门静脉回流技术在胰肾联合移植动物实验中的应用

目的研究门静脉回流技术在胰肾联合移植动物实验中的应用.方法 24只杂交长白猪随机分为体循环回流组(SVD)和门静脉回流组(PVD),每组内随机分为供、受体,经供体猪腹主动脉原位灌注,大块联合切取供体胰、节段十二指肠、左肾、脾脏.修剪移植肾脏、胰腺和十二指肠,左肾静脉与肠系膜上静脉吻合后,PVD组采用移植物门静脉与受体肠系膜上静脉吻合,SVD组采用移植物门静脉与下腔静脉吻合.各组腹主动脉与受体腹主动脉吻合,十二指肠内置入T型管、输尿管内置入脑室引流管自腹壁引出待Ⅱ期手术吻合.结果 SVD组和PVD组手术均很成功,供肾、胰植入受体后立即恢复良好的血液循环,并且迅速恢复功能,平均存活期分别为12 d和14 d.结论门静脉回流技术是可行的.     

超声在胰肾联合移植中的应用--附2例报道

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在检测正常移植脏器及并发症中的应用价值.方法用彩色多普勒超声观察2例胰、肾联合移植患者的声像图特征及动静脉血流变化情况.结果 1.移植肾术后体积增大,围手术期后与正常肾相同;2.移植胰术后体积增大,围手术期后胰腺厚度及回声仍高于正常胰腺.结论彩色多普勒显像技术对正常移植脏器的确定及并发症的检出具有重要价值,对提高术后存活率有重要意义.     

胰肾一期联合移植

1977年,Busing首先采用胰肾一期联合移植(SPKT)治疗糖尿病肾功能衰竭,同时纠正糖尿病和尿毒症。以后许多国家相继开展,目前移植物1年存活率已达55％～75％。现将有关SPKT的应用情况介绍如下。1 移植器官的切取 一般对供者采用腹部大十字切口,多器官原位灌注及整块切取的方法。主动脉插管灌注后,切取肝脏、全胰腺、十二指肠、脾脏、双侧肾上腺、肾脏及输尿管等。腹主动脉切取范围上至主动脉裂孔,下至髂血管分叉6cm处。灌注液一般选用UW液,其保存胰腺的最长时限为30小时。修整器官时,先分离双肾、输尿管及其血管,再修整胰腺、十二指肠和脾脏。保留好腹腔动脉、肠系膜上动脉及上述二动脉开口的腹主动脉片和门静脉。2 手术方法     

胰肾联合移植治疗1型糖尿病并尿毒症22例

对22例合并尿毒症的1型糖尿病患者实施胰肾联合移植术（SPKT）,采用肠—肠内引流（ED）术式;术后给予他克莫司、环孢霉素、霉酚酸酯及皮质激素预防排斥反应,同时常规抗菌、抗真菌、抗病毒和抗凝治疗。22例手术均获成功,2例并发血管栓塞（1例药物治疗好转,1例再次手术切除移植物）,3例出现排斥反应（抗排斥治疗好转）,1例原发性移植胰腺无功能再次手术切除,2例消化道出血（1例药物治疗好转,1例手术止血）,所有患者均存活。认为SPKT治疗糖尿病并尿毒症是可行的,但围手术期并发症发生率较高,防止并发症的发生是手术成功的技术关键。     

胰肾联合移植

胰肾联合移植殷立平胰岛素依赖性糖尿病（Ｉ型糖尿病，Ｉｎ－ｓｕｌｉｎ－ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｉｌｌｉｔｕｓ，ＩＤＤＭ）是慢性肾功能不全终末期肾衰（ＥＳＲＤ）的主要原因之一。西方国家每年大约１／３的ＥＳＲＤ是由ＩＤＤＭ引起，其中近２０％的患...     

