P-糖蛋白对荷瘤裸鼠体内摄取18F-FDG的影响

目的 研究Bcap37及Bcap37/MDR1荷瘤裸鼠在依克立达(GH20918)干预前后的18F-FDG摄取变化,在活体内评价P-gp对18F-FDG摄取的影响.方法 分别用人乳腺癌Bcap37细胞及转MDR1基因的Bcap37(Bcap37/MDR1)细胞建立荷瘤裸鼠模型.荷瘤裸鼠培F-FDG microPET动态采集:10只荷瘤裸鼠(Bcap37及Bcap37/MDR1荷瘤裸鼠各5只)经尾静脉给予7.4 MBq 18F-FDG,给药后立即采集,共采集90 min,得到各个时间段的动态显像图,绘制ROI的TAC.隔日相同采集及处理方法,尾静脉给予含GF120918(按体质量2.0 mg/kg)的18F-FDG 7.4 MBq,获得GF120918干预后肿瘤组织18F-FDG摄取的TAC,观察GF120918干预前后TAC的变化.另取10只荷瘤裸鼠(Bcap37及Bcap37/MDR1荷瘤裸鼠各5只),行18F-FDG microPET静态显像,并比较GF120918干预前后肿瘤组织的SUV mean的变化.数据分析采用两样本t检验.结果 Bcap37荷瘤裸鼠肿瘤组织在GF120918干预前后的TAC差异元统计学意义,GF120918可明显增加Bcap37/MDR1荷瘤裸鼠肿瘤组织平台期18F-FDG的摄取水平.荷瘤裸鼠静态microPET显像示,GF120918干预前后Bcap37及Bcap37/MDR1荷瘤裸鼠肿瘤组织的SUVmean分别为1.028±0.045、1.052±0.028和0.712±0.031、1.015±0.043,前者干预前后的SUVmean差异无统计学意义(t=1.792,P＞0.05),后者干预前后的SUVmean差异有统计学意义(t=3.365,P＜0.05).在无GF120918存在情况下,Bcap37荷瘤裸鼠肿瘤组织的18 F-FDG摄取要高于Bcap37/MDR1荷瘤裸鼠(t=3.952,P＜0.05);在给予GF120918后,两者间18F-FDG摄取水平差异无统计学意义(t=1.835,P＞0.05).结论 18F-FDG是P-gp的底物之一,18F-FDG联合GF120918可能是一种有效、无创检测肿瘤MDR的方法.     

Effects of pegfilgrastim on normal biodistribution of 18F-FDG: preclinical and clinical studies.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of pegfilgrastim, a long-acting granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, on the normal biodistribution of (18)F-FDG in an animal model and in humans. METHODS: Two groups of 12 rats received a single subcutaneous injection of either normal saline or pegfilgrastim. One, 7, 14, and 21 d after injection, biodistribution studies were performed 1 h after (18)F-FDG injection. Sixteen breast cancer patients underwent baseline (18)F-FDG PET/CT and, approximately 1 wk after receiving 1 dose of docetaxel and adjunctive pegfilgrastim, follow-up (18)F-FDG PET/CT (scan 2). Standardized uptake values corrected for lean body mass (SUL) were determined for several normal organs before and after therapy. RESULTS: In rats, bone marrow (18)F-FDG uptake (standardized uptake value) was higher in the pegfilgrastim group 1 d after injection (mean +/- SD, 8.3 +/- 4.1 vs. 2.5 +/- 0.2, P < 0.05), whereas (18)F-FDG uptake in blood was lower (0.41 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.49 +/- 0.01, P < 0.05). In patients, mean SUL was higher in bone marrow (4.49 +/- 1.50 vs. 1.33 +/- 0.22, P < 0.0001), spleen (3.29 +/- 0.83 vs. 1.23 +/- 0.23, P < 0.0001), and liver (1.45 +/- 0.25 vs. 1.31 +/- 0.23, P = 0.01) but lower in brain (4.18 +/- 0.76 vs. 5.14 +/- 1.44, P < 0.01) on scan 2 than on the baseline scan. CONCLUSION: In both the animal model and humans, pegfilgrastim markedly increased bone marrow uptake of (18)F-FDG and reduced (18)F-FDG uptake in some normal tissues. These profound alterations in (18)F-FDG biodistribution induced by pegfilgrastim must be considered when one is evaluating quantitative (18)F-FDG PET scans for tumor response to therapy.     

