，获得比色片的色调、彩度、明度、色相和瓷粉配方。结果两组比色片的B色调全测为A系列，大多数比色片的色相测为R系列；多数Vita比色片的彩度高于Shofu比色片；两组比色片的明度排列次序不符合Vita 16色比色板的明度排列次序指示，Shofu比色片的明度普遍高于Vita比色片；绝大多数比色片的颜色复制需用偏红色调瓷粉，或需添加偏红色调及红色瓷粉。结论用Shofu 16色比色板或Vita 16色比色板比值和配色，需添加其他系列或特殊颜色的瓷粉。     

比色板标准与非标准色标识别差异的初探

Objective To compare the shade matching accuracy between tabs of shade guide and tabs out of shade guide by prosthodontists.Methods Sixty-two graduate students who had 1 to 5 years clinical experience without color blindness were included in this study.Twenty-nine tabs from Vita 3D-Master shadeguide and 7 tabs out of Vita 3D-Master shade guide but from Vita Bleachedguide 3D-Master were taken as the targets of shade matching and observed under the standard light.Subjects' shade matching accuracy on tabs of shadeguide and tabs out of shadeguide was recorded.Frequency of right match was analyzed using Monte Carlo exact probability-test Wilcoxin test was used to analyze the difference between each group on ranked data of value,chroma and hue.Results The shade matching accuracy of tabs of shade guide[45.9%(199/434)]was significantly higher than that of tabs out of shade guide[9.0%(39/434)].There was significant difference between the two kinds of tabs of ranked data of value[0.2 (0.1～0.3),0.4(0.4～0.5)]and chroma[0.2(0.1～0.4),0.5(0.4～0.6),P＜0.01 ],but there was no significant difference in hue data[0.3(0.1～0.4),0.3(0.1～0.4)].Conclusions The shade matching ability of prosthodontists on tabs out of shade guide is lower than that on tabs of shadeguide.To fulfill clinical need,more training is necessary.     

比色板标准与非标准色标识别差异的初探

Objective To compare the shade matching accuracy between tabs of shade guide and tabs out of shade guide by prosthodontists.Methods Sixty-two graduate students who had 1 to 5 years clinical experience without color blindness were included in this study.Twenty-nine tabs from Vita 3D-Master shadeguide and 7 tabs out of Vita 3D-Master shade guide but from Vita Bleachedguide 3D-Master were taken as the targets of shade matching and observed under the standard light.Subjects' shade matching accuracy on tabs of shadeguide and tabs out of shadeguide was recorded.Frequency of right match was analyzed using Monte Carlo exact probability-test Wilcoxin test was used to analyze the difference between each group on ranked data of value,chroma and hue.Results The shade matching accuracy of tabs of shade guide[45.9%(199/434)]was significantly higher than that of tabs out of shade guide[9.0%(39/434)].There was significant difference between the two kinds of tabs of ranked data of value[0.2 (0.1～0.3),0.4(0.4～0.5)]and chroma[0.2(0.1～0.4),0.5(0.4～0.6),P＜0.01 ],but there was no significant difference in hue data[0.3(0.1～0.4),0.3(0.1～0.4)].Conclusions The shade matching ability of prosthodontists on tabs out of shade guide is lower than that on tabs of shadeguide.To fulfill clinical need,more training is necessary.     

比色板标准与非标准色标识别差异的初探

Objective To compare the shade matching accuracy between tabs of shade guide and tabs out of shade guide by prosthodontists.Methods Sixty-two graduate students who had 1 to 5 years clinical experience without color blindness were included in this study.Twenty-nine tabs from Vita 3D-Master shadeguide and 7 tabs out of Vita 3D-Master shade guide but from Vita Bleachedguide 3D-Master were taken as the targets of shade matching and observed under the standard light.Subjects' shade matching accuracy on tabs of shadeguide and tabs out of shadeguide was recorded.Frequency of right match was analyzed using Monte Carlo exact probability-test Wilcoxin test was used to analyze the difference between each group on ranked data of value,chroma and hue.Results The shade matching accuracy of tabs of shade guide[45.9%(199/434)]was significantly higher than that of tabs out of shade guide[9.0%(39/434)].There was significant difference between the two kinds of tabs of ranked data of value[0.2 (0.1～0.3),0.4(0.4～0.5)]and chroma[0.2(0.1～0.4),0.5(0.4～0.6),P＜0.01 ],but there was no significant difference in hue data[0.3(0.1～0.4),0.3(0.1～0.4)].Conclusions The shade matching ability of prosthodontists on tabs out of shade guide is lower than that on tabs of shadeguide.To fulfill clinical need,more training is necessary.     

