神经刺激仪定位下臂丛神经阻滞效果观察

目的探讨神经刺激仪引导下定位行臂丛神经阻滞的临床效果。方法将68例拟在臂丛神经阻滞下行择期手术的患者按随机数字表法分为2组,每组34例。Ⅰ组应用周围神经刺激仪行腋路、肌间沟联合臂丛神经阻滞：Ⅱ组运用传统方法行联合臂丛神经阻滞。阻滞后30min观察感觉和运动阻滞效果,对2组患者臂丛神经阻滞实施时间、阻滞起效时间、手术时间及术后并发症进行比较。结果2组手术时间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。Ⅰ组阻滞时间及阻滞起效时间分别为（10．1±2．8）min和（12．9±1．8）min,Ⅱ组阻滞时间及阻滞起效时间分别为（11．5±2．7）min和（14．6±2．2）min,I组臂丛神经阻滞实施时间及阻滞起效时间较Ⅱ组明显缩短（均P〈0．05）。2组均未出现动脉损伤、气胸等并发症。结论神经刺激仪定位下臂丛神经阻滞较传统方法联合臂丛神经阻滞成功率更高．阻滞实施更快。     

超声引导下与神经刺激器联合超声引导下腋路臂丛神经阻滞在下肘部位手术患者麻醉中应用比较

[目的]比较神经刺激器联合超声引导及单纯超声引导行腋路臂丛神经阻滞在下肘部位手术患者麻醉中的应用效果.[方法]60例下肘部手术患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各30例.对照组给予超声引导下腋路臂丛神经阻滞方案,观察组则予以神经刺激器联合超声引导下腋路臂丛神经阻滞方案.比较两组受试者操作时间、相关神经阻滞的起效时间、神经阻滞持续时间及0.5 h内阻滞成功率、一次性穿刺成功率差异及相关并发症发生情况.[结果]观察组0.5 h内臂丛神经阻滞总成功率显著高于对照组(100.0%vs 86.7%),相关并发症发生率则显著低于对照组(6.7%vs 26.7%),且差异均有显著性(P均<0.05).观察组平均操作时间及桡神经、尺神经、正中神经、肌皮神经等阻滞起效时间均显著低于对照组,神经阻滞持续时间则明显长于对照组(P均<0.05);两组一次性穿刺成功率比较差异无显著性(P>0.05).[结论]对下肘部位手术患者予以神经刺激器联合超声引导下腋路臂丛神经阻滞方案,利于提高其定位准确性及臂丛神经阻滞成功率,对降低其手术相关并发症发生风险、延长其神经阻滞持续时间等具有积极影响.     

外周神经刺激器引导下的锁骨下路和腋路臂丛神经阻滞效果的比较研究

目的比较神经刺激器引导下垂直锁骨下和两点法腋路臂丛神经阻滞的效果。方法60名ASAI～Ⅱ级需于臂丛神经阻滞下行前臂或手部手术的患者随机分为2组,分别行垂直锁骨下臂丛神经阻滞（组I,n=30）和两点法腋路臂丛神经阻滞（组A,n=30）。使用局麻药40mL（20mL0．5％罗哌卡因＋10mL2％利多卡因＋10mL生理盐水）,记录肌皮神经、桡神经、尺神经、正中神经、臂内侧皮神经、前臂内侧皮神经、肋间臂神经感觉阻滞情况、手臂运动阻滞情况以及成功率和相关副作用等。结果除I组肋间臂神经阻滞成功率显著高于A组外（P〈0．05）,2组在感觉阻滞和运动阻滞效果几乎没有差异,但A组有更高的血管刺破率（P〈0．05）。结论2种方法都能为外科手术提供良好的麻醉和镇痛,但垂直锁骨下方法能更好阻滞肋间臂神经而腋路方法出现刺破血管的发生率较高。     

超声引导锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞临床效果观察

摘 要　目的：观察超声实时引导锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞应用于上肢手术病人的临床效果。方法：120例行上肢手术的病人，ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级，均行锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞，随机分为三组，每组40例：神经刺激器组（N组）和超声引导A组（UA组）的局麻药为0.5%罗哌卡因20ml，超声引导B组（UB组）的局麻药为0.375%罗哌卡因20ml。观察桡神经、正中神经、尺神经、肌皮神经、前臂内侧皮神经感觉阻滞效果和肩关节、肘关节和腕关节运动阻滞程度，评定手术全程的麻醉效果，记录并发症。结果：与N组比较， UA组和UB组感觉阻滞效果较完善(P<0.01)。与N组和UA组比较，UB组腕关节、肘关节和肩关节运动阻滞程度较轻(P<0.05)。UA组和UB的麻醉效果较N组好(P<0.01)。三组均未记录到相关并发症发生。结论：超声引导技术改善了锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞的效果，能降低局麻药浓度或用量并保证镇痛效果完善，临床应用价值较高。     