Effects of insulinlike growth factor binding proteins on insulinlike growth factor-I biodistribution in tumor-bearing nude mice.

This study evaluated the biodistribution and tumor targeting ability of radiolabeled insulinlike growth factor (IGF)-I. Because IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) play a critical role in modulating IGF activity, the binding properties of 125I-labeled IGF-I to IGFBPs were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Because a large amount of the IGF-I was catabolized in vivo, we also studied the catabolism of IGF-I by tumor cells in vitro. METHODS: 125I-labeled-IGF-I was prepared using the chloramine T method. The biodistribution of 125I-labeled-IGF-I in tumor-bearing nude mice was compared between groups injected with 125I-labeled IGF-I alone or coinjected with unlabeled peptide. In vitro and in vivo chromatography studies were performed to evaluate the binding profile to IGFBPs and the degree of catabolites in serum as well as urine. RESULTS: Data indicated that the binding of radiolabeled IGF-I to IGFBPs in vitro was dose dependent. However, there was a difference in complex formation between the serum and the heparinized plasma. In heparinized plasma, the radioactivity shifted from a 30- to 50-kDa complex to a 150-kDa complex and to a free ligand, because the binding of heparin with IGFBPs decreased its affinity for IGF-I. In plasma prepared with acid citrate dextrose a binding pattern identical to that of serum was observed. Moreover, there was a binding difference between mouse and rat. The 125I-labeled IGF-I catabolized very quickly when incubated at 37 degrees C but not at all at 4 degrees C. In tumor-bearing nude mice, the uptake of radioactivity in normal tissues decreased quickly, particularly in the kidneys. In mice coinjected with unlabeled carrier, the radioactivity in most normal tissues was lower and the tumor uptake higher than in the mice without carrier. CONCLUSION: These data confirm that 125I-labeled IGF-I is avidly bound to IGFBPs, both in vitro and in vivo. By partially saturating this binding with unlabeled peptides, a favorable biodistribution was achieved, including faster clearance from normal tissue and higher tumor uptake, which resulted in better tumor-to-nontumor ratios. Nevertheless, the rapid catabolism and release of the radiolabel from tumor tissue result in a suboptimal targeting agent.     

18F-FDG assessment of glucose disposal and production rates during fasting and insulin stimulation: a validation study.

The glucose analog (18)F-FDG is commonly used to quantify regional glucose uptake in vivo. The aim of this study was to test whether the analysis of plasma (18)F-FDG kinetics could be used to estimate endogenous glucose production (EGP) and the total rate of appearance (Ra), total rate of disappearance (Rd), and the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of glucose. METHODS: Fourteen pigs were coinjected with (18)F-FDG and 6,6-(2)H-glucose ((2)H-G) during fasting (n = 6) and during physiologic (1.0 mU.kg(-1).min(-1), n = 4) and supraphysiologic (5.0 mU.kg(-1).min(-1), n = 4) euglycemic hyperinsulinemia. Arterial plasma was sampled for 180 min to quantify the parameters for the 2 tracers. RESULTS: Fasting Rd((2))(H-G) and Rd(FDG) were 12.3 +/- 2.1 and 13.3 +/- 1.3 micromol.kg(-1).min(-1) (difference not statistically significant [NS]). M values were more than doubled between the 2 clamp studies (P < 0.0001). Rd((2))(H-G) and Rd(FDG) were dose-dependently higher during the hyperinsulinemic state (19.8 +/- 3.7 vs. 18.9 +/- 1.1 and 31.4 +/- 4.1 vs. 31.9 +/- 2.3 in 1.0 and 5.0 mU.kg(-1).min(-1) studies, respectively; difference between tracers NS) than during the fasting state, with a parallel suppression of EGP((2))(H-G) and EGP(FDG). Parameters estimated by (18)F-FDG and (2)H-G were equivalent in all groups; their agreement was confirmed by Bland-Altman examination. Total Rd(FDG) correlated with Rd((2))(H-G) (r = 0.74; P = 0.003), M (r = 0.92; P = 0.001), MCR((2))(H-G) (r = 0.52; P = 0.037), and EGP((2))(H-G) (r = -0.71; P = 0.004). EGP(FDG) correlated with EGP((2))(H-G) (r = 0.62; P = 0.018), Rd((2))(H-G) (r = -0.78; P = 0.001), and MCR((2))(H-G) (r = -0.67; P = 0.008). The (18)F-FDG mean transit time correlated inversely with the M and Rd values and positively with EGP. CONCLUSION: The glucose analog (18)F-FDG can be used in the simultaneous estimation of whole-body glucose turnover and production and regional (18)F-FDG PET measurements under both fasting and insulin-stimulated conditions.     