比色板标准与非标准色标识别差异的初探

Objective To compare the shade matching accuracy between tabs of shade guide and tabs out of shade guide by prosthodontists.Methods Sixty-two graduate students who had 1 to 5 years clinical experience without color blindness were included in this study.Twenty-nine tabs from Vita 3D-Master shadeguide and 7 tabs out of Vita 3D-Master shade guide but from Vita Bleachedguide 3D-Master were taken as the targets of shade matching and observed under the standard light.Subjects' shade matching accuracy on tabs of shadeguide and tabs out of shadeguide was recorded.Frequency of right match was analyzed using Monte Carlo exact probability-test Wilcoxin test was used to analyze the difference between each group on ranked data of value,chroma and hue.Results The shade matching accuracy of tabs of shade guide[45.9%(199/434)]was significantly higher than that of tabs out of shade guide[9.0%(39/434)].There was significant difference between the two kinds of tabs of ranked data of value[0.2 (0.1～0.3),0.4(0.4～0.5)]and chroma[0.2(0.1～0.4),0.5(0.4～0.6),P＜0.01 ],but there was no significant difference in hue data[0.3(0.1～0.4),0.3(0.1～0.4)].Conclusions The shade matching ability of prosthodontists on tabs out of shade guide is lower than that on tabs of shadeguide.To fulfill clinical need,more training is necessary.     

比色板标准与非标准色标识别差异的初探

Objective To compare the shade matching accuracy between tabs of shade guide and tabs out of shade guide by prosthodontists.Methods Sixty-two graduate students who had 1 to 5 years clinical experience without color blindness were included in this study.Twenty-nine tabs from Vita 3D-Master shadeguide and 7 tabs out of Vita 3D-Master shade guide but from Vita Bleachedguide 3D-Master were taken as the targets of shade matching and observed under the standard light.Subjects' shade matching accuracy on tabs of shadeguide and tabs out of shadeguide was recorded.Frequency of right match was analyzed using Monte Carlo exact probability-test Wilcoxin test was used to analyze the difference between each group on ranked data of value,chroma and hue.Results The shade matching accuracy of tabs of shade guide[45.9%(199/434)]was significantly higher than that of tabs out of shade guide[9.0%(39/434)].There was significant difference between the two kinds of tabs of ranked data of value[0.2 (0.1～0.3),0.4(0.4～0.5)]and chroma[0.2(0.1～0.4),0.5(0.4～0.6),P＜0.01 ],but there was no significant difference in hue data[0.3(0.1～0.4),0.3(0.1～0.4)].Conclusions The shade matching ability of prosthodontists on tabs out of shade guide is lower than that on tabs of shadeguide.To fulfill clinical need,more training is necessary.     

比色板标准与非标准色标识别差异的初探

Objective To compare the shade matching accuracy between tabs of shade guide and tabs out of shade guide by prosthodontists.Methods Sixty-two graduate students who had 1 to 5 years clinical experience without color blindness were included in this study.Twenty-nine tabs from Vita 3D-Master shadeguide and 7 tabs out of Vita 3D-Master shade guide but from Vita Bleachedguide 3D-Master were taken as the targets of shade matching and observed under the standard light.Subjects' shade matching accuracy on tabs of shadeguide and tabs out of shadeguide was recorded.Frequency of right match was analyzed using Monte Carlo exact probability-test Wilcoxin test was used to analyze the difference between each group on ranked data of value,chroma and hue.Results The shade matching accuracy of tabs of shade guide[45.9%(199/434)]was significantly higher than that of tabs out of shade guide[9.0%(39/434)].There was significant difference between the two kinds of tabs of ranked data of value[0.2 (0.1～0.3),0.4(0.4～0.5)]and chroma[0.2(0.1～0.4),0.5(0.4～0.6),P＜0.01 ],but there was no significant difference in hue data[0.3(0.1～0.4),0.3(0.1～0.4)].Conclusions The shade matching ability of prosthodontists on tabs out of shade guide is lower than that on tabs of shadeguide.To fulfill clinical need,more training is necessary.     

全牙测色比色仪测色准确性的体外研究

目的 通过比较比色板比色和全牙测色比色仪测色的准确入次,并分析比色仪测色结果与内置色度值的色差,评价全牙测色比色仪测色的准确性.方法 20名口腔修复专业医师用Vita 3D-Master比色板以及训练前后用Crystaleye全牙测色比色仪对固定在标准牙列模型上的8个比色片中央区分别进行比色板比色和比色仪测色,记录比色结果,计算比色板比色准确率和训练前后比色仪测色准确率.结果 20名受试对象比色板比色的准确率为49%,训练前后比色仪测色的准确率分别为83%、99%.结论 全牙测色比色仪的测色准确性明显高于比色板比色,掌握正确的测色方法后可以进一步提高测色准确性.

