Amisulpride versus quetiapine for the treatment of delirium: a randomized, open prospective study

The present study aimed to: (i) provide preliminary data on the effectiveness and tolerability of atypical antipsychotics, amisulpride (AMSP) and quetiapine (QTP) for patients with delirium and (ii) investigate whether the two drugs affect sleep differently and further relation with the recovery time of delirium. Forty patients with delirium were randomly assigned to either AMSP or QTP groups, with a flexible dosing schedule. The Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98 (DRS-R-98) and clinical global impression-severity (CGI-S), total sleep time and quality of sleep were assessed daily. Sixteen subjects in the AMSP group and 15 subjects in the QTP group completed the study. The mean daily dose was 156.4 mg/day and 113 mg/day in the AMSP and QTP groups, respectively. There was no significant difference in the baseline DRS-R-98 and CGI scores. After treatment, DRS-R-98 scores were significantly decreased from the baseline in both treatment groups (P<0.001) without group difference. The mean duration of stabilization were 6.3+/-4.4 days for the AMSP group and 7.4+/-4.1 days for the QTP group without group differences. There was no group difference in the mean quality of sleep score and the mean total sleep time. The duration of stabilization was inversely correlated with the mean sleep quality score and the mean total sleep time (P<0.001). Both atypical antipsychotics were generally well tolerated. The present study shows that both amisulpride and quetiapine may be useful drugs for the treatment of delirium on the basis of effectiveness and relative lack of adverse events. Further systematic controlled studies are required.     

老年非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后谵妄与ApoE基因多态性的关系

目的 探讨老年非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植手术患者术后谵妄与ApoE基因多态性的关系以及术后谵妄的发生率、相关危险因素.方法 将65岁以上、择期非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植手术住院患者98例为研究对象,按照术后有无谵妄分为研究组和对照组.以谵妄分级量表-98修订版作为诊断工具,分析术后谵妄的发生率和危险因素;每例患者术前留取全血标本提取基因组DNA,采用基因测序法测定ApoE基因型.结果 术后谵妄的发生率为9.2%(9/98),其中77.8%(7/9例)谵妄持续时间<24 h,11.1%(1/9例)谵妄持续时间2 d.组间单因素分析显示既往脑梗死(P=0.009, OR:0.60, 95%可信区间:0.15~2.42)、既往脑出血(P=0.017, OR:1.06, 95%可信区间:0.30~3.68)、颈动脉狭窄(P=0.008, OR:1.04, 95%可信区间:0.99~1.10)、手术持续时间(P=0.030, OR:2.18, 95%可信区间:1.07~4.44)、平均动脉压(P=0.026, OR:1.78, 95%可信区间:1.07~2.96)、ICU病房时间(P=0.017, OR:1.48, 95%可信区间:1.07~2.04),与术后谵妄发生相关(P<0.05);研究组中ApoE ε4/4基因携带者有1例,对照组中ApoE ε4/4基因携带者有2例,2组间的差异有统计学意义(P=0.042).Logsistic多因素回归分析显示脑梗死(P=0.0263, OR:1.780, 95%可信区间:1.070~2.960)、ApoE ε4/4基因型(P=0.0029, OR:2.862, 95%可信区间:1.432~5.720)是术后谵妄的危险因素.结论 对既往有脑梗死的高危患者进行ApoE基因易感性检测,有助于评估术后谵妄发生的危险性.     