Usefulness of fasting 18F-FDG PET in identification of cardiac sarcoidosis.

Cardiac PET using (18)F-FDG under fasting conditions (fasting (18)F-FDG PET) is a promising technique for identification of cardiac sarcoidosis and assessment of disease activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of fasting (18)F-FDG PET in detecting inflammatory lesions of cardiac sarcoidosis from a pathophysiologic standpoint. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with systemic sarcoidosis were classified into 2 groups of 11 each according to the presence or absence of sarcoid heart disease. Cardiac sarcoidosis was diagnosed according to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare guidelines for diagnosing cardiac sarcoidosis with the exception of scintigraphic criteria. Nuclear cardiac imaging with fasting (18)F-FDG PET, (99m)Tc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile ((99m)Tc-MIBI) SPECT, and (67)Ga scintigraphy were performed in all patients. PET and SPECT images were divided into 13 myocardial segments and the standardized uptake value (SUV) of (18)F-FDG was calculated and defect scores (DS) for (99m)Tc-MIBI uptake were assessed for each segment. The total SUV (T-SUV) and total DS (TDS) were calculated as the sum of measurements for all 13 segments, and the diagnostic accuracy of fasting (18)F-FDG PET was compared with that of the other nuclear imaging modalities. In addition, pathophysiologic relationships between inflammatory activity and myocardial damage were examined by segmental comparative study using the SUV and DS. RESULTS: In patients with cardiac sarcoidosis, fasting (18)F-FDG PET revealed a higher frequency of abnormal myocardial segments than (99m)Tc-MIBI SPECT (mean number of abnormal segments per patient: 6.6 +/- 3.0 vs. 3.0 +/- 3.2 [mean +/- SD], P < 0.05). The sensitivity of fasting (18)F-FDG PET in detecting cardiac sarcoidosis was 100%, significantly higher than that of (99m)Tc-MIBI SPECT (63.6%) or (67)Ga scintigraphy (36.3%). The accuracy of fasting (18)F-FDG PET was significantly higher than (67)Ga scintigraphy. The T-SUV demonstrated a good linear correlation with serum angiotensin-converting enzyme levels (r = 0.83, P < 0.01), and the TDS showed a significant negative correlation with the left ventricular ejection fraction (r = -0.82, P < 0.01). In abnormal myocardial segments on the nuclear scan, the SUV showed a significant negative correlation with the DS (r = -0.63, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that fasting (18)F-FDG PET can detect the early stage of cardiac sarcoidosis, in which fewer perfusion abnormalities and high inflammatory activity are noted, before advanced myocardial impairment.     

Effect of DTPA on biodistribution of 111In-labeled monoclonal antibody in tumor-bearing mice]

To reduce the high background liver radioactivity in immunoscintigraphy using 111In-labeled monoclonal antibody (In-MoAb), we investigated the effect of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DPTA) on the in vitro stability of In-MoAb in human serum and the biodistribution of In-MoAb in tumor-bearing mice. In-MoAb was incubated for four days in human serum at 37 degrees C (pH 7.4) in a humidified atmosphere at 5% CO2. The serum sample was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography every day. Indium-111 gradually transferred from the conjugate to the fraction of transferrin. When DTPA was added to the serum, radioactivity in this fraction disappeared completely and moved to the fraction of DTPA. The daily administration of DTPA to the mice after injection of In-MoAb reduced radioactivity in the normal tissues, especially in the liver after the second day, and improved tumor to normal tissue ratios. Scintigraphic examination also revealed apparent decrease of the liver radioactivity in the mice administered DTPA. These results indicate that 111In dissociated from the conjugate is one of the causes of nonspecific accumulation in the liver and it is possible to decrease this accumulation by the daily administration of DTPA.     