臂丛神经联合阻滞与单纯肌间沟阻滞在手部断指再植手术中的效果对比

目的比较手部断指行再植手术采用肌间沟联合腋路臂丛神经实施阻滞同单纯实施肌间沟阻滞的临床效果。方法 90例行断指再植术患者随机分为A、B、C三组,A组(30例)实施肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞,B组(30例)实施腋路臂丛神经阻滞,C组(30例)实施肌间沟联合腋路臂丛神经阻滞。对患者的感觉阻滞情况及麻醉效果进行评价。结果 C组感觉阻滞起效时间为3.44±1.36min,明显短于A组(3.82±1.91min)和B组(5.25±1.52min)(P<0.05)。C组麻醉效果为100%,明显优于A组的90.0%和B组的93.3%(P<0.05)。结论断指再植术采用肌间沟联合腋路臂丛神经实施阻滞,阻滞和麻醉效果显著,值得推广应用。     

布托啡诺延长罗哌卡因臂丛神经阻滞作用时间的临床观察

目的观察布托啡诺对罗哌卡因臂丛神经阻滞效果的影响。方法选择在臂丛神经阻滞下行前臂及手部手术的患者36例，ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级，随机分为二组（n=18），所用药物分别为0．5％罗哌卡因＋生理盐水1ml（A组）；0．5％罗哌卡因＋布托啡诺100μg／1ml（B组）。臂丛神经阻滞选择锁骨下入路，在神经刺激器引导下进行穿刺。观察并比较两组患者感觉阻滞起效时间和持续时间、运动阻滞起效时间和持续时间、镇痛时间以及桡神经、尺神经、正中神经和肌皮神经的阻滞成功率。结果二组间感觉和运动阻滞起效时间均无明显差异（P〉0．05），B组感觉、运动阻滞持续时间和镇痛时间均明显长于A组（P〈0．05）。二组患者间桡神经、尺神经、正中神经和肌皮神经阻滞成功率无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论布托啡诺100μg可明显延长0．5％罗哌卡因臂丛神经阻滞时间，且没有明显的不良反应，值得临床参考。     

改良锁骨下臂丛神经阻滞满意度的临床评价

目的介绍一种改良的锁骨下臂丛神经阻滞方法,通过临床应用评价其效果与并发症。方法选择86例ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级,行前臂、手和腕部择期手术患者进行前瞻性研究。56例患者采用周围神经刺激定位仪(StimuplexHNS11;B.BraunMelsungenAG,Melsungen)完成操作,其中20例置管。后30例患者采用找异感的方法,当患者有异感并放射到手的前臂或手指为针尖定位正确。结果总的阻滞成功率95%(82例)。使用神经刺激仪定位单次给药的感觉阻滞效果最好,其次是置管患者,而传统定位的效果相对较差。肌皮神经、前臂正中神经阻、腋神经与前臂内侧皮神经滞效果最好。穿刺针平均深度7.2cm(5.5～9.0cm)。有20例留置导管,均通过周围神经刺激定位仪成功完成,置管深度(9.0±3.5)cm,超过针尖深度3cm,手术麻醉效果均满意阻滞成功率100%。手指有手术后感觉异常51例,均在1周内完全消失。结论此方法操作简单,体表标志可靠,可置管后固定,有效避免气胸的发生。     

Effects of Adding Dexmedetomidine to Levobupivacaine in Axillary Brachial Plexus Block

Background

Although several studies have described effects of dexmedetomidine on peripheral nerve blocks, to date there is limited knowledge available on the impact of dexmedetomidine adjunct to levobupivacaine in axillary brachial plexus block.

Objective

In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of adding dexmedetomidine to levobupivacaine for an axillary brachial plexus block.

Methods

A total of 64 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I/II scheduled to undergo forearm and hand surgery, in which an axillary block was used, were enrolled. The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: in group L patients (n = 32), an axillary block was performed with 39 mL levobupivacaine 5% plus 1 mL of isotonic sodium chloride. In group D patients (n = 32), an axillary block was performed with 39 mL levobupivacaine 5% and 1 mL dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg⁻¹ plus isotonic sodium chloride. Demographic data, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), peripheral oxygen saturation (Spo₂), sensory and motor block onset times and block durations, time to first analgesic use, total analgesic need, intraoperative verbal analog scale, postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) data, and side effects were recorded for each patient.