右美托咪定对胸腔镜老年肺癌根治术后患者谵妄发生率的影响

目的探讨右美托咪定对胸腔镜老年肺癌根治术后患者谵妄发生率的影响。方法选取2016年1月至2019年1月咸阳市第一人民医院的胸腔镜肺癌根治术后老年患者56例,随机分为右美托咪啶组和0.9%氯化钠溶液组,各28例。比较2组患者谵妄发生率、重度谵妄发生率、谵妄持续时间、不良反应发生率、睡眠质量评分和术后疼痛视觉模拟评分。结果右美托咪啶组和0.9%氯化钠溶液组患者在谵妄发生率(7.1%和28.6%)、重度谵妄发生率(0.0%和14.3%)、谵妄持续时间[(1.5±0.7)d和(2.8±0.4)d]、不良反应发生率(0.0%和21.4%)、睡眠质量评分[(3.2±1.3)分和(6.4±2.7)分]及术后疼痛数字评分[(3.3±2.2)分和(5.4±1.8)分]方面,应用右美托咪啶组结果优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论老年患者全身麻醉下行胸腔镜肺癌根治术,麻醉时应用右美托咪啶可降低谵妄和重度谵妄的发生率,缩短谵妄的持续时间。     

Incidence of Drug-Induced Delirium During Treatment With Antidepressants or Antipsychotics: A Drug Surveillance Report of German-Speaking Countries Between 1993 and 2016

ObjectivesSuccessful treatment of delirium depends on the detection of the reversible contributors. Drugs with delirogenic properties are the most prevalent reversible cause of delirium.MethodsThis observational study is based on data from Arzneimittelsicherheit in der Psychiatrie, a multicenter drug surveillance program in German-speaking countries recording severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in psychiatric inpatients. The present study analyzes drug-induced delirium (DID) during treatment with antidepressants and antipsychotics.ResultsA total of 436 565 psychiatric inpatients were treated with antidepressants and/or antipsychotics during the observation period from 1993 to 2016 in the participating 110 hospitals. Overall, 254 cases (0.06% of all patients treated with antidepressants and/or antipsychotics) of DID were detected. Implicated either in combination or alone (multiple drugs were implicated in 70.1% of DID), clomipramine (0.24%), amitriptyline (0.21%), and clozapine (0.18%) showed the highest incidence rates of DID. When implicated alone (98 cases overall), clozapine (0.11%) followed by amitriptyline (0.05%) were most likely causally associated with the occurrence of DID. Drugs with strong antimuscarinic properties generally exhibited higher risk of DID.ConclusionsWith an incidence rate of <0.1%, the use of antidepressants and antipsychotics was rarely associated with DID within the Arzneimittelsicherheit in der Psychiatrie program. Tricyclic antidepressants and clozapine were the most commonly implicated psychotropic drugs. These data support the specific role of antimuscarinic properties in DID.     

右美托咪定复合椎管内麻醉对老年髋部骨折术后谵妄的预防效果分析

目的 探析右美托咪定复合椎管内麻醉对老年髋部骨折术后谵妄的预防效果.方法 88例老年髋部骨折且满足手术治疗的患者,遵循随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组44例.所有患者均给予椎管内麻醉,观察组麻醉成功后泵入右美托咪定,对照组麻醉成功后泵入生理盐水.比较两组患者术后视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、术后谵妄发生情况及谵妄持...     

硫酸镁治疗老年性谵妄的疗效观察Δ

目的:观察老年性谵妄患者的血清镁离子(Mg2+)浓度变化以及探讨硫酸镁对老年性谵妄的治疗作用。方法:40例老年性谵妄患者以随机表法分为研究组和对照组各20例,对照组患者按常规治疗原发病和用地西泮注射液控制谵妄症状;研究组患者在对照组的基础上,加用硫酸镁溶液滴注治疗。检测2组患者治疗前、治疗后3、7 d的血清Mg2+浓度、谵妄症状评分、地西泮的用量、不良反应情况等,对数据进行统计学分析。结果:治疗前研究组和对照组患者血清Mg2+浓度均较低,分别为(0.68±0.07)、(0.66±0.04)mmol.L-1;治疗后3 d,研究组患者血清Mg2+浓度显著高于对照组,分别为(1.00±0.07)、(0.78±0.05)mmol.L-1,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);治疗后7 d,2组患者血清Mg2+浓度基本回落至正常。按谵妄评分量表中文修订版(CAM-CR)评分持续48 h低于19分为终点,研究组患者谵妄症状持续时间为(2.8±1.5)d,对照组为(4.8±1.5)d,2组相差(1.2±1.5)d,差异有统计学意义(P=0.02);研究组地西泮的用量为(10.0±7.6)mg,对照组为(18.5±10.4)mg,2组相差(8.5±11.3)mg,差异有统计学意义(P=0.005)。结论:老年性谵妄患者的血清Mg2+浓度与病情进展相关。硫酸镁用于老年性谵妄的患者,可缩短病程,减少地西泮的用量,效果确切,但要注意给药速度、浓度和总剂量。     