连续缝合法在套入式胰肠吻合中的应用

目的 探讨在胰十二指肠切除术中利用连续缝合法进行套入式胰肠吻合对预防胰瘘发生的作用.方法 通过采用4-0可吸收线连续缝合法对22例胰十二指肠切除患者进行端侧套入式胰肠吻合,并以同期实施的12例端侧套入式间断缝合、23例胰管空肠黏膜吻合术进行比较.结果 22例患者均顺利施行套入式连续胰肠吻合,平均时间约13 min,术后1例出现胆漏,未发生胰肠吻合口漏,无手术死亡.患者平均住院15 d.同期端侧套入式间断缝合时间平均20 min,术后发生胰漏2例,腹腔感染1例,其中1例并发腹腔大出血死亡;端侧胰管空肠黏膜吻合时间平均18 min,发生胰漏1例,上消化道出血1例.术后患者平均住院19 d.结论 连续套入式胰肠吻合适用于任何情况下的残余胰腺,且操作简便、省时、并发症少,是胰肠吻合技术的一种有效改进.     

超声在胰肾联合移植中的应用——附2例报道

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声在检测正常移植脏器及并发症中的应用价值。方法 用彩色多普勒超声观察2例胰、肾联合移植患的声像图特征及动静脉血流变化情况。结果 1．移植肾术后体积增大，围手术期后与正常肾相同；2．移植胰术后体积增大，围手术期后胰腺厚度及回声仍高于正常胰腺。结论 彩色多普勒显像技术对正常移植脏器的确定及并发症的检出具有重要价值，对提高术后存活率有重要意义。     

大鼠小肠移植的外科技术

目的总结大鼠异位全小肠移植的外科手术．方法整块切取的供肠的范围包括全小肠、门静脉及带肠系膜上动脉的腹主动脉段端，在术中进行供肠原位灌注和肠腔灌洗．动脉吻合采用供体的带肠系膜上动脉的腹主动脉段端侧吻合于受体的腹主动脉，静脉吻合利用Ｃｕｆ套管技术将供体的门静脉与受体的左肾静脉端端吻合．移植肠两端腹壁双造口．供、受体术中均补液６ｍＬ～８ｍＬ．结果共进行１８９次移植手术，其中正式实验３３次，手术成功率为８４８％．供体手术时间８０ｍｉｎ±１０ｍｉｎ；供肠修理时间１０ｍｉｎ±３ｍｉｎ；受体手术时间９５ｍｉｎ±１５ｍｉｎ，其中动脉吻合时间１８ｍｉｎ±５ｍｉｎ，静脉吻合时间１ｍｉｎ；移植肠温缺血时间２２ｍｉｎ±５ｍｉｎ，冷缺血时间控制在６０ｍｉｎ以内．整个手术过程为一人操作，手术时间约３ｈ．结论移植肠的获取、血管吻合技术、术中血容量的维持是外科技术的关键，移植肠术中的处理及保温、感染问题也应重视     

全胰切除联合自体胰岛细胞移植的研究进展

自20世纪70年代以来,慢性胰腺炎患者已从全胰切除术合并自体胰岛细胞移植中获益。在过去的几十年里,随着外科技术和围手术期管理的不断改进,胰岛细胞功能、胰岛素不依赖率和患者存活率不断得到提高。本文归纳总结了自体胰岛细胞移植的术前适应证、手术操作的发展过程、术后管理监测的把控以及预后评估方面的研究进展。     

Metabolic consequences of pancreatic systemic or portal venous drainage in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant recipients.

AIMS: The aim was to investigate pancreatic B-cell function and insulin sensitivity in simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) recipients with systemic or portal venous drained pancreas allograft using simple and easy tests. METHODS: The study included 44 patients with Type 1 diabetes and end-stage renal disease who had undergone SPK transplantation: 20 recipients received a pancreas allograft with systemic venous drainage (S-SPK) and 24 with portal venous drainage (P-SPK). We studied only recipients with functioning grafts, with normal serum glucose, HbA(1c) and serum creatinine values, on a stable drug regimen. The subjects were studied at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months after transplantation. Insulin sensitivity and B-cell function indices were derived from blood samples and oral glucose tolerance tests. RESULTS: All patients from both groups had normal fasting glucose, body mass index and HbA(1c) values by selection. The homeostatic model (HOMA) beta-cell index was significantly lower in P-SPK recipients at several points of the follow-up. HOMA-IR was significantly higher in S-SPK recipients at 6 and 24 months after transplantation and was positively correlated with fasting insulin values, but never exceeded 3.2. There was no significant difference in QUICKI index values between the two groups. Although all patients from both groups always had normal glucose tolerance, the area under the insulin curve was higher in the S-SPK group. Cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides were higher in the P-SPK group. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest sustained long-term endocrine function in both groups and show that portal venous drainage does not offer major metabolic advantages.     