Results

There were no significant differences in patient and surgery characteristics between the 2 groups. Sensory block onset time was shorter in group D (P < 0.05). Sensory and motor block duration and time to first analgesic use were significantly longer in group D (P < 0.05), and the total need for analgesics was lower in group D (P < 0.05). Intraoperative 5- and 10-minute verbal analog scale values and postoperative VAS value at 12 hours were significantly lower in group D (P < 0.05). Intraoperative MAP and HR values, except at 5 minutes and postoperatively at 10 and 30 minutes and 1 and 2 hours, were significantly lower in group D (P < 0.01). Bradycardia, hypotension, hypoxemia, nausea, vomiting, and any other side effects were not seen in any patients.

Conclusions

It was concluded in our study that adding dexmedetomidine to axillary brachial plexus block shortens sensory block onset time, increases the sensory and motor block duration and time to first analgesic use, and decreases total analgesic use with no side effects. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier ISRCTN67622282.Key Words: axillary brachial plexus block, dexmedetomidine, levobupivacaine     

超声引导下臂丛神经阻滞术后留置导管对肘关节骨折患者术后镇痛及功能锻炼的影响

目的探讨超声引导下臂丛神经阻滞术后留置导管对肘关节骨折患者术后镇痛及功能锻炼的影响。方法将60例行臂丛神经阻滞术后的肘关节骨折患者随机分为对照组与研究组,各30例。对照组术后留置导管采用外周神经刺激器引导,研究组采用超声引导。比较两组的临床效果。结果研究组的置管次数、手术时间、药液渗漏发生率、辅助镇痛率、罗哌卡因用量、运动阻滞恢复时间、术后苏醒时间、并发症发生率均优于对照组(P<0.05)。术后1、6、24、48 h,研究组的VAS评分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。术后24、48、72 h,研究组的Broberg和Morrey评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论超声引导下臂丛神经阻滞术后留置导管应用于肘关节骨折中的效果显著,可提高镇痛效果,有利于患者术后功能锻炼。     

左旋布比卡因用于腋路臂丛神经阻滞的疗效观察

目的观察左旋布比卡因40ml用于腋路臂丛神经阻滞的临床效果。方法ASAⅠⅡ级60例拟行肘以下骨科手术患者,随机分为左旋布比卡因组(LB组n=30)和布比卡因组(B组n=30),两组臂丛用药分别为0.375%左旋布比卡因或0.375%布比卡因40ml(150mg)。记录注药后15、30min感觉及运动阻滞效果、术后24h感觉阻滞持续时间及运动完全恢复时间、病人的总体满意度和术中不良反应。结果两组注药后15min感觉及运动阻滞效果比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);注药后30min,LB组感觉阻滞完善(Ⅲ级)的病例数明显增加(P<0.01),而且肘关节活动曲伸活动完全无力(Ⅲ级)的病例(47%)比B组(67%)低(P<0.01);LB组和B组感觉阻滞持续时间为(17.2±7.1)h及(18.9±7.3)h,运动阻滞完全恢复时间为(20.2±8.2)h及(20.5±8.4)h,两组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);在术中LB组和B组需加用局部浸润的病例分别为4例、2例。两组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),两组各有1例因为药物阻滞时间过长感到不适,其它病例对麻醉效果均感到满意,未发现局麻药中毒等不良反应。结论腋路臂丛神经阻滞中使用0.375%左旋布比卡因40ml,其作用与同容量的布比卡因相似。     

腋路远端臂丛神经阻滞在手外科手术中的应用

目的探讨腋路远端臂丛神经阻滞的方法和效果。方法患者上肢外展80度,在上肢的中上1/3交界处触及肱动脉搏动,连续阻滞四支终末神经,多点注射,麻醉起效后,观察并记录感觉和运动阻滞完善时间、镇痛效果、麻醉持续时间和并发症发生情况。结果 56例患者感觉阻滞完善时间为(9.06+3.57)分钟,运动阻滞完善时间为(14.9+4.5)分钟,镇痛持续时间(268.1+31.2)分钟,均未发生蛛网膜下腔或硬膜外阻滞、喉返神经或膈神经阻滞、霍纳综合征、气胸、局麻药中毒等并发症,血流动力学及呼吸平稳。结论 腋路远端臂丛神经阻滞麻醉操作简单安全,易掌握,并发症少,阻滞效果较完善,适合饱胃、急危重症及肥胖患者肘部以下手术。     

Comparison of two approaches to brachial plexus anesthesia for proximal upper extremity surgery: interscalene and intersternocleidomastoid

