寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合技术治疗寰枢椎不稳

目的 探讨应用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术治疗寰枢椎不稳的疗效.方法 对2003年6月至2009年3月收治的21例寰枢椎不稳患者应用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗,男14例,女7例;年龄28～66岁,平均42.5岁.齿状突骨折10例,先天性游离齿状突4例,Jefferson骨折合并齿状突骨折3例,类风湿关节炎致寰枢椎不稳4例.所有患者均伴有寰枢椎半脱位或失稳.患者术前JOA评分4～14分,平均9.1分.结果 21例患者共置入寰枢椎螺钉84枚,无一例患者发生脊髓、神经根和椎动脉损伤.术中均未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤,有5例出现静脉丛出血.所有患者均获随访,时间6～48个月,平均16个月.术后JOA评分11～17分,平均15.9分,平均改善率为85.1%.骨折的齿状突均完全愈合,植骨块全部融化,无内固定断裂和松动.结论 寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术是治疗寰枢椎失稳的有效方法,具有固定牢靠、短节段固定,操作相对安全方便、融合率高等优点.     

后路经侧块关节螺钉内固定技术治疗寰枢椎不稳

目的：评价Magerl法内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位的临床疗效。方法：寰枢椎不稳14例,男10例,女4例;年龄17～62岁,平均38.6岁。均实施后路复位,Magerl法经关节螺钉内固定和自体髂骨植骨。结果：14例患者共植入经关节螺钉28枚。所有患者获随访,时间9～35个月,平均16个月,术后JOA评分13.8～15.8分,平均（14.50±0.66）分。改善率平均（76.12±4.94）%。术后无椎动脉和脊髓损伤发生,植骨全部融合。结论：Magerl法固定是治疗寰枢椎不稳的良好方法之一,无须加用结构性植骨和辅助内固定,自体颗粒状松质骨植骨即可实现有效的骨性融合。     

寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合技术治疗寰枢椎不稳

目的 探讨应用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术治疗寰枢椎不稳的疗效.方法 对2003年6月至2009年3月收治的21例寰枢椎不稳患者应用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗,男14例,女7例;年龄28～66岁,平均42.5岁.齿状突骨折10例,先天性游离齿状突4例,Jefferson骨折合并齿状突骨折3例,类风湿关节炎致寰枢椎不稳4例.所有患者均伴有寰枢椎半脱位或失稳.患者术前JOA评分4～14分,平均9.1分.结果 21例患者共置入寰枢椎螺钉84枚,无一例患者发生脊髓、神经根和椎动脉损伤.术中均未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤,有5例出现静脉丛出血.所有患者均获随访,时间6～48个月,平均16个月.术后JOA评分11～17分,平均15.9分,平均改善率为85.1%.骨折的齿状突均完全愈合,植骨块全部融化,无内固定断裂和松动.结论 寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术是治疗寰枢椎失稳的有效方法,具有固定牢靠、短节段固定,操作相对安全方便、融合率高等优点.     

寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合技术治疗寰枢椎不稳

目的 探讨应用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术治疗寰枢椎不稳的疗效.方法 对2003年6月至2009年3月收治的21例寰枢椎不稳患者应用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗,男14例,女7例;年龄28～66岁,平均42.5岁.齿状突骨折10例,先天性游离齿状突4例,Jefferson骨折合并齿状突骨折3例,类风湿关节炎致寰枢椎不稳4例.所有患者均伴有寰枢椎半脱位或失稳.患者术前JOA评分4～14分,平均9.1分.结果 21例患者共置入寰枢椎螺钉84枚,无一例患者发生脊髓、神经根和椎动脉损伤.术中均未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤,有5例出现静脉丛出血.所有患者均获随访,时间6～48个月,平均16个月.术后JOA评分11～17分,平均15.9分,平均改善率为85.1%.骨折的齿状突均完全愈合,植骨块全部融化,无内固定断裂和松动.结论 寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术是治疗寰枢椎失稳的有效方法,具有固定牢靠、短节段固定,操作相对安全方便、融合率高等优点.     