受体门静脉血栓形成与肝移植

在肝硬化、门静脉高压的患者中门静脉血栓（PVT）形成并不少见,据文献报道,其发生率为0.6%～64.1%,其中包括门静脉部分血栓形成和门静脉完全血栓形成造成管腔完全阻塞.门静脉血栓形成以男性病例为多,多数患者除了肝硬化门静脉高压本身的临床表现外,并无其他特殊表现,常不被发现,也不需特殊处理.但若此类患者需行肝移植,作为肝移植受体其门静脉血栓形成就有特别的临床意义.受体门静脉血栓形成对肝移植的不利影响主要是指肝外门静脉和（或）肠系膜上静脉主干因血栓形成引起门静脉血流量减少或消失,在重建供肝门静脉时,供肝得不到足够的门静脉血流灌注,没有充足的门静脉血供,移植肝就不能存活.以往认为,受体门静脉血栓形成是肝移植的禁忌证,近年随着肝移植技术及相关处理的进步,门静脉血栓形成已不作为肝移植的禁忌证了,但是此类患者的肝移植手术处理更为复杂,而且术后并发症也常有增加.     

Establishment of a pig model with enteric and portal venous drainage of pancreatoduodenal transplantation

AIM: To establish the pig model of pancreatoduodenal transplantation with enteric drainage (ED) and portal venous drainage (PVD). METHODS: Forty-six hybrid Landrace pigs were divided into two groups (donors and recipients) randomly, and pancreatoduodenal allotransplantation was performed. Donors were perfused via abdominal aorta without clamping the portal venous outflow with UW solution at 80-100 cm H_2O after heparinization. Whole pancreatoduodenal grafts were harvested with segments of abdominal aorta and portal vein, and shaped under 4℃ UW solution. Then, end-to-end anastomosis was performed with the donor iliac artery bifurcation Y graft to the recipient superior mesenteric artery and celiac artery. Furthermore, type I diabetes model was made by removal of the recipient pancreas. The venous anastomosis was reconstructed between the donor portal vein and the recipient superior mesentery vein. Meanwhile, end-toside anastomosis was performed with the donor common iliac artery bifurcation Y graft to the recipient abdominal aorta, and side-to-side intestinal anastomosis was performed between the donor duodenum and the recipient jejunum. External jugular vein was intubated for transfusion. Levels of plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon were measured during the operation and on the 1~(st), 3~(rd), 5~(th), and 7~(th) d after operation. RESULTS: Pancreatoduodenal allotransplantation was performed on 23 pigs of which 1 died of complication of anesthesia. The success rate of operation was 95.6%. Complications of operation occurred in two cases in which one was phlebothrombosis with an incidence of 4.6%, and the other was duodenojejunal anastomotic leak with an incidence of 4.6%. The level of plasma glucose decreased within 30 min, after removal of pancreas and recovered on the 2~(nd) d after operation. The level of plasma insulin and glucagon increased within 30 min after removal of pancreas and recovered on the 2~(nd) d after operation. Rejection occurred on the 1~(st) d and reached the worst level on the 7~(th) d after transplantation, without change of plasma insulin and glucagon or clinical symptoms of rejection. CONCLUSION: Pancreatoduodenal transplantation in pigs can treat type I diabetes. ED and PVD can keep the function of endocrine in normal. The technique of pancreatoduodenal transplantation with ED and PVD may pave the way for the further application of pancreas transplantation in clinic.     