自动化合成18F-FDDNP及其生物学分布

目的研究高效、简单的自动化合成脑内老年斑沉积显像剂2-(1-{6-[2-18F-乙基](甲基)氨}-2-萘-乙叉)丙二腈(18F-FDDNP)的方法及其小鼠生物学分布.方法采用化学过程控制单元(CPCU)控制整个过程,18F-在乙腈溶液中与前体2-(1-{6-[2-p-甲苯磺酰氧乙基](甲基)氨}-2-萘-乙叉)丙二腈直接反应生成18F-FDDNP,混合物装柱,产品被C-18柱吸附,用水冲洗柱,用少量乙醇淋出,加水稀释.NH小鼠给药后不同时间处死,分别取不同器官称重并测放射性计数.结果18F-FDDNP放化产率为35.7%(不校正),合成时间为20min,无需HPLC分离,放化纯＞95%.注射18F-FDDNP后,放射性主要分布在肝内,脑摄取较高,但清除较慢.结论自动化合成18F-FDDNP速度快,效率高.     

Radioiodination of glycoprotein-conjugated liposomes by using the Bolton-Hunter reagent and biodistribution in tumor-bearing mice

We have developed a suitable radiolabeling method for our new type of glycoprotein-liposome conjugate (GCL), in order to investigate its potential utility as a drug carrier that can target the cellular functions of carbohydrate-binding proteins. In order to obtain radiolabeled GCL with high labeling efficiency, we introduced p-hydroxyphenylpropyl groups into the liposome membrane through the amine moiety of a constitutive phospholipid, dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE) by using Bolton-Hunter reagent (BHR). Radioiodination of the introduced tyrosyl groups was performed by the Chloramine-T method. The labeling efficiency of the BHR-treated liposome conjugate was high in comparison with that of the BHR-untreated liposome conjugate. An in vitro inhibition study showed that the binding affinity of 125I-labeled BHR-treated GCL (125I-F3S-BH) with lectin was twice as high as that of untreated conjugate (125I-F3S). The biodistribution of 125I-F3S-BH in mice was considerably different from that of 125I-F3S. 125I-F3S-BH was more rapidly taken up by the liver and was more rapidly excreted from the liver than 125I-F3S. Moreover, 125I-F3S-BH accumulated more rapidly into the kidneys, which resulted a lower radioactivity in the blood circulation at an earlier time point than in the case of 125I-F3S. The characteristics of tumor accumulation of 125I-F3S-BH and 125I-F3S were similar to those in blood. If F3S is to be employed as an in vivo targeting ligand in biodistribution studies, BHR would be a suitable tool for radiolabeling because it allows GCL to retain the biological activity and characteristics of the unmodified conjugate.     

Optimizing 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging of vessel wall inflammation: the impact of 18F-FDG circulation time, injected dose, uptake parameters, and fasting blood glucose levels

Purpose

¹⁸F-FDG PET is increasingly used for imaging of vessel wall inflammation. However, limited data are available on the impact of methodological variables, i.e. prescan fasting glucose, FDG circulation time and injected FDG dose, and of different FDG uptake parameters, in vascular FDG PET imaging.

Methods

Included in the study were 195 patients who underwent vascular FDG PET/CT of the aorta and the carotids. Arterial standardized uptake values (_meanSUV_max), target-to-background ratios (_meanTBR_max) and FDG blood-pool activity in the superior vena cava (SVC) and the jugular veins (JV) were quantified. Vascular FDG uptake values classified according to the tertiles of prescan fasting glucose levels, the FDG circulation time, and the injected FDG dose were compared using ANOVA. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify the potential impact of all variables described on the arterial and blood-pool FDG uptake.

