自体角朊细胞抑制混合表皮淋巴细胞反应的研究

本文应用混合表皮淋巴细胞反应实验体系, 在体外模拟混合皮肤移植中的自体皮岛效应。结果发现： 自体表皮细胞能以剂量依赖形式抑制自体淋巴细胞对异体表皮细胞的同种异体增殖反应。抗原递呈抑制物氯喹可恢复由自体表皮细胞诱发的抑制。提示后者参与对同种异体抗原的间接递呈。进一步分析表皮中两种抗原递呈细胞的作用, 发现真正参与诱导抑制的是角朊细胞而不是表皮中的朗罕细胞。     

肝癌患者癌组织与外周血Th1/Th2细胞的监测及临床意义

目的 :为观察肝癌患者癌组织与外周血Th1 Th2细胞变化及临床意义。方法 :Th1 Th2细胞检测采用酶联免疫斑点法 (ELISPOT) ,细胞因子检测采用双抗体夹心ELISA法。结果 :肝癌患者癌组织与外周血Th1 Th2细胞比值明显降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,其Th1型细胞表达IL 2、INF γ等细胞因子水平明显低于正常对照组 ;Th2型细胞表达IL 4、IL 10等细胞因子水平明显高于正常对照组。PHA和IL 12介导肝癌患者手术切除前和手术切除 3个月后外周血Th1型细胞表达IL 2、INF γ等细胞因子水平升高 ,Th2型细胞表达IL 4、IL 10等细胞因子水平明显下降。结论 :肝癌患者癌组织与外周血Th1 Th2细胞比值均明显降低 ,细胞因子表达失衡 ,肝癌患者存在免疫功能抑制 ,因此 ,在肝癌治疗过程中打破免疫抑制 ,纠正Th1 Th2细胞比例失衡是必要的     

混合皮肤移植中自体角朊细胞表达B7-H1 诱导免疫抑制的相关研究

目的:探讨自体角朊细胞表达的B7-H1 分子在混合皮肤移植中的作用和相关机制。方法:体外模拟混合皮肤移植模拟系统(MELC 体系),通过流式细胞术检测角朊细胞B7-H1 和淋巴细胞PD-1 的表达。同时,实时荧光定量PCR 检测淋巴细胞IL-10、Foxp3、GATA-3 mRNA 的表达。结果:流式细胞仪检测结果显示,在有自体角朊细胞参与的MELC 体系中,随着作用时间增加,角朊细胞上B7-H1 的表达和淋巴细胞上PD-1 的表达水平均明显升高,且具有时间依赖性(P<0.01);实时荧光定量PCR 检测结果显示,随着作用时间增加,与无自体角朊细胞参与的MELC 体系相比,在自体角朊细胞参与的MELC体系中,淋巴细胞IL-10、GATA-3、Foxp3 mRNA 的表达水平均明显升高,且具有时间依赖性(P<0.01)。结论:在体外混合皮肤移植模拟系统中,自体角朊细胞通过表达共刺激分子B7-H1,上调淋巴细胞表面PD-1 的表达,二者相结合,诱导Th2 细胞和Foxp3+的Treg 细胞分化,从而负向调节免疫反应。     

全氟化合物与儿童哮喘及Th1/Th2免疫应答平衡相关性研究

目的 采用病例对照探讨全氟化合物(PFAAS)暴露与儿童哮喘及Th1型细胞因子白细胞介素(IL)-2,干扰素(IFN)-γ和Th2型细胞因子(IL-4,IL-5)分泌水平的关系.方法 选择231名台北医院就诊的哮喘儿童作为病例组,来自社区的225名自然儿童作为对照组.采用双抗体酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)试剂盒检测儿童血清中细胞因子IL-2、IFN-γ、IL-4和IL-10的分泌水平;高效液相色谱仪分析血清中全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)水平.结果 哮喘儿童机体PFOS(33.9μg/L比28.9 μg/L)和PFOA(1.2μg/L比0.5 μg/L)暴露负荷显著的高于对照组儿童,且随着机体PFAAs的增高,儿童患有哮喘的风险呈增高趋势.对哮喘儿童而言,血清PFAAs水平与Th1型细胞因子(IL-2,IFN-γ)存在显著的负相关,而与Th2型细胞因子(IL-4,IL-5)呈正相关关系.结论 PFOS暴露可诱导机体免疫应答平衡紊乱,并向Th2型免疫应答极化.     