46例急性脑梗死患者谵妄状态持续存在的危险因素及预后分析

目的观察急性脑梗死患者谵妄状态持续存在的危险因素及其预后。方法记录127例出现谵妄状态的急性脑梗死患者的年龄、性别、基础疾病、既往认知功能状态、谵妄状态的类型、NIHSS评分、MMSE评分和GCS评分等。记录患者的住院时间、改良Barthel指数评分及死亡等情况。采用SPSS17．0统计软件分析患者出现持续性谵妄状态的危险因素及预后。结果①127例出现谵妄状态的脑梗死患者中,持续性谵妄状态患者46例,占36．2％;非持续性谵妄状态患者81例,占63．8％。持续性谵妄状态组和非持续性谵妄状态组患者在年龄、性别、既往认知功能状态、NIHSS评分和GCS评分方面差异无统计学意义。②急性脑梗死患者出现持续性谵妄状态的危险因素有基础疾病≥3个、肺部感染、抑制型谵妄状态及MMSE评分低。③持续性谵妄状态患者的平均住院时间大于非持续性谵妄状态患者;而3月后的改良Barthel指数评分明显低于非持续性谵妄状态患者;死亡患者的比例高于非持续性谵妄状态患者。结论急性脑梗死患者谵妄状态持续性的危险因素有基础疾病≥3个、肺部感染、抑制型谵妄状态及MMSE评分低。出现持续性谵妄状态的急性脑梗死患者的住院时间延长,日常生活能力降低,死亡率升高。     

海洛因依赖者脱毒治疗中产生谵妄的临床分析

目的··：探讨海洛因依赖者于脱毒治疗中生产谵妄的影响因素。方法··：总结１９９３年８月至１９９６年８月间首次入我院接受脱毒治疗的１２３例海洛因依赖者的有关资料，并对不同情况下发生谵妄进行比较。结果··：共有５６例产生谵妄，谵妄发生率为４５．５％，以注射方式滥用毒品、健康状况较差的患者谵妄发生率明显高于其他方式滥用者（Ｐ＜０．０１），而使用美沙酮替代方式脱毒较之丁丙诺啡，谵妄发生率明显低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论··：海洛因戒断、精神药物的使用、躯体疾患是导致谵妄产生的主要影响因素。     

Risk for delirium tremens in patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome 1

To determine the characteristics associated with an increased risk for delirium tremens (DT) we performed a case‐control study at the detoxification units of two hospitals. Cases met DSM‐IV criteria for DT. For each case (n = 15), 3 controls (n = 45) were chosen. Eligibility criteria were applied equally to cases and controls. Cases were more likely than controls to report a prior complicated withdrawal (DT or alcohol withdrawal seizure) (53 vs. 27%, OR 3.1, 95% CI 0.94–10.55), have a systolic blood pressure greater than 145 mm Hg on admission (60 vs. 27%, OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.21–14.06), and have comorbidity scores of at least 1 (60 vs. 18%, OR 6.9, 95% CI 1.92–25.08). Zero cases (0%) and 15 (33%) controls had no prior complicated withdrawals and no adverse clinical features (systolic blood pressure >145 or comorbidity score >1). Compared to this group, the odds of being a case and having both prior complicated withdrawal and at least 1 adverse clinical feature was 44.8 (95% CI4.36–460). Elevated blood pressure, prior complicated alcohol withdrawal and medical comorbidity, alone and in combination, are associated with an increased risk of delirium tremens.     