Magerl术治疗未获完全复位的寰枢椎脱位

目的：探讨Magerl术治疗未获完全复位的寰枢椎脱位的可行性及手术技巧。方法：2003年12月至2005年3月．对12例术前无固定神经定位体征、术中未获完全复位的寰枢椎不稳患者行后路经寰枢椎侧块关节UCSS空心螺钉固定（Maged术）、植骨融合术，对寰椎后弓完整的8例患者同期行后路寰枢椎钛缆固定术（Gauie术式）。通过随访并摄寰枢椎张口位和颈椎侧位X线平片，评估螺钉位置和植骨融合情况。结果：所有患者均完成双侧经关节螺钉固定，症状明显改善，无神经症状加重表现，无神经血管损伤等并发症发生。随访4～18个月（平均8个月），术后寰枢关节仍存在前脱位或（和）侧方脱位，但螺钉均通过寰枢椎侧块关节，所有置入螺钉位置准确，无寰枕关节活动受限。术后3-6个月均获骨性融合。结论：不能完全复位的寰枢关节脱位并不是Magerl术的绝对禁忌证，只要术前作好寰枢椎影像学检查并认真评估其可行性．术中采用“个体化”进钉方案，保证关节螺钉通道周围有充足的骨质，Magerl术仍是安全、可靠的。     

寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗儿童寰枢椎脱位的初步报告

目的:探讨寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定手术治疗儿童寰枢椎脱位的可操作性和近期疗效。方法:2005年9月~2011年3月对16例儿童寰枢椎脱位患者采用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗,男9例,女7例;年龄5～13岁,平均9.1岁。均有枕颈部疼痛、颈部僵硬;3例有高位颈脊髓病表现,ASIA分级:D级2例,C级1例。术前均行颈椎正侧位及过伸过屈位X线片、CT和MRI检查,均诊断为寰枢椎脱位,其中寰椎横韧带断裂1例,寰枢椎骨折脱位1例,先天性齿状突畸形12例,寰枢椎固定旋转半脱位2例;颈脊髓受压5例。寰椎后弓(椎弓根)高度2.5~3.8mm,平均3.0mm;寰齿前间隙6~14mm,平均9mm。术前常规行牵引1~2周复位,完全复位7例,部分复位5例,不能复位4例。术中采用"寰椎椎弓根显露置钉法",在直视下行C1、C2置钉,复位固定,植骨融合。随访患者症状和神经功能改善情况,定期行颈椎X线片及CT复查,了解内固定及植骨融合情况。结果:16例均行双侧寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定,手术过程顺利,64枚螺钉均成功置入,复位固定满意,无术中、术后神经和血管并发症。术中出血150~650ml,平均300ml;手术时间100~190min,平均130min。12例随访12~72个月,平均28.5个月,术后3~6个月寰枢椎均骨性融合;末次随访时,颈枕症状明显改善,3例术前有脊髓功能损害者均好转,2例术前ASIA分级D级者恢复到E级,1例术前ASIA分级C级者恢复到D级;未发现螺钉松动、断钉和寰枢椎再移位现象,未发现曲轴现象。结论:采用"寰椎椎弓根显露置钉法"行寰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定可操作性强,置钉安全性高;寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗儿童寰枢椎脱位的近期疗效满意。     

寰枢椎后路椎弓根螺钉固定的生物力学评价

目的：评价寰枢椎后路椎弓根螺钉固定的生物力学稳定性。方法：6具新鲜颈椎标本，按随机顺序，对每一标本先后行C1-C2椎弓根螺钉、Magerl螺钉、Brooks钢丝以及螺钉联合钢丝固定，在脊柱三维运动实验机上测量其三维运动范围。结果：Magerl螺钉或C1-C2椎弓根螺钉联合Brooks钢丝组成的固定系统的三维运动范围最小。C1-C2椎弓根螺钉固定的前后屈伸运动范围与Brooks钢丝固定无差异，但大于Magerl螺钉；其左右侧屈运动范围小于Brooks钢丝固定，大于Magerl螺钉；其轴向旋转角度明显小于Brooks钢丝固定，但与Magerl螺钉无统计学差异。结论：C1-C2椎弓根螺钉的三维稳定性与Magerl螺钉相当，联合Brooks钢丝固定可进一步提高其稳定性。     