Graves’病患者Th1/Th2免疫应答及性激素对Th1/Th2的影响（文献综述）

Graves’病（GD）是最常见的自身免疫性甲状腺疾病（AITD）,其发病机理以体液免疫异常为大家所熟知,但细胞因子在GD中的发病作用越来越受到国内外学者的重视,研究的焦点主要侧重于Th1／Th2细胞平衡紊乱。GD及其他自身免疫性疾病女性显著高发,提示性激素是影响机体免疫功能的重要因素。本文就近年来国内外对GD患者Th1／Th2免疫应答的研究及性激素对Thl／Th2平衡的影响作一综述。     

Th1/Th2极化:转录因子的作用

本文介绍了Th1细胞相关的转录因子ERM、T bet、IRF 1和Th2细胞相关的转录因子c maf、GATA 3等的作用特点 ,在此基础上 ,对各种转录因子的内在联系和相互调节作用做一简要综述。     

Toll样受体与Th1和Th2型免疫应答

Toll样受体是广泛表达在哺乳动物细胞表面的跨膜信号传导受体,其通过识别多种类型的病原体相关分子模式及一些内源性配体,激活天然免疫系统,同时通过诱导树突状细胞分化成熟,调控获得性免疫反应的建立。大多数TLRs的配体可诱导机体产生Th1型免疫应答,然而在某些条件下也可导致Th2型免疫应答的发生。弄清TLRs参与调节Th0分化的机制,可为今后在感染免疫、自身免疫、超敏反应等方面进行深入研究及相关疾病的治疗提供新的切入点。     

Th1/Th2极化:多因素的参与和调控

Th1、Th2细胞是Th前体细胞 (pTh )在特定抗原刺激及多种因素综合作用下 ,发生功能性极化的结果。越来越多的证据表明 ,Th1/Th2极化是免疫应答调节中的关键环节 ,因而Th1/Th2极化已成为目前研究的新热点。已有的研究表明 ,细胞因子、抗原、抗原递呈细胞(APC )、共刺激信号及一些基因调控因子均为Th1/Th2极化提供了重要信号。     

在单个细胞水平上分析抗原特异性Th1/Th2细胞因子产生的关联性

目的　在单个细胞水平上 ,观察抗原特异性Th1和Th2细胞因子产生的关联性 ,为进一步阐明CD4 T细胞的分化 ,细胞因子产生的相互关系及其特征提供理论依据。方法　从OVA TCR转基因小鼠的脾和淋巴结中分离CD4 T细胞 ,在体外在抗原提呈细胞存在下 ,用卵白蛋白 (OVA)抗原多肽刺激 3d后 ,再以同样的培养条件刺激 5～ 6h ,固定细胞 ,然后进行细胞表面和细胞内细胞因子染色 ,最后利用流式细胞仪在单个细胞水平上分析Th1和Th2细胞因子产生的关联性。结果　抗原特异性CD4 T细胞经抗原再一次刺激后 ,分泌Th1(IFN γ和IL 2 )和Th2 (IL 4、IL 5和IL 10 )细胞因子。IL 12促进IFN γ的表达 ,控制Th2细胞的分化。此外 ,大多数抗原特异性CD4 T细胞只产生 1种细胞因子 ,1个细胞同时产生 2种细胞因子极少见。结论　在单个细胞水平上的研究结果表明 ,经抗原短暂刺激后 (3d) ,不同的CD4 T细胞亚群只产生 1种Th1和 或Th2细胞因子 ,同时产生两种以上者占有很低的比率     