Safety and Efficacy of Flumazenil for Reversal of Iatrogenic Benzodiazepine-Associated Delirium Toxicity During Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal,a Retrospective Review at One Center

Both alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) and benzodiazepines can cause delirium. Benzodiazepine-associated delirium can complicate AWS and prolong hospitalization. Benzodiazepine delirium can be diagnosed with flumazenil, a GABA-A receptor antagonist. By reversing the effects of benzodiazepines, flumazenil is theorized to exacerbate symptoms of AWS and precludes its use. For patients being treated for alcohol withdrawal, flumazenil can diagnose and treat benzodiazepine delirium without precipitating serious or life-threatening adverse events. Hospital admission records were retrospectively reviewed for patients with the diagnosis of AWS who received both benzodiazepines and flumazenil from December 2006 to June 2012 at a university-affiliated inpatient toxicology center. The day of last alcohol consumption was estimated from available blood alcohol content or subjective history. Corresponding benzodiazepine, flumazenil, and adjunctive sedative pharmacy records were reviewed, as were demographic, clinical course, and outcome data. Eighty-five patients were identified (average age 50.3 years). Alcohol concentrations were detectable for 42 patients with average 261 mg/dL (10–530 mg/dL). Eighty patients were treated with adjunctive agents for alcohol withdrawal including antipsychotics (n = 57), opioids (n = 27), clonidine (n = 35), and phenobarbital (n = 23). Average time of flumazenil administration was 4.7 days (1–11 days) after abstinence, and average dose was 0.5 mg (0.2–1 mg). At the time of flumazenil administration, delirium was described as hypoactive (n = 21), hyperactive (n = 15), mixed (n = 41), or not specified (n = 8). Response was not documented in 11 cases. Sixty-two (72.9 %) patients had significant objective improvement after receiving flumazenil. Fifty-six patients required more than one dose (average 5.6 doses). There were no major adverse events and minor adverse effects included transiently increased anxiety in two patients: 1 patient who received 0.5 mg on abstinence day 2 and another patient who received 0.2 mg flumazenil on abstinence day 11. This is the largest series diagnosing benzodiazepine delirium after AWS in patients receiving flumazenil. During the treatment of AWS, if delirium is present on day 5, a test dose of flumazenil may be considered to establish benzodiazepine delirium. With the limited data set often accompanying patients with AWS, flumazenil diagnosed benzodiazepine delirium during the treatment of AWS and improved impairments in cognition and behavior without serious or life-threatening adverse events in our patients.     

Switching to quetiapine in patients with acute mania who were intolerant to risperidone

This study evaluated the overall efficacy and tolerability of quetiapine in the treatment of inpatients with acute mania who are intolerant to risperidone in combination with a mood stabilizer. Eighteen patients completed this 3-week trial. The efficacy and tolerability was assessed upon admission, at baseline, and 1 and 3 weeks later. The Young mania rating scale (YMRS) and clinical global impression-severity (CGI-s) scores from the baseline to the endpoint, decreased by 39.8% and 40.0%, respectively. Fifteen (78.9%) and 18 (94.7%) patients exhibited at least a 50% improvement in the YMRS and CGI-s scores by the end of the trial. Measurements taken through the Barnes akathisia rating scale (BARS), the Simpson-Angus rating scale (SARS) and the drug attitude inventory shortened version-10 (DAI-10) also showed significant improvement. This study suggests that quetiapine may hold promise as an alternative regimen that does not worsen the psychopathology, particularly for those vulnerable to the side effects of drugs, including atypical agents such as risperidone, in naturalistic treatment settings.     