后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉板固定融合治疗上颈椎不稳

目的 :探 讨寰 枢 椎椎 弓根 钉 板固 定融 合 治疗 上颈 椎 不稳 的可 行 性。 方法 :在 气管 插 管全 麻 下对 13 例 患者施 行了 寰 枢椎 椎弓 根 钉板 固定 术 ,并行 自 体髂 骨植 骨 。寰 椎椎 弓 根螺 钉的 进 钉点 位于 枢 椎侧 块中 线 上 ,距 寰椎后 弓上 缘 最少 3m m ,内斜 10° ,上斜 5°枢 椎椎 弓根 螺 钉的 进钉 点 位于 枢椎 侧 块内 上象 限 ,显 露枢 椎椎 弓 内缘 。直视 下进 钉 ,内斜 25°上斜 25° 螺 钉直 径 3.5m m ,寰 椎椎 弓 根螺 钉长 28￣32m m ,枢 椎椎 弓根 螺 钉长 24￣28m m 。 , 。结果 :全 组病 例未 发 生椎 动脉 、脊 髓 损伤 ,术 后临 床症 状 得到 不同 程 度的 改善 。随 访 3￣21 个月 ,平 均 6.7 个月 。 X线、CT 复查 示螺 钉 位置 良好 ,无 松动 、断 钉 ,植骨 3 个月 后均 达 到满 意融 合 。结 论 :寰 枢 椎 椎 弓根 钉 板 固 定治 疗上颈 椎不 稳 效果 良好 ,是 寰枢 椎 后路 固定 可 供选 择的 术 式之 一。     

Virtual placement of posterior C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation

We wanted to evaluate how often safe and effective posterior C1-C2 transarticular screw placement is realizable when it is performed according to guidelines given in the literature. In 50 adult patients, computerized tomography scan data from C0 to C3 were transformed into a 3D spine model. Virtually, bilateral screws were placed from the medial third of the C2-C3 facet joint towards the rim of the C1 anterior arc parallel to midline. Three categories of virtual screw position were rated: optimal (virtual screw inside the C2 pars interarticularis, transversing the middle third of the atlantoaxial joint, and sparing the vertebral artery canal), suboptimal (virtual screw violating the C2 pars interarticularis, and/or transversing the lower or upper third of the C1-C2 joint, and sparing vertebral artery canal), and unacceptable (virtual screw breaching the vertebral artery canal). Optimal placement was seen in 74, suboptimal placement in 11, and unacceptable locations in 15 sites. We conclude that due to the variability of the anatomy of the upper cervical spine, optimal transarticular C1-C2 screw placement is not possible in up to 26%, and even hazardous in up to 15%. This paper was presented in part at the Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie, May 25–28, 2003, Saarbrücken, Germany     

寰枢椎脱位后路螺钉固定方法的临床选择

目的 探讨寰枢椎脱位后路钉棒固定术中寰椎螺钉和枢椎螺钉固定方法 的临床选择.方法 对2002 年11 月至2011 年12 月广州军区广州总医院收治的228 例可复性和23 例难复性寰枢椎脱位患者,术前进行置钉可行性和复位可能性评估,针对性地选择寰椎和枢椎的后路螺钉固定方法,进行寰枢椎后路钉棒固定治疗.结果 251 例患者均行钉棒固定并获得满意复位.寰椎螺钉固定采用椎弓根螺钉403 枚、部分经椎弓根螺钉77 枚、侧块螺钉22 枚;枢椎螺钉固定采用椎弓根螺钉437 枚、椎板螺钉56 枚、侧块螺钉9 枚.术中未发生椎动脉、脊髓损伤.237 例患者获得随访,随访时间4～38 个月,平均随访时间13 个月.230 例患者获骨性融合;6例为纤维愈合,动力位片（均随访2 年以上）未见复发脱位;另1 例为假关节未融合并双侧枢椎椎弓根螺钉松动,行后路翻修手术治愈.结论 根据寰枢椎脱位的复位难易程度和个体解剖特点灵活选择寰椎和枢椎不同的后路螺钉固定方法,扩大了寰枢椎后路钉棒固定技术的适用范围,提高了手术安全性和成功率.     

C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation for atlantoaxial instability: a 6-year experience.