门静脉回流的胰肾联合移植大鼠模型制备

目的探索建立大鼠胰肾联合移植（SPK）模型的手术技巧。方法以雄性健康近交封闭群SD大鼠作为供体，Wistar大鼠作为受体，行整块胰肾十二指肠移植。采用供体腹主动脉和受体腹主动脉端侧吻合，供体门静脉和受体肠系膜上静脉端侧吻合，供体肾静脉和受体肾静脉袖套式吻合，供体输尿管膀胱瓣与受体膀胱吻合，最后将十二指肠近端结扎，远端腹壁造瘘。结果共正式实验40例，手术成功率为85％。供体肾、胰植入受体后立即恢复良好的血液循环，移植后24h血糖、肌酐降为正常，术后移植胰腺具有内分泌功能。结论此模型切实可行，手术成功率高，术后并发症少，可用于SPK基础方面的研究。     

彩色多普勒血流显像监测肝移植术后门静脉并发症

目的探讨彩色多普勒血流显像技术（CDFI）监测对肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊断价值.方法应用CDFI对504例原位肝移植患者进行术前和术后连续监测.术前监测内容包括门静脉主干直径、血流速度及有无门静脉栓塞等;术后监测内容包括门静脉供体段、受体段、吻合口的直径、管腔内回声、血流方向及血流速度等.结果术后当日门静脉平均血流速度为46.27 cm/s,最小流速为15.8 cm/s,最大流速为110.8 cm/s.358例（71.03%）血流速度＞40 cm/s.30 d后,347例（68.85%）流速降至40 cm/s以下.64例（12.70%）出现离肝血流,1例（0.20%）出现完全离肝血流.门静脉并发症13例（2.58%）,包括4例（0.79%）栓塞（3例血栓、1例瘤栓）,9例（1.79%）吻合口周围狭窄.结论异常门静脉血流信号不一定均出现并发症,连续动态观察门静脉血流的变化更有价值,因此,CDFI技术对监测肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊断具有重要作用.     

同种异体猪胰腺移植后的细胞凋亡形态学观察

目的观察胰腺移植后胰腺细胞凋亡的形态学变化。方法以6对动物猪作为实验对象，配对行胰肾联合移植（SPK），观察术后移植物细胞凋亡的形态。结果电镜检查标本可见胰腺细胞出现凋亡，观察到凋亡小体和核固缩现象，TUNEL法标记可观察到大量的凋亡细胞。结论胰腺移植早期可观察到胰腺细胞凋亡现象。     

Outcome of living donor liver transplantation in patients with preoperative portal vein thrombosis

Background and study aimsPortal vein thrombosis (PVT) is no longer an absolute contraindication for living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). This study aimed to assess the short-term outcomes of LDLT and compare the 1-year survival rates between patients with and without preoperative PVT.Patients and methodsThis combined prospective and retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients who underwent LDLT at Ain Shams Centre for Organ Transplantation (ASCOT) between 2008 and 2020. The study included 60 patients with PVT and 60 patients without PVT. The two groups were compared in terms of preoperative data, operative details, postoperative complications, and 1-year survival.ResultsMost patients with PVT were Child C (65%) and had higher model for end stage liver disease scores (16.23 ± 4.03) compared to the non-PVT group (13.9 ± 4.5). The PVT group showed longer cold ischemic time (CIT), hospital stay, and intensive care unit stay and significantly shorter 1-year survival rate (63.3%) compared to the non-PVT group (86.7%) (P = 0.003). Those with PVT grades I, II, and III had 1-year survival rates of 72.5%, 50%, and 40%, respectively.ConclusionPreoperative PVT reduces the 1-year survival after transplantation, with patients with higher PVT grades exhibiting lower 1-year survival. LDLT for PVT still remains challenging and requires further studies.     

From portal to splanchnic venous thrombosis:What surgeons should bear in mind

The present study aims to review the evolution of surgical management of portal(PVT) and splanch-nic venous thrombosis(SVT) in the context of liver transplantation over the last 5 decades. PVT is more commonly managed by endovenous thrombectomy, while SVT requires more complex technical expedients. Several surgical techniques have been proposed, such as extensive eversion thrombectomy, anastomosis to collateral veins, reno-portal anastomosis, cavo-portal hemi-transposition, portal arterialization and combined liver-intestinal transplantation. In order to achieve satisfactory outcomes, careful planning of the surgical strategy is mandatory. The excellent results that are ob-tained nowadays confirm that, even extended, splanch-nic thrombosis is no longer an absolute contraindication for liver transplantation. Patients with advanced portal thrombosis may preferentially be referred to specialized centres, in which complex vascular approaches and even multivisceral transplantation are performed.