乳杆菌对原代淋巴细胞中Th1/Th2细胞平衡的影响

目的:分析7种乳杆菌对原代淋巴细胞增殖和细胞因子(CK)分泌的作用,进而探讨其对Th1/Th2细胞平衡的影响。方法:用不同种属、不同浓度的活的/热致死的乳杆菌体外作用于小鼠脾淋巴细胞培养60 h后,采用MTT比色法检测淋巴细胞的增殖效果。用ELISA法检测Th1型细胞因子(IL-12、IFN-γ)、Th2型细胞因子(IL-4、IL-10)和调节型细胞因子(TGF-β)的分泌量。结果:活的/热致死的乳杆菌单独作用,就能促进淋巴细胞体外增殖并表现出剂量依赖关系(P<0.05)。当菌的浓度为107集落形成单位(CFU)/mL(即细菌与细胞的比例为10∶1)时,热致死的发酵乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌的免疫活性近似于活菌。而且,这两株热致死菌还可适当提高淋巴细胞分泌IL-12和IFN-γ,抑制IL-4、IL-10和TGF-β的分泌,使其IFN-γ/IL-4的比值(代表Th1/Th2细胞平衡)均显著高于刀豆蛋白A(ConA)对照组(P<0.05)。结论:乳杆菌可通过提高淋巴细胞的IFN-γ/IL-4分泌率来促进Th1优势状态的Th1/Th2细胞平衡,并具有菌株特异性。     

SARS患者淋巴细胞亚群和Th1/Th2细胞因子的检测与意义

为了解SARS患者糖皮质激素治疗后细胞免疫状况 ,系列观察我院 7例SARS确诊者 (5男 2女 ,2 8～ 6 8岁 )淋巴细胞亚群及细胞因子变化 ,病程 0～ 6 1d。另选 31例HIV感染者作疾病对照 ,2 4例健康献血员作正常对照。用流式细胞术检测外周血CD3、CD4和CD8细胞 ,以ELISA法检测血清Th1/Th2类细胞因子 (IFN γ/IL 4 )含量。结果是SARS组CD3、CD4、CD8均值 (5 2 9 80、 313 0 9、 195 94 /μl)都低于正常组均值 (14 2 0 95、 80 9 80、 5 30 95 /μl) ,P均 <0 0 0 1;与HIV组均值(813 2 3、 176 81、 6 0 3 10 /μl)比较 ,CD4、CD8偏低 (P <0 0 0 6、P <0 0 0 1)。SARS组CD4 /CD8比值与正常组相比 ,差异不显著。淋巴细胞亚群数目与病程密切相关。SARS组Th1/Th2类细胞因子水平 (A均值 0 0 5 8/0 0 31)均低于HIV组 (A均值0 0 79/0 0 33)和正常组 (A均值 0 111/0 0 35 ) ,细胞因子含量与病程无关。提示我们所观察的SARS患者细胞免疫功能低下。     

Emodin Prolongs Recipient Survival Time After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in Rats by Polarizing the Th1/Th2 Paradigm to Th2

Advances in immunosuppressive drugs have improved the short‐term survival of liver transplantation. However, drug toxicities have been a serious problem in patients after long‐term administration. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a novel immunosuppressant with low‐toxicity. We investigated the immunosuppressive effects of Emodin on acute graft rejection following liver transplantation in rats. The recipient rats of orthotopic liver transplantation were divided into groups as follows: isograft+NS group, allograft+NS group, and allograft+emodin group. The survival time of the recipients in each group was recorded. Histopathological changes in the liver, as well as serum concentrations of IL‐2, TNF‐α, and IL‐10 and their expressions in liver tissue were determined. Our results showed that Emodin treatment prolonged liver allograft survival time and inhibited histopathologic changes of acute graft rejection. The rejection activity index in groups isograft+NS, allograft+NS, and allograft+emodin were 1.52 ± 0.37, 6.95 ± 0.75, and 4.23 ± 0.51, respectively (P < 0.01, isograft+NS group vs. allograft+emodin group and allograft+NS group vs. allograft+emodin group). The serum levels of IL‐2 and TNF‐α were down‐regulated but that of IL‐10 was up‐regulated by Emodin. Serum levels of IL‐2 and TNF‐α were higher in allograft+NS group than the allograft+emodin group, but that of IL‐10 showed opposite effects (P < 0.05 or 0.01). Changes in the expression of these cytokines in transplanted liver tissue were consistent with changes in serum concentrations. These results demonstrate that Emodin has therapeutic potentials for alleviating acute rejection following liver transplantation in rats and prolonging liver allograft survival. The mechanisms underlying this effect may be associated with polarizing the Th1/Th2 paradigm to Th2. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