OBJECTIVE: We review a 6-year, single-center experience using the technique of C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation for atlantoaxial instability in 75 consecutive operations. METHODS: The study group was composed of 43 men and 32 women, with a mean age of 44 years (range, 8-76 yr). Each patient had documented atlantoaxial instability. In 28 patients (37%), atlantoaxial instability was a result of trauma; in 22 patients, (29%), it was a result of rheumatoid arthritis; in 16 patients (21%), it was a result of prior surgery; and in 9 patients (12%), it was a result of congenital abnormalities. All patients underwent stabilization with C1-C2 transfacetal screws and a posterior interspinous construct. Nine patients had unilateral screws placed. Postoperatively, the patients were maintained in a rigid cervical orthosis for a mean of 11 weeks (range, 8-15 wk); five patients were immobilized with halo fixation for a mean of 13 weeks (range, 10-16 wk). The mean follow-up period was 2.4 years (range, 1-5.5 yr). RESULTS: Osseous fusion was documented in 72 patients (96%). There were no hardware failures; however, three patients developed pseudarthrosis. Two superficial wound infections (one at the graft site and one at the cervical incision site) required antibiotic therapy. Four patients had transient suboccipital hypesthesia. No instances of an errant screw, dural laceration, or injury to the vertebral artery, spinal cord, or hypoglossal nerve were noted. CONCLUSION: C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation supplemented with an interspinous construct yielded a 96% fusion rate, with a low incidence of complications. We attribute our successful outcomes to careful preoperative assessment and meticulous surgical technique.     

寰枢椎后路经关节改良螺钉内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳定

目的探讨寰枢椎不稳定患者行寰枢椎后路经关节改良螺钉内固定手术方法与疗效。方法对16例寰枢椎不稳定患者,采用枢椎下关节突下缘中点为进钉点的经关节螺钉内固定及自体颗粒样松质骨植骨治疗。结果随访5～48个月,16例患者寰枢椎稳定性均获得恢复与骨融合,无并发症。结论寰枢椎后方经关节螺钉内固定,可提供牢固的固定,恢复寰枢椎稳定,并发症发生率低。     

Frameless stereotactic image-guided C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation for atlantoaxial instability: review of 20 patients

OBJECTIVE: We retrospectively studied 20 adults who underwent C1-C2 transarticular screw (TAS) fixation utilizing frameless stereotaxy. METHODS: The study group comprised 13 men and 7 women, with a mean age of 63 years (range 12-87 years). All patients demonstrated clinical and radiographic evidence of C1-C2 instability. The cause of the instability was trauma in 11 patients, rheumatoid arthritis in 6 patients, failed prior surgery in 2 patients, and congenital malformation in 1 patient. All patients underwent stabilization with C1-C2 TASs using image-guided frameless stereotaxy. RESULTS: There were no new or worsening neurologic symptoms reported at 18-month follow-up. Motor weakness improved in seven of nine patients, myelopathy in seven of seven, and gait in three of six patients in whom these deficits were present preoperatively. Postoperative complications included one surgical site abscess, one cutaneous pressure ulcer, and one iliac crest donor site infection. Of 36 screws placed, 33 (92%) were well positioned. Normal C1-C2 alignment was achieved in 17 of 20 (85%) patients. In 4 of 20 cases, screw implant, which was thought to be anatomically difficult, if not impossible, on the basis of routine magnetic resonance or computed tomography imaging, was actually accomplished successfully using surgical navigation. CONCLUSIONS: C1-C2 TAS placement is a safe and accurate surgical technique that may improve neurologic function. Use of intraoperative navigation can facilitate achieving difficult surgical trajectories that match the patient's anatomy, thus allowing TAS implant in patients who otherwise would not be candidates for this type of internal fixation.     