Results

Tertile analyses revealed FDG circulation times of about 2.5 h and prescan glucose levels of less than 7.0 mmol/l, showing a favorable relationship between arterial and blood-pool FDG uptake. FDG circulation times showed negative associations with aortic _meanSUV_max values as well as SVC and JV FDG blood-pool activity, but positive correlations with aortic and carotid _meanTBR_max values. Prescan glucose levels were negatively associated with aortic and carotid _meanTBR_max and carotid _meanSUV_max values, but were positively correlated with SVC blood-pool uptake. The injected FDG dose failed to show any significant association with vascular FDG uptake.

Conclusion

FDG circulation times and prescan blood glucose levels significantly affect FDG uptake in the aortic and carotid walls and may bias the results of image interpretation in patients undergoing vascular FDG PET/CT. The injected FDG dose was less critical. Therefore, circulation times of about 2.5 h and prescan glucose levels less than 7.0 mmol/l should be preferred in this setting.     

No-carrier-added fluorine-18-labeled N-methylspiroperidol: synthesis and biodistribution in mice

No-carrier-added fluorine-18- (18F) labeled N-methylspiroperidol (4) was synthesized from four different substrates: p-nitrobenzonitrile (1), cyclopropyl p-nitrophenyl ketone (2A), p-cyclopropanoyl-N,N,N-trimethylanilinium iodide (2B) and p-cyclopropanoyl-N,N,N-trimethylanilinium perchlorate (2C) using the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Radiochemical yield, synthesis time, experimental simplicity, and specific activity were compared. In addition, factors which influence the yield of the nucleophilic aromatic substitution were studied. Based on these studies, the synthesis of 4 from 2A maximizes product specific activity and experimental simplicity and provides 4 in 10-15% radiochemical yield [based on [18F-] with a mass of less than 2 nmol and a specific activity of greater than 10 Ci/mumol (EOB)]. The synthesis of 4 from 8-[4-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-oxobutyl]-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro+ ++ [4.5]decan-4-one (5) and Cs[18F] using the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction gave unacceptably low and erratic yields. The biodistribution of 4 in mice showed a maximum brain uptake of 1.1% of the administered dose at 5 min and declined to approximately 0.6% at 120 min.     

皮下注射胰岛素对冠心病合并糖尿病18F-FDG心肌显像的影响

目的评价皮下注射胰岛素对冠心病合并糖尿病患者18F-脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)心肌代谢显像的影响.方法冠心病合并糖尿病患者57例[男51例,女6例,年龄(60±8)岁],行18F-FDGPET和SPECT超高能准直器99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈(MIBI)/18F-FDG双核素同时采集心肌显像.显像前测定血糖,根据血糖不同浓度,皮下注射不同剂量胰岛素.结果57例冠心病合并糖尿病患者的血糖(x)变化与胰岛素剂量(y)间呈直线相关,y=-5.4+1.2x(r=0.8172).采用上述方法后57例患者中52例心肌显像良好,成功率91%.结论皮下注射胰岛素简单、安全、实用,可改善糖尿病患者心肌18F-FDG的图像质量.     

低剂量预照射对荷瘤大鼠抗瘤效果的研究

目的根据低剂量辐射诱导的兴奋效应，探讨低剂量辐射对荷瘤大鼠肿瘤生长及其局部照射的影响。方法采用Wistar大鼠右腋前线皮下接种Walker-256肿瘤细胞作为肿瘤模型。在种植肿瘤第4天时联合照射组给予75mGy X射线全身照射，照后24h给予10Gy肿瘤局部照射，用游标卡尺测量肿瘤直径，建立肿瘤生长曲线，同时用流式细胞术检测各组淋巴细胞亚群含量及活性，用ELISA法检测了外周血中细胞因子的含量。结果同单纯局部照射组相比，联合照射组肿瘤生长速度减慢，肿瘤直径在治疗后不同时间均明显小于荷瘤对照组和单纯局部照射组；联合照射组淋巴细胞亚群含量、细胞因子的含量较单纯局部照射组明显提高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论低剂量预照射可以通过提高机体的免疫系统的功能，增强抑瘤作用并减轻局部照射所致的不良反应。     

Impact of animal handling on the results of 18F-FDG PET studies in mice.