类风湿关节炎患者关节中Th1/Th2型细胞因子的模式及临床意义

目的　分析类风湿关节炎 (RA)患者滑膜液及外周血中Th1/Th2型细胞因子网络的偏移及其在疾病过程中的意义。方法　用酶联免疫斑点法 (enzymelinkedimmunospotassay ,ELISPOT) ,检测RA患者滑膜液单个核细胞 (SFMC)和外周血单个核细胞 (PBMC)中的Th1和Th2细胞 ,并分析Th1/Th2细胞的比值与血沉 (ESR)和C 反应蛋白 (CRP)的相关性。结果　与PBMC相比较 ,RA患者SFMC中CD3 T细胞的百分率 ,Th1细胞及Th1/Th2细胞的比值显著升高P <0 0 1) ,且此比值与患者的ESR和CRP均呈正相关(分别为r =0 84,P <0 0 1和r =0 74,P <0 0 2 )。结论　在RA患者关节中Th1细胞明显增多并占优势 ,Th1/Th2细胞的比值与疾病的活动程度明显相关 ,Th1/Th2细胞的平衡在RA的发病机制及疾病进展中可能具有重要的作用     

Immune Suppression and Th1/Th2 Balance in Pregnancy Revisited: A (Very) Personal Tribute to Tom Wegmann

PROBLEM: The paradigm of local suppression necessary to understand the survival of the fetal allograft is often compared with the host-tumor relationship. METHODS: We investigated two components of local immune suppression: placenta-induced immunosuppression, which is mediated at least in part by a soluble factor of low molecular weight that can induce anergy in lymphocytes, and interleukin-10 (IL-10). RESULTS: We show that enhancement of IL-10 production in the decidua and placenta after alloimmunization requires the presence of Asialo GM1+ cells. Placenta-induced immunosuppression is linked with defects in phosphorylation of some components of the T cell receptor. CONCLUSION: NK cells could be in fact regulatory cells pushing maternal immune response toward a Th2 profile, beneficial for fetal survival, or toward a Th1 type of immune response, which acts in synergy. Modulation of TcR may represent a new mechanism for maternal-fetal tolerance.     

Th1/Th2细胞因子结合甲状腺自身抗体检测在自身免疫性甲状腺疾病中的诊断价值

研究Th1/Th2细胞因子和甲状腺自身抗体在自身免疫性甲状腺疾病(AITD)中的诊断价值。选择Graves病(GD)28例、甲亢甲炎(GDIII)15例、桥本甲亢(HTL)13例、桥本甲状腺炎(HT)21例、20名正常人,通过酶免法检测血清Th1型细胞因子γ干扰素(IFN-γ)和Th2型细胞因子白细胞介素-4(IL-4)的含量,与放免法测定的促甲状腺激素受体抗体(TRAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)进行相关分析。结果显示,IFN-γ水平HT>HTL>GDIII>GD,IL-4水平GD>GDIII>HTL>HT。GDIII和HTL组IFN-γ和IL-4水平均有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01),GDIII和HTL组TGAb、TPOAb无统计学意义(P>0.05)。HT组IFN-γ与TGAb、TPOAb正相关(r分别为0.67,0.54,P<0.01),GD组IL-4与TRAb正相关(r=0.71,P<0.01)。Th1/Th2细胞因子失衡反映了AITD的病理改变和免疫功能紊乱,与甲状腺自身抗体检测相结合可成为AITD辅助诊断的指标。     