Biomechanical investigation of a novel integrated device for intra-articular stabilization of the C1-C2 (atlantoaxial) joint

Background contextThe anatomy of the atlantoaxial joint makes stabilization at this level challenging. Current techniques that use transarticular screw fixation (Magerl) or segmental screw fixation (Harms) give dramatically improved stability but risk damage to the vertebral artery. A novel integrated device was designed and developed to obtain intra-articular stabilization via primary interference fixation within the C1–C2 lateral mass articulation.PurposeTo assess the atlantoaxial stability achieved with a novel integrated device when compared with the intact, destabilized, and stabilized state using the Harms technique.Study designA biomechanical study of implants in human cadaveric cervical spines.MethodsSix human cadaveric specimens were used. Biomechanical testing was performed with moment control in flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Range of motion (ROM) was measured in the intact state, after both destabilization by creation of a Type II odontoid peg fracture and sequential stabilization using the integrated device and the Harms technique.ResultsMean flexion-extension ROM of the intact specimens at C1–C2 was 14.1°±2.9°. Destabilization increased the ROM to 31.6°±4.6°. Instrumentation with the Harms technique reduced flexion-extension motion to 4.0°±1.4° (p<.01). The integrated device reduced flexion-extension motion to 3.6°±1.8° (p<.01). In lateral bending, the respective mean angular motions were 1.8°±1.1°, 14.1°±5.8°, 1.4°±0.7°, and 0.4°±0.3° for the intact destabilized Harms technique and integrated device. For axial rotation, the respective mean values were 67.3°±13.8°, 74.2°±16.1°, 1.4°±0.7° and 0.9°±0.7°. Both the Harms technique and integrated device significantly reduced motion compared with the destabilized spine in flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation (p<.05). Direct comparison of the Harms technique and the integrated device revealed no significant difference (p>.10).ConclusionsThe integrated device resulted in interference fixation at the C1–C2 lateral mass joints with comparable stability to the Harms technique. Perceived advantages with the integrated device include avoidance of fixation below the C2 lateral mass where the vertebral artery is susceptible to injury, and access to the C1 screw entry point through the blade of the integrated device avoiding extended dissection superior to the C2 nerve root and its surrounding venous plexus.     

后路改良经关节螺钉内固定术治疗寰枢椎不稳定

[目的]探讨寰枢椎不稳定的手术方法与疗效.[方法]采用以枢椎下关节突下缘中点为进钉点的后路改良经关节螺钉内固定加自体颗粒样松质骨植骨术治疗寰枢椎不稳定20例,其中,新鲜外伤4例,陈旧性外伤14例,先天性畸形1例,椎管内肿瘤1例.术后定期观察椎体复位、内固定、骨融合、临床表现变化及并发症发生情况.[结果]双侧螺钉内固定20例,加后路钢丝固定3例.寰枢椎获解剖复位19例,大部分矫正1例,内固定位置均良好.随访16～64个月,寰枢椎于术后2～3个月均获得骨性融合,临床症状缓解,无并发症发生.[结论]后路改良经关节螺钉内固定术,操作简便,疗效可靠,可作为治疗寰枢椎不稳定的有效术式.     

颈1-2关节突间隙螺钉固定融合治疗寰枢椎损伤及不稳

目的：探讨应用经C1－2关节突间隙螺钉固定技术治疗寰枢椎病变的可行性及临床疗效。方法：自2000年4月－2002年4月应用后路经C1－2关节突间隙螺钉内固定技术治疗C2双侧椎弓骨折3例，陈旧性齿状突骨折1例，寰枢椎不稳1例，观察术后寰枢椎的稳定性、植骨融合率及颈椎活动度。结果：5例病人术中无神经及血管损伤等并发症，术后即刻获得稳定，经4－20个月随访，均获得骨性愈合，螺钉无松动、退出及断裂，颈椎旋转活动度平均丧失35．72％。结论：经C1－2关节突间隙螺钉固定技术在治疗寰枢椎疾病中是安全有效的，为重建寰枢椎间稳定提供了一种新的内固定方法。     

Traumatic posterior atlantoaxial dislocation without related fractures of C1-C2

Posterior dislocation without any associated fracture of odontoid is exceedingly rare and only 11 cases have been reported so far. A 32 year old male presented with pain, stiffness in neck, difficulty in breathing, associated lacerations on face and deformity of mandible and inability to open mouth. His plain radiographs, CT scan, MRI demonstrated a posterior dislocation of the atlas with respect of axis and a flake of bone from odontoid process on CT scan. He was successfully managed by closed reduction, C1C2 lateral mars pedicular screw stabilization and inter facetal fusion with synthetic bone graft substitute. At 10 months followup he had lost only 30° cervical rotation. The case is reported in view of rarity and to discuss the treatment rationale.