Small-animal PET scanning with (18)F-FDG is increasingly used in murine models of human diseases. However, the impact of dietary conditions, mode of anesthesia, and ambient temperature on the biodistribution of (18)F-FDG in mice has not been systematically studied so far. The aim of this study was to determine how these factors affect assessment of tumor glucose use by (18)F-FDG PET and to develop an imaging protocol that optimizes visualization of tumor xenografts. METHODS: Groups of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were first imaged by microPET with free access to food, at room temperature (20 degrees C), and no anesthesia during the uptake period (reference condition). Subsequently, the impact of (a) fasting for 8-12 h, (b) warming the animals with a heating pad (30 degrees C), and (c) general anesthesia using isoflurane or ketamine/xylazine on the (18)F-FDG biodistribution was evaluated. Subcutaneously implanted human A431 epidermoid carcinoma and U251 glioblastoma cells served as tumor models. RESULTS: Depending on the study conditions, (18)F-FDG uptake by normal tissues varied 3-fold for skeletal muscle, 13-fold for brown adipose tissue, and 15-fold for myocardium. Warming and fasting significantly reduced the intense (18)F-FDG uptake by brown adipose tissue observed under the reference condition and markedly improved visualization of tumor xenografts. Although tumor (18)F-FDG uptake was not above background activity under the reference condition, tumors demonstrated marked focal (18)F-FDG uptake in warmed and fasted animals. Quantitatively, tumor (18)F-FDG uptake increased 4-fold and tumor-to-organ ratios were increased up to 17-fold. Ketamine/xylazine anesthesia caused marked hyperglycemia and was not further evaluated. Isoflurane anesthesia only mildly increased blood glucose levels and had no significant effect on tumor (18)F-FDG uptake. Isoflurane markedly reduced (18)F-FDG uptake by brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle but increased the activity concentration in liver, myocardium, and kidney. CONCLUSION: Animal handling has a dramatic effect on (18)F-FDG biodistribution and significantly influences the results of microPET studies in tumor-bearing mice. To improve tumor visualization mice should be fasted and warmed before (18)F-FDG injection and during the uptake period. Isoflurane appears well suited for anesthesia of tumor-bearing mice, whereas ketamine/xylazine should be used with caution, as it may induce marked hyperglycemia.     

低剂量辐射对小鼠种植肿瘤及其放疗的影响

本文作者用低剂量辐射（Ｄ１）诱导的兴奋效应，探讨对小鼠种植肿瘤及其放疗的影响，结果证明：Ｄ１可降低种植肿瘤细胞的成瘤率（Ｐ＜０．０５），并抑制其生长速度（Ｐ＜０．０５）；荷瘤鼠局部放疗预先给予Ｄ１，可提高放疗效果；并进一步证明：上述改变可能与Ｄ１提高了淋巴细胞自发增殖能力，降低电离辐射诱发自由基，提高抗氧化酶活性和增加ＤＮＡ修复能力有关。     

Studies on 18F-labeled pyrimidines III. Biochemical investigation of 18F-labeled pyrimidines and comparison with 3H-deoxythymidine in tumor-bearing rats and mice