DRD2基因多态性与冠状动脉旁路移植术后谵妄的关联研究

目的 研究DRD2基因多态性与冠状动脉旁路移植术后谵妄的相关性以及危险因素.方法 以冠状动脉旁路移植手术住院患者为研究对象,连续纳入手术患者150例,以《谵妄分级量表-98修订版》作为谵妄诊断工具,分析术后谵妄的发生率和危险因素;采用基因测序法确定DRD2的多态性,分析rs6275、ts6277多态性与谵妄的相关性.结果 术后谵妄发生率8.0%(12/150例);组间单因素分析显示脑梗死 (OR=0.784,95%CI 0.631～0.975,P=0.024);手术持续时间(OR=2.251,95%CI 0.941～5.380,P=0.048);体外循环时间(OR=1.057,95%CI 0.703～1.590,P=0.029);ICU病房时间(OR=1.890,95%CI 1.201～2.973,P=0.005)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组间rs6275基因型差异无统计学意义(OR=1.265,95%CI 0.697～2.303,P=0.651);rs6277基因型2组间分布差异有统计学意义(OR=2.276,95%CI 1.142～4.523,P=0.049);Logsistic多因素回归分析显示脑梗死(OR=1.861,95%CI 1.082～3.163,P=0.024)、ICU持续时间(OR=6.757,95%CI 2.376～19.267,P=0.001)、rs6277的CC基因型(OR=4.019,95%CI 1.395～12.341,P=0.012)是术后谵妄的危险因素.结论 对术前合并脑梗死的高危患者,进行DRD2基因筛查,有助于评估谵妄发生的可能性.     

右美托咪定滴鼻对小儿七氟烷麻醉术前焦虑和术后躁动的影响

目的观察右美托咪定(DM)滴鼻对小儿术前焦虑和术后躁动的影响。方法将60例1-4岁疝气手术小儿随机均分为三组。七氟烷麻醉诱导前30min,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别予以DM 0.5μg/kg和1μg/kg滴鼻,Ⅰ组滴生理盐水0.4ml对照。连续监测BP、HR、SpO2、PETCO2。观察患儿入室的镇静情绪评分、诱导时间、麻醉时间、苏醒时间、不良反应及术后患儿的躁动评分。结果Ⅲ组患儿术前镇静满意率明显高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(45%vs.10%和15%)(P<0.05)。与Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ组躁动评分和诱导时间明显降低(P<0.01)。三组间苏醒时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论诱导前应用DM 1μg/kg滴鼻可有效改善小儿术前焦虑情绪,缩短七氟烷麻醉诱导时间,降低苏醒期躁动的发生率,且不延长苏醒时间。     

Effect of anticholinergic burden on treatment modification,delirium and mortality in newly diagnosed dementia patients starting a cholinesterase inhibitor: A population‐based study

Few studies have evaluated the association between anticholinergic burden and treatment modification after starting a cholinesterase inhibitor in clinical practice. We aimed to evaluate the effect of anticholinergic burden on anti‐dementia treatment modification, delirium and mortality. We retrospectively analysed older adults (n = 25 825) who started a cholinesterase inhibitor during 2003–2011 from Korean National Health Insurance Service Senior Cohort Database. High anticholinergic burden was defined as an average daily Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) score of >3 during the first 3 months. We investigated the impact of high anticholinergic burden on the rate of treatment modification, delirium and mortality in comparison with minimal ACB (ACB score ≤1) in propensity‐matched cohorts (N = 7438). Approximately 6.0% of patients with dementia were exposed to a high anticholinergic burden within the first three months of treatment. In high anticholinergic burden cohorts, significantly more patients experienced treatment modification (34.9% vs. 32.1%) or delirium (5.6% vs. 3.6%) and the mortality rate was also higher (16.8% vs. 14.1%) than controls. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed that an average ACB score >3 within the first three months significantly increased the risk of treatment modification (hazard ratio (HR): 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02‐1.24), delirium (HR: 1.52, CI: 1.17‐1.96) and mortality (HR: 1.23, CI: 1.06‐1.41). This study showed that high anticholinergic burden negatively affected the treatment response to cholinesterase inhibitors and that an average ACB score >3 was an independent prognostic factor for delirium or mortality in dementia patients.     