Abstract：

Objective To test AE between measured value and right value from the Crystaleye complete-tooth spectrophotometer, and to evaluate the accuracy rate of the spectrophotometer. Methods Twenty prosthodontists participated in the study. Each of them used Vita 3D-Master shadeguide to do the shade matching, and used Crystaleye complete-tooth spectrophotometer (before and after the test training)tested the middle of eight fixed tabs from shadeguide in the dark box. The results of shade matching and spectrophotometer were recorded. The accuracy rate of shade matching and the spectrophotometer before and after training were calculated. Results The average accuracy rate of shade matching was 49%. The average accuracy rate of the spectrophotometer before and after training was 83% and 99%. Conclusions The accuracy of the spectrophotometer was significant higher than that in shade matching, and training can improve the accuracy rate.     

饮料与染色瓷粉比色板色度的匹配性研究

目的通过孟塞尔表色系研究饮料与染色瓷粉比色板色度的匹配性,为技工制作陶瓷修复体时选择染色瓷粉模拟天然牙的着色提供参考依据。方法采用分光光谱仪测量Vita Akzent、Vita Interno、Shofu Vintage &Unibond和Noritake Super Porcelain EX- 3染色瓷粉比色板各比色片和15种饮料的孟塞尔色参数,比较其邻近色相、邻近明度和邻近彩度的差异,用双向无序行列表的Fisher确切概率法进行统计。结果15种饮料与4种染色瓷粉比色板邻近色相的频次差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,而邻近明度和邻近彩度的频次差异没有统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论4种染色瓷粉模拟15种饮料的着色除色相外没有区别,通过适当的色相、明度和彩度调配,4种染色瓷粉能够与15种饮料的色度大致相匹配。     

Intrarater repeatability of shade selections with two shade guides

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Color research has shown that shade guides do not always represent the color of natural teeth. Moreover, visual evaluation has been found to be unreliable and inconsistent. PURPOSE: This investigation evaluated the effects of 2 shade guides on the intrarater repeatability (reliability) of prosthodontists and general practitioners with regard to shade selection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten prosthodontists and ten general practitioners (all men, 35-45 years old) with an average practice experience of 14 years participated in this study. Examiners were tested to eliminate color blindness. Each clinician used Vita Lumin Vacuum and Vitapan 3D-Master shade guides to determine the shades of the maxillary right canines of 20 patients following a standard protocol. The identification codes of the shade tabs were masked to prevent shade memory. All teeth were polished before each shade selection, and the selection process was standardized for controlled lighting and procedures. Shade selections were randomly repeated 1 month later by the same practitioners on the same group of patients in accordance with the same shade-selection protocol. Analysis of variance and t tests for individual comparisons among means were performed (P<.05). RESULTS: Significant interactions were found between the effects of shade guide system and specialty training on intrarater repeatability (P<.0001, analysis of variance). The intrarater repeatability of prosthodontists was significantly higher than that of general practitioners when the Vita Lumin Vacuum shade guide was used (P<.0001, t test). Use of the Vitapan 3D-Master shade guide significantly improved the intrarater repeatability of general practitioners compared with the Vita Lumin Vacuum shade guide (P<.0005). This improvement was not significant, however, among prosthodontists (P=.2861). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, the prosthodontists demonstrated superior intrarater repeatability in shade selection, especially when the Vita Lumin Vacuum shade guide was used. Use of the Vitapan 3D-Master shade guide notably improved intrarater repeatability among the general practitioners.     

有关四环素牙比色板的初步研究

为解决四环素牙患者固定义齿修复中的比色配色问题,作者选取一定的Vita瓷粉混合,模拟四环素牙色,制作一定数量的金瓷比色片;经仪器测色、分组后与四环素牙的中1/3比色,从中筛选出16个比色片;形成一套四环素牙比色板。结果表明:自制比色板的颜色较国人正常牙色灰暗、色调偏红褐,与105例四环素牙的临床比色相符,可供临床使用。     

视觉比色机械训练系统对色彩识别能力的影响

目的：评价TTB视觉比色机械训练系统对受试者比色能力的影响.方法：使用TTB系统对102名受试者进行每周1次、共3周的视觉比色训练,记录每次TTB训练的成绩及时间,计算每次TTB测试的比色效率值.在训练前后均随机选29色Vita 3D-Master比色板的5个色标进行比色测试,计算比色平均色差及单项色彩因素选择正确率,做为培训前、后比色能力测试成绩.结果：TTB测试比色效率逐渐提高,三次测试效率之间的差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;培训后比色能力测试中所选色片与目标色片的平均色差小于培训前比色平均色差,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.经培训后受试学生对单项色彩因素选择正确率均高于培训前水平,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论：视觉比色机械培训可提高受试者的色彩识别能力.     