Metabolic studies of 18F-labeled 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine(FdUrd), 5-fluorouridine(FUrd) and 5-fluorouracil (FUra) were performed in tumor-bearing rats and mice. Also, the usefulness of 18F-FdUrd and 3H-deoxythymidine (dThd) for tumor detection was compared. In the tumor, 2 h after the injection of the 18F-pyrimidines, 3%-11% and 6%-14% of the 18F was present in the nuclear and microsomal fractions, respectively, and 17%-34% and 19%-24% of the 18F was incorporated into the acid-insoluble and nucleotide fractions, respectively. Of the three 18F-pyrimidines, 18F-FUrd demonstrated the highest incorporation rate, while 18F-FUra showed the lowest incorporation rate. The incorporation in the spleen, small intestine, and liver was less than that in the tumor. 3H-dThd and 18F-FdUrd were injected into the same mice. The 3H-dThd was accumulated in the spleen, small intestine, and tumor, and in these three tissues significant amounts of the 3H were incorporated into acid-insoluble materials. However, the clearance of 18F-FdUrd was slow in the tumor but rapid in the spleen and small intestine. In the autoradiograms of the tumor, 18F and 3H showed a slightly different distribution. Both distribution patterns were unchanged when the soluble materials were rinsed out with perchloric acid. For tumor detection, 18F-FdUrd gives the same information as radio-dThd, and further information can be obtained by positron-emission tomography.     

脂质体介导的99Tcm-反义寡聚核苷酸在荷瘤裸鼠体内分布及显像研究

目的：研究脂质体介导的^99Tc^m-反义寡聚核苷酸在荷瘤裸鼠体内的分布及反义显像诊断结肠癌的可能性,为反义显像和反义治疗的临床应用提供实验依据。方法：制作荷瘤裸鼠模型,每只小鼠尾静脉注射约0.30MBq脂质体包裹的^99Tc^m-反义寡聚核苷酸,于不同时间眼眶静脉采血后处死小, 测定不同组织中及标准源的放射性计数。荷瘤裸鼠尾静脉注入脂质体介导的^99Tc^m-反义寡聚核苷酸（30－90mg),于注射后不同时间显像,观察其在肿瘤组织的浓聚情况,并以脂质体介导的^99Tc^m标记的正义和无义寡聚核苷酸为对照。结果：胃、网状内皮系统和肿瘤组织放射性浓聚较高,其次为心和血,余组织中放射性分布较少。肿瘤组织中放射性在2h时达到高峰,以后迅速降低。在2h时,脂质体介导的^99Tc^m-反义寡聚核苷酸能清晰显示肿瘤部位,而对照组则不能。结论：脂质体介导的^99Tc^m-反义寡聚核苷酸可用于结肠癌的诊断,但临床应用前还需进行大量的研究。     

Studies on 18F-labeled pyrimidines III. Biochemical investigation of 18F-labeled pyrimidines and comparison with 3H-deoxythymidine in tumor-bearing rats and mice

Metabolic studies of ¹⁸F-labeled 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine (FdUrd), 5-fluorouridine(FUrd) and 5-fluorouracil (FUra) were performed in tumor-bearing rats and mice. Also, the usefulness of ¹⁸F-FdUrd and ³H-deoxythymidine (dThd) for tumor detection was compared. In the tumor, 2 h after the injection of the ¹⁸F-pyrimidines, 3%–11% and 6%–14% of the ¹⁸F was present in the nuclear and microsomal fractions, respectively, and 17%–34% and 19%–24% of the ¹⁸F was incorporated into the acid-insoluble and nucleotide fractions, respectively. Of the three ¹⁸F-pyrimidines, ¹⁸F-FUrd demonstrated the highest incorporation rate, while ¹⁸F-FUra showed the lowest incorporation rate. The incorporation in the spleen, small intestine, and liver was less than that in the tumor. ³H-dThd and ¹⁸F-FdUrd were injected into the same mice. The ³H-dThd was accumulated in the spleen, small intestine, and tumor, and in these three tissues significant amounts of the ³H were incorporated into acid-insoluble materials. However, the clearance of ¹⁸F-FdUrd was slow in the tumor but rapid in the spleen and small intestine. In the autoradiograms of the tumor, ¹⁸F and ³H showed a slightly different distribution. Both distribution patterns were unchanged when the soluble materials were rinsed out with perchloric acid. For tumor detection, ¹⁸F-FdUrd gives the same information as radio-dThd, and further information can be obtained by positron-emission tomography.     

Evaluation of 18F-FDG uptake and arterial wall calcifications using 18F-FDG PET/CT.