We conducted a prospective, randomized study to compare differences between groups of patients given a brachial plexus block using an interscalene (IS) or an intersternocleidomastoid (ISCM) approach. Specific variables analyzed included overall success rates, time to achieve sensory and motor anesthesia, time to place block, and incidence of side effects. For the study, 81 patients were randomized to receive a brachial plexus blockade using the IS or ISCM approach followed by general anesthesia for their surgical procedure. Intraoperative analgesics were controlled for in both groups. No differences in demographics, block success rate, pain scale scores, and analgesia duration were noted between groups. The ISCM group required less time to complete the block (7.08 +/- 2.9 min) compared with the IS group (9.62 +/- 5.31 min) (P = .039), achieved a significantly higher rate of complete motor and sensory block at 30 minutes (P = .032), and had fewer side effects (P = .049). Based on our results, we found that using the ISCM approach to the brachial plexus resulted in a faster onset of anesthesia and a higher ratio of complete block at 30 minutes compared with the IS approach.     

罗哌卡因用于腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞的临床观察

目的：探讨0．5％、0．75％罗哌卡因用于单侧腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞的安全性和有效性。方法：64例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ行单侧下肢手术的患者，随机分为两组，每组32例，分别以0．5％和0．75％的罗哌卡因在神经刺激仪定位下行腰丛和坐骨神经阻滞，观察患者给药30min后感觉和运动阻滞效果、阻滞时间及自觉症状。结果：两组患者起效时间无明显差异，但0．75％罗哌卡因组比0．5％罗哌卡因组运动和感觉阻滞维持时间明显延长，差异有显著性，且患者满意率高。结论：0．75％罗哌卡因用于腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞时比0．5％罗哌卡因作用更为完善，持续时间更长，较适用于下肢深部手术和术后镇痛。     

Fentanyl improves analgesia but prolongs the onset of axillary brachial plexus block by peripheral mechanism. (Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan) Anesth Analg 2000;91:384–387.

This double‐blinded study evaluated the effects of fentanyl added to lidocaine for axillary brachial plexus block in 66 adult patients scheduled for elective hand and forearm surgery. All patients received 40 mL of 1.5% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine, injected into the brachial plexus sheath using the axillary perivascular technique, and they were randomized into 3 groups. Group 1 was given lidocaine containing 2 mL of normal saline plus 2 mL of normal saline IV. Patients in Group 2 received lidocaine containing 100 μg fentanyl plus 2 mL of normal saline IV. Group 3 patients received lidocaine containing 2 mL of normal saline plus 100 μg fentanyl IV. Sensory and motor blockade were evaluated by using a pinprick technique and by measuring the gripping force, respectively. The success rate of sensory blockade for radial and musculocutaneous nerves and the duration of the sensory blockade significantly increased in Group 2 (323 ± 96 min) as compared with Group 1 (250 ± 79 min). However, the onset time of analgesia was prolonged in every nerve distribution by adding fentanyl to the brachial plexus block. IV fentanyl had no effect on the success rate, onset, or duration of the blockade. Conclude that the addition of fentanyl to lidocaine causes an improved success rate of the sensory blockade, but a delayed onset of analgesia, although this may be accounted for by the decreased pH caused by the fentanyl. Comment by Alan Kaye, M.D. The addition of opioids to regional blocks is controversial. This is due in part to the potential uptake and distribution centrally of the opioid agent. In 66 patients undergoing axillary block, all had 40 mL of 1.5% lidocaine with epinephrine. One group had normal saline, another group has fentanyl plus saline, and a third had just fentanyl. The authors found that the addition of fentanyl caused an improved success rate with regard to sensory blockade. However, onset of the blockade was delayed with fentanyl and this was theorized by a decreased pH caused by the fentanyl. More studies are needed to better elucidate mechanistic effects of opioids and other agents in enhancing or modulating local anesthetics in regional blockade.     

高频超声对臂丛神经显像和定位的价值

目的评价高频超声对臂丛神经显像和定位的价值。方法采用高频超声对30例志愿者行臂丛神经检查，主要在肌间沟、锁骨上、锁骨下及腋下4个部位。11例志愿者臂丛分布的4个部位上，在实时超声引导下进针及定位神经，然后在电神经器刺激下确认是否为神经。所有臂丛神经声像图特征、解剖的变化、进针和神经定位均被动态记录。结果臂丛神经在横断面上表现为圆形或椭圆形的低回声结构，内部由点状回声组成，肌间沟、锁骨上及腋下臂丛神经显示率均为100％，锁骨下臂丛神经显示率为97％。11例志愿者臂丛声像图上低回声结构在超声引导下行电刺激均被证实为神经组织。结论高频超声能提供高质量的臂丛神经声像图。超声引导下穿刺对臂丛神经阻滞麻醉有潜在应用价值。     