Risk for Delirium Tremens in Patients with Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome

To determine the characteristics associated with an increased risk for delirium tremens (DT) we performed a case-control study at the detoxification units of two hospitals. Cases met DSM-IV criteria for DT. For each case (n = 15), 3 controls (n = 45) were chosen. Eligibility criteria were applied equally to cases and controls. Cases were more likely than controls to report a prior complicated withdrawal (DT or alcohol withdrawal seizure) (53 vs. 27%, OR 3.1, 95% CI 0.94–10.55), have a systolic blood pressure greater than 145 mm Hg on admission (60 vs. 27%, OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.21–14.06), and have comorbidity scores of at least 1 (60 vs. 18%, OR 6.9, 95% CI 1.92–25.08). Zero cases (0%) and 15 (33%) controls had no prior complicated withdrawals and no adverse clinical features (systolic blood pressure >145 or comorbidity score >1). Compared to this group, the odds of being a case and having both prior complicated withdrawal and at least 1 adverse clinical feature was 44.8 (95% CI 4.36–460). Elevated blood pressure, prior complicated alcohol withdrawal and medical comorbidity, alone and in combination, are associated with an increased risk of delirium tremens.     

Delirium assessed by Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale in advanced cancer patients admitted to an acute palliative/supportive care unit

Background: Delirium is often unrecognized in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of delirium assessed by the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS) and possible associated factors on admission to an acute palliative/supportive care unit (APSCU). The secondary outcome was to assess changes in MDAS and symptom burden at time of discharge.

Methods: A consecutive sample of advanced cancer patients who were admitted to an APSCU was prospectively assessed for a period of 10 months. Patient demographics, including age, gender, primary diagnosis, Karnofsky status, stage of disease, and educational level were collected. The Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) and the MDAS were measured at hospital admission and discharge.

Results: A total of 314 patients were surveyed. Of 292 patients with MDAS available at T0, 74 (25.3%) and 24 (8.2%) had a MDAS of 7–12 and ≥13, respectively. At discharge, there was a significant decrease in the number of patients with a MDAS ≥7/30. Higher values of MDAS were associated with age (p?=?.028), a lower Karnofsky status (p?p?=?.04), low level of education (p?=?.002), less awareness of disease (p?p?p?=?.026), hospital stay (p?=?.038) and death (p?p?Conclusion: Delirium is highly prevalent in patients admitted to APSCU, characterized by a low mortality due to early referral. Comprehensive assessment and treatment may allow a decrease in the level of cognitive disorders and symptom burden.     

75例术后瞻妄临床特征及危险因素分析

目的 探讨术后谵妄患者的临床特征,并分析谵妄发生的相关因素.方法 收集术后谵妄患者75例的临床资料,抽取同期住院的术后不发生谵妄患者为对照组进行比较.结果 结果分析表明年龄＞60岁(P=0.000)、术中输血(P=0.032)与谵妄发生有关,术后并发症(P=0.113)、睡眠障碍(P=0.086)、应激(P=0.058)与术后谵妄发生无相关性;分析表明术后谵妄的发生与年龄＞60岁(P=0.037)、术中输血(P=0.041)有关.术后非立即苏醒者较立即苏醒者的谵妄潜伏期显著缩短(P<0.05),两者的谵妄量表(delirious state scale,DSS)症状评分差异无显著性(P＞0.05);麻醉后苏醒时间,谵妄潜伏期时间与谵妄的发生无关;谵妄患者的预后良好.结论 年龄大、术中输血是谵妄发生的危险因素; 术后并发症、睡眠障碍、应激促进谵妄的发生.     