Reciprocal generation of Th1/Th17 and T(reg) cells by B1 and B2 B cells

Regulatory T (T(reg)) cells are indispensable for maintaining peripheral tolerance, whereas T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells induce inflammation and tissue destruction. Using Foxp3-GFP knock-in mice, we report a novel regulatory role for B cell subsets in influencing the differentiation of T(reg) versus Th1/Th17 cells. Peritoneal B1 cells strongly promoted T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion when presenting nominal or allogeneic antigens, as compared to conventional follicular B (B2) cells. However, peritoneal B1 cells largely failed to convert naive Foxp3(-)CD4(+) T cells into Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells in the presence of TGF-beta and IL-2, in marked contrast to conventional B2 cells, which excelled in T(reg) conversion. Interestingly, under the same T(reg) conversion conditions, peritoneal B1 cells preferentially promoted Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation. Blockade of CD86 but not CD80 costimulation markedly enhanced T(reg) cell induction by B1 cells. Thus, B cell antigen presentation function is inversely correlated with de novo T(reg) cell induction for these B cell subsets. Our findings suggest that B1 and B2 cell subsets play distinct roles in immune regulation by promoting reciprocal differentiation of T cell lineages.     

Intravenous IgA complexed with antigen reduces primary antibody response to the antigen and anaphylaxis upon antigen re-exposure by inhibiting Th1 and Th2 activation in mice

Context: Serum IgG, IgE and IgM have been shown to enhance the primary antibody responses upon exposure to the soluble antigens recognized by those antibodies. However, how IgA affects these responses remains unknown.

Objective: We investigated the effects of intravenously administered monoclonal IgA on the immune responses in mice.

Materials and methods: DBA/1J mice were immunized with ovalbumin in the presence or absence of anti-ovalbumin monoclonal IgA. The Th1 and Th2 immune responses to ovalbumin and the anaphylaxis induced by re-exposure to ovalbumin were measured.

Results: IgA complexed with antigen attenuated the primary antibody responses to the antigen in mice, in contrast to IgG2b and IgE. The primary antibody responses, i.e. the de novo synthesis of anti-ovalbumin IgG2a, IgG1 and IgE in the serum, and the subsequent anaphylaxis induced with re-exposure to ovalbumin were reduced by the co-injection of anti-ovalbumin monoclonal IgA at ovalbumin immunization. The Th1, Th2 and Tr1 cytokines interferon-γ, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10, respectively, released from ovalbumin-restimulated cultured splenocytes collected from allergic mice were also reduced by the treatment. The induction of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 secretion by splenocytes from ovalbumin-immunized mice stimulated in vitro with ovalbumin was also significantly reduced by the antigen complexed with anti-ovalbumin IgA.

Conclusion: These data suggest that the direct inhibition of Th1 and Th2 activation by anti-ovalbumin monoclonal IgA participates in the inhibition of the primary antibody responses. IgA plays important immunosuppressive roles under physiological and pathological conditions and is a promising candidate drug for the treatment of immune disorders.     

Histamine H1-receptor antagonists with immunomodulating activities: potential use for modulating T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 cytokine imbalance and inflammatory responses in allergic diseases

Being a first-line treatment for hypersensitivity allergic disease, histamine H1-receptor antagonists possess anti-inflammatory activity in addition to being H1-receptor antagonists. While it is not purely a histamine-related condition, hypersensitivity allergic disease is associated with an increase in the number of T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and Th2 cytokines, and a decrease in the number of Th1 cells and Th1 cytokines. Suppression of Th2-type cytokine production in addition to H1-receptor blockade may therefore represent a successful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hypersensitivity allergic diseases. H1-receptor antagonists have been reported to modulate immune cascade at various points by acting on T cell-related inflammatory molecules, including adhesion molecules, chemokines and inflammatory cytokines. These effects of H1-receptor antagonists may be optimized for the treatment of allergic diseases. Besides their ability to regulate inflammatory molecules, some H1-receptor antagonists have been reported to down-regulate Th2 cytokine production. In particular, it has been shown that several H1-receptor antagonists specifically inhibit the production of Th2, but not Th1, cytokines. Accumulating evidence indicates a crucial role for Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance on the development of allergic diseases. Accordingly, the use of H1-receptor antagonist with Th2 cytokine inhibitory activity to modulate Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance might be a favourable strategy for the treatment of hypersensitivity allergic diseases. Furthermore, the identification of H1-receptor antagonists which possess immunoregulatory activities in addition to their anti-histamine activity will provide an important insight into the development of novel immunoregulatory drugs.