Glucose metabolic activity expressed as (18)F-FDG uptake may be increased in active atherosclerotic plaque. Calcium depositions are often increased in mature atherosclerotic plaque. The purpose of the present study was to assess the patterns of vascular-wall (18)F-FDG uptake and CT calcifications using combined PET/CT. METHODS: One hundred twenty-two consecutive patients over the age of 50 (47 women and 75 men; mean age, 66 +/- 9 y) undergoing whole-body (18)F-FDG PET/CT for tumor assessment were retrospectively evaluated. PET, CT, and PET/CT slices were generated for review. Abnormal vascular findings in major arteries in the chest and abdomen were categorized as PET positive (PET+), PET negative (PET-), CT positive (CT+), or CT negative (CT-). The topographic relationship between increased vascular-wall (18)F-FDG uptake on PET and the presence of calcifications on CT was assessed on PET/CT fused images, with abnormal sites further classified as PET+/CT+, PET+/CT-, or PET-/CT+. The presence of CT calcifications and increased vascular-wall (18)F-FDG uptake was correlated with age, sex, presence of cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease. RESULTS: Abnormal findings were identified at 349 sites. CT calcifications (CT+) were observed at 320 sites (92%) of 100 patients (82%), more commonly in men (P < 0.03), in older patients (P < 0.0001), in patients with hypertension (P < 0.003) or hyperlipidemia (P < 0.04), and in smokers (P < 0.008). Increased vascular-wall (18)F-FDG uptake (PET+) was observed at 52 sites (15%) of 38 patients (31%), more commonly in men (P < 0.02), in older patients (P < 0.0001), and in patients with hypertension (P < 0.02), and was borderline in patients with cardiovascular disease (P = 0.057). PET+ and CT+ findings correlated in 12 patients, a PET+/CT- pattern was found in 18 patients, and 8 patients had increased vascular-wall (18)F-FDG uptake in sites with and without calcifications (PET+/CT+, CT-). Twenty-two patients (18%) had a PET-/CT- pattern. CONCLUSION: Hybrid PET/CT can be used to identify and to correctly localize vascular-wall (18)F-FDG activity. Increased vascular-wall (18)F-FDG activity was found in 15% of sites and CT calcifications were noted in 92% of sites, with congruent findings in 7%. The clinical significance of the relationship between vascular-wall (18)F-FDG uptake and CT calcifications needs to be assessed by further prospective studies with long-term follow up.     

99Tcm标记反义肽核酸探针的制备及其荷瘤裸鼠体内分布

目的 探讨99Tcm标记反义肽核酸(PNA)探针的新方法及其在生物体内的分布.方法 合成12mer且5'端含有四肽G-(D)-A-G-G的c-myc mRNA反义、无义PNA片段,利用G-(D)-A-G-G形成的N4结构为螯合基团进行99Tcm标记,用聚酰胺薄膜层析法和高效液相色谱仪法(HPLC)测定其标记率和标记物的稳定性,并行人结肠癌荷瘤裸鼠体内分布[每克组织百分注射剂量率(%ID/g)]及显像研究.采用SAS 6.22软件对数据进行分析.结果 反义、无义PNA片段合成物的纯度>95%.99Tcm标记c-myc mRNA反义、无义PNA的标记率>95%,标记物室温放置18 h测定其标记率仍可达95%以上.c-myc mRNA反义、无义PNA片段4～8℃下放置3个月标记率仍>95%.HPLC测定标记物呈单峰.99Tcm标记c-myc mRNA反义PNA主要分布在荷瘤鼠肾、脾、肿瘤、肠道、肝组织中,99Tcm标记c-myc mRNA无义PNA在荷瘤鼠血液、脾、肾、肝及肺组织中分布较多;注射后4 h两者在荷瘤鼠肿瘤组织中的分布差异有统计学意义[(1.11±0.12)%ID/g和(0.14±0.02)%ID/g;t=14.75,P<0.01].99Tcm标记c-mycmRNA反义PNA在小鼠体内肿瘤/肌肉、肿瘤/肺的摄取比值较高,肿瘤显像明显.结论 用99Tcm标记c-myc mRNA反义、无义PNA的方法简单,标记率高,标记物稳定,前者有望成为一种新型肿瘤显像剂.