主动脉夹层术后谵妄的临床特点和相关危险因素研究

目的 研究主动脉夹层术后谵妄的发生率、临床特点以及相关危险因素.方法 以2013年1-12月北京安贞医院主动脉夹层术后患者为研究对象,以意识错乱评估方法作为谵妄诊断工具,分析术后谵妄的发生率和危险因素.结果 共有84例患者纳入研究,发生术后谵妄28例,发生率为33.3％.21例（75.0％）为一过性谵妄（＜24 h）;7例（25.0％）为持续性谵妄.术后谵妄最常见的表现是精神运动性兴奋（23例,82.1％）;其次是睡眠-觉醒周期紊乱（21例,75.0％）;多数患者有思维紊乱或者不连贯、定向力障碍、意识水平改变.将术后谵妄的危险因素分为术前、术中和术后危险因素,并对其进行单因素分析和多因素回归分析.与谵妄发生有关的术前危险因素包括左心室射血分数≤30％[P=0.023,比值比（OR）=1.99,95％置信区间（CI）：1.29～3.31]、脑梗死（P=0.002,OR=2.86,95％ CI：1.43 ～ 5.72）;术中危险因素包括手术持续时间（P=0.023,OR =0.90,95％ CI：0.49 ～ 1.67）、深低温停循环时间（P =0.019,OR=1.18,95％ CI：1.06 ～2.97）;术后危险因素包括机械通气时间（P =0.043,OR=1.17,95％ CI：1.00 ～1.37）、血氧饱和度（P=0.001,OR=2.77,95％ CI：1.51 ～5.11）、重症监护病房时间（P=0.036,OR=1.10,95％ CI：1.10～1.21）,上述各因素对术后谵妄的影响差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.Logistic多因素回归分析结果表明脑梗死（P=0.017,OR=1.48,95％ CI：1.07 ～2.04）、深低温停循环时间（P=0.002,OR=2.86,95％ CI：1.43 ～5.72）、重症监护病房时间（P=0.030,OR =2.18,95％ CI：1.07 ～4.44）是术后谵妄的独立危险因素.结论 既往脑梗死、深低温停循环时间、重症监护病房持续时间是术后谵妄的独立危险因素.     

A型主动脉夹层术后谵妄的发生率和危险因素研究

目的研究A型主动脉夹层术后谵妄的发生率和相关危险因素。方法以A型主动脉夹层术后患者为研究对象,以意识错乱评估方法作为谵妄诊断工具,分析术后谵妄的发生率和危险因素。结果共有84例患者纳入研究,发生术后谵妄28例,发生率为33.3%。21例(75%)为一过性谵妄(<24 h);7例(25%)为持续性谵妄。Logistic多因素回归分析结果表明,脑梗死、深低温停循环时间、重症监护病房时间是术后谵妄的危险因素。结论既往脑梗死、深低温停循环时间、重症监护病房持续时间是术后谵妄的独立危险因素。     

Antipsychotics,Delirium, and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: What Is the Link?

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute inflammatory process that impairs the ability of the lungs to oxygenate and ultimately leads to respiratory failure. Patients who develop ARDS often have prolonged and complicated hospital courses putting them at risk for intensive care unit (ICU) delirium. Patients with ICU delirium often need chemical sedation, mechanical ventilation, prolonged duration of ICU and hospital stays, and they experience long‐term cognitive impairment and increased mortality. In a patient with ARDS, ICU delirium further complicates the hospital course and increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Antipsychotics are prescribed to decrease the severity and duration of ICU delirium, thus potentially decreasing their risk of morbidity and mortality. However, antipsychotics are associated with many adverse effects including respiratory failure. Given the long‐term sequelae associated with the development of ICU delirium and the risks associated with antipsychotic use, clinicians must weigh the risks and benefits of antipsychotic use. This review investigates the interrelationship between ARDS, delirium, and antipsychotic use. In addition to discussing relevant studies evaluating antipsychotics for the prevention and treatment of delirium, we investigate safety concerns with the use of antipsychotics, especially as they relate to ARDS. Using the data compiled in this review, clinicians can make an informed decision about the use of antipsychotics for the prevention or treatment of delirium, with special consideration for their patients with ARDS. Future studies are needed to critically evaluate antipsychotic timing, dose, and duration for the prevention and treatment of ICU delirium and specifically evaluate the impact in special populations, particularly patients with ARDS.