Shade Matching Assisted by Digital Photography and Computer Software

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of digital photographs and graphic computer software for color matching compared to conventional visual matching.
Materials and Methods: The shade of a tab from a shade guide (Vita 3D-Master Guide) placed in a phantom head was matched to a second guide of the same type by nine observers. This was done for twelve selected shade tabs (tests). The shade-matching procedure was performed visually in a simulated clinic environment and with digital photographs, and the time spent for both procedures was recorded. An alternative arrangement of the shade tabs was used in the digital photographs. In addition, a graphic software program was used for color analysis. Hue, chroma, and lightness values of the test tab and all tabs of the second guide were derived from the digital photographs. According to the CIE L*C*h* color system, the color differences between the test tab and tabs of the second guide were calculated. The shade guide tab that deviated least from the test tab was determined to be the match. Shade matching performance by means of graphic software was compared with the two visual methods and tested by Chi-square tests (α= 0.05).
Results: Eight of twelve test tabs (67%) were matched correctly by the computer software method. This was significantly better ( p < 0.02) than the performance of the visual shade matching methods conducted in the simulated clinic (32% correct match) and with photographs (28% correct match). No correlation between time consumption for the visual shade matching methods and frequency of correct match was observed.
Conclusions: Shade matching assisted by digital photographs and computer software was significantly more reliable than by conventional visual methods.     

口腔修复科医师目测法比色误差分析

目的评估口腔修复科医师目测法比色的误差。方法从1副Vita LuminVacuum比色板中抽取临床常用的9个比色片,14名口腔修复科医师按临床使用方法与另1副完整的Vita比色板比色。结果比色正确95次（75.4%）,错误31次（24.6%）,色度误差△E在1.24～4.56之间,平均为2.58。结论口腔修复科医师目测比色的准确性有待提高。     

Influence of illuminants on the color distribution of shade guides

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Although a shade tab in a shade guide is matched to a natural tooth in the order of value, hue, and chroma, there are limited data on the color distribution of currently available shade guides sorted by these 3 parameters. Furthermore, spectrophotometric color measurements of shade tabs differ depending on the standard illuminant employed. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the color distributions of 2 shade guides in value (CIE L( *)), chroma (C( *)(ab)) and hue angle (h(o)) scale relative to the standard illuminants D(65), A, and F2. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Color of shade tabs (n=36) from 2 shade guides (Vita Lumin and Chromascop) were measured, and the distributions for CIE L( *), C( *)(ab) and h(o) values were compared. Color differences of shade tabs depending on the illuminant were calculated. The distributions of the ratios of CIE L( *) and C( *)(ab) values of each shade tab compared with the lowest value tab or the lowest chroma tab were determined. The data for the value, chroma, and hue angle within each shade guide were analyzed with a 2-way ANOVA with the factors of shade designation and type of illuminant (alpha=.05). Color difference caused by change of illuminant was analyzed with a 2-way ANOVA with the factors of shade designation and pair of illuminants compared (alpha=.05). The Scheffe multiple comparison test was performed as a post hoc test. RESULTS: CIE L( *), C( *)(ab) and h(o) values were influenced by shade designation and type of illuminant in both shade guides. Color difference caused by change of the illuminant was influenced by the shade designation and pair of illuminants compared. The order of mean color differences of 16 Vita Lumin shade tabs by pairs of illuminants compared was as follows: DeltaE( *)(ab) (D(65)/F2) = 1.63 3.7). Color distribution of 2 shade guides by the value and chroma was not logical.     

两种VITA比色板的色度学比较

目的：对两种VITA比色板的色度范围进行比较分析，并与中国人牙色度范围相比较，以便为临床选色和瓷粉的使用提供指导。方法：选用CIEl976—L^*a^*b^*色度系统，用Minolta CM—2600d分光测色计对两种VITA比色板的色度佰进行测定，对二者的色度范围做了比较分析。结果：与Vita C1assical比色板相比，Vita 3D Master比色片明度值在较低的区域也有分布，a^*增大，使颜色向黄红色调方向移动；b^*也增大，使颜色的饱和度增大。Vita 3D—Master比色板几乎全部涵盖了Vita Classical比色板的明度和饱和度范围。二者与中国人牙色度范围相比较，部缺乏明度较高的色片，Vita 3D Master比色板较Vita C1assical比色板能够更好的覆盖中国人牙色范围，二者的色度范围相加则更有代表性。结论：Vita 3D—Master比色板较Vita Classical比色板颜色分布的范围更符合中国人牙色度范围、排列更合理，为临床准确地选色、配色提供了可靠的依据。