Electrodiagnostic localization of traumatic upper trunk brachial plexopathy

Eighteen patients having traumatic upper trunk brachial plexopathy ("the stinger"), a common football injury, were investigated electrodiagnostically. Proximal nerve conduction was determined by stimulating the supraclavicular fossa and at the C5 root and recording from muscles supplied by the long thoracic, suprascapular, musculocutaneous, axillary, lateral pectoral and thoracodorsal nerves. The accessory nerve was stimulated in the lateral posterior triangle and the evoked potential recorded from the upper trapezius muscle. Median and ulnar nerves were also tested, sensory and motor fibers being stimulated peripherally and proximally. Conduction slowing was observed in 16 patients mainly in the proximal segments of the axillary, musculocutaneous, suprascapular and accessory nerves. The most commonly observed electromyographic abnormalities were an increase in polyphasic waves and decreased recruitment. Spontaneous activity was sparse. These abnormalities appear to result most likely from compression of the most superficially located fibers of the brachial plexus at Erb's point. As a significant etiologic factor, the impact of ill-fitting shoulder pads against the neck during a football tackle is suggested. This empirical observation was supported by the decrease of "stingers" after the improvement of the shoulder gear.     

外周神经刺激器定位腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞在血管外科下肢手术中的应用

目的观察外周神经刺激器定位下的腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞应用于血管外科患者下肢手术的效果。方法20例血管外科拟行单侧下肢手术的患者,施行单侧腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞。腰丛阻滞为腰肌间隙入路,坐骨神经阻滞为臀区入路。采用神经刺激器定位技术,刺激器电流频率1 Hz,起始强度1 mA,麻醉总量为1%利多卡因30 mL、0.5%罗哌卡因30 mL。结果20例患者均阻滞完善,麻醉效果满意,术中生命体征平稳,血流动力学稳定。结论神经刺激器定位技术下腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞定位准确,客观指征明显,效果可靠,对患者各系统干扰小,对有严重合并症患者更为适用。     

臂丛神经的超声解剖学研究

目的 应用超声研究臂丛神经解剖学特点,为超声引导臂丛神经阻滞提供解剖学依据.方法 应用高频超声研究24例健康人臂丛神经在腋路和肌间沟的解剖分布特点.结果 24例健康人臂丛神经完全显示.臂丛神经在腋路主要沿腋动脉走行;在肌间沟水平,臂丛神经分布于前、中斜角肌组成的肌间沟内.结论 超声能清晰显示臂丛神经各个主要分支.     

超声引导下小儿肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的应用研究

目的 探讨小儿肌间沟臂丛神经的超声解剖学特点及超声引导下小儿肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的可行性和安全性.方法 36例拟行肱骨髁部骨折切开复位内固定术患儿,超声检查肌间沟内臂丛神经的分布,观察臂丛神经的声像图特点,测量神经干的直径与皮肤的距离,在超声引导下行肌间沟臂丛阻滞.结果 超声检查36例小儿肌间沟内臂丛神经均清晰显示,超声引导下以0.25%布比卡因行肌间沟臂丛阻滞麻醉有效率达100%.结论 臂丛神经超声解剖结构清晰,超声引导下小儿肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞安全可行.     

腋窝入路桡神经肱三头肌支转位移植修复腋神经的应用解剖

背景:上臂后上切口入路肱三头肌肌支转位移植修复腋神经牵拉三角肌时易损伤腋神经后支及锁骨上臂丛,探查和联合其他神经转位时需变更体位.目的:分析腋窝入路桡神经肱三头肌支转位移植修复腋神经的可行性.方法:取常规甲醛固定成人上肢标本10具20侧,于标本平卧,上肢外展外旋位,腋窝入路,对腋窝处神经血管进行显微解剖.测量腋神经起始处至分支处距离及其分支起始处的横径,肱三头肌各肌支起始处横径,各肌支由入肌点向近端进行无损伤分离长度.结果与结论:腋神经肩胛下肌下缘分成前后两支,前支横径平均为2.5(1.6~3.4) mm.桡神经肱三头肌长头支,起点处横径为2.2(1.4-2.8) mm.桡神经与腋神经距离平均为18.2(10.2~30.0) mm.腋神经前支与桡神经肱三头肌支横径相似,距离短.表明腋窝入路可暴露和辨别腋神经前后分支,桡神经肱三头肌支在背阔肌腱表面水平靠近腋神经,可选择任一肌支转位移植修复腋神经.