宜昌地区0～6岁儿童支气管哮喘相关危险因素分析

目的 分析0～6岁儿童支气管哮喘的相关危险因素,为临床及家庭预防哮喘的急性发作提出对策。方法 选取宜昌市中心人民医院门诊就诊的0～6岁儿童哮喘病人110 例(观察组) 和同期来院的无喘息发作史的0～6岁儿童110 例(对照组) 进行研究分析。结果 单因素分析显示,影响0~6岁儿童哮喘的变量包括性别、食物过敏史、吸入性过敏史、呼吸道感染、家族过敏史、湿疹史、过敏性鼻炎史和被动吸烟(P＜0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果发现食物过敏史、呼吸道感染、家族过敏史、湿疹史、过敏性鼻炎史、被动吸烟是0～6岁儿童哮喘发作的危险因素(P＜0.05)。结论 食物过敏史、呼吸道感染、家族过敏史、湿疹史、过敏性鼻炎史、被动吸烟均是0～6岁儿童哮喘急性发作的危险因素,患儿家属及临床工作者重视这些危险因素,同时采取相应的有效措施干预,对于哮喘急性发作的预防具有重要意义。     

临朐县0~14岁儿童哮喘流行病学调查分析

目的 研究临朐县0~14岁儿童哮喘的危险因素以及患病率,为本病的治疗及预防提供有力依据。方法 利用整群随机抽样的方法,在临朐县幼儿园、学校、防疫站抽取10 000名0~14岁儿童进行哮喘流行病学调查。结果 总共调查0~14岁儿童10 000人,收到9 765份有效问卷,有效率为97.65%。哮喘儿童152例,患病率为1.56%;患病率最高的是学龄前期的儿童,男童患病率高于女童,男女比例为1.50∶1,差异有统计学意义(χ²=5.648,P<0.05)。家族过敏或哮喘史、过敏性鼻炎史、皮肤过敏史、食物过敏史、个人药物过敏史、早产、超体重、使用抗生素可能为哮喘发病的危险因素。结论 2012年临朐县0~14岁儿童哮喘患病率较10年前全国哮喘患病率有所升高,儿童哮喘患病率最高的年龄段是学龄前期。儿童哮喘的发病与多种因素相关。     

武汉市儿童过敏性疾病的年龄分布及相关性调查

目的探讨常见过敏性疾病的年龄分布特点及过敏性疾病之间的相关性。方法以2010年10月-2011年4月武汉市洪山区儿童为调查对象,采用随机整群抽样,对过敏性疾病进行问卷调查及体检。结果 3岁是过敏性疾病的节点,患病率大幅升高,3岁是食物过敏患病率峰值年龄段,患病率为10.2%,4岁是哮喘的患病率峰值年龄段,患病率为8.0%,5岁是过敏性鼻炎、湿疹和药物过敏的患病率峰值年龄段,患病率分别为32.5%、28.7%和14.6%。13岁之后,过敏性疾病患病率有所下降。儿童哮喘与过敏性鼻炎(r=0.30)、儿童哮喘与湿疹(r=0.25)、过敏性鼻炎与湿疹(r=0.23)、湿疹与食物过敏(r=0.22)、食物过敏与药物过敏(r=0.21)之间存在相关性。结论 3~5岁年龄段需要加强过敏性疾病的健康监护,避免过敏性疾病患病率峰值的出现。     

西宁市城西区儿童哮喘危险因素病例对照研究

了解西宁市城西区0~14岁儿童哮喘患病情况及发病的危险因素,为儿童哮喘的防治提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,从西宁市城西区的2所中学、2所小学、2所幼儿园和4个社区中筛查0~14岁儿童哮喘病例,采用1∶1病例对照研究法分析儿童哮喘的危险因素.结果 西宁市儿童哮喘患病率为1.25%,年龄分布以3~5岁较为集中,占患病人数的28.57%.多因素Logistic回归分析显示家族遗传史(OR=3.442,95% CI=1.299~9.121)、食物过敏(OR=6.366,95% CI=1.146 ~ 35.353)、过敏性鼻炎(OR=7.750,95%CI=2.738~21.937)是儿童哮喘发病的独立危险因素(P值均<0.05).结论 西宁市儿童哮喘患病率不高.家族史和过敏史是儿童哮喘发病的独立危险因素.     

厦门市同安区儿童哮喘患病情况调查分析

目的 调查2012-2013年厦门市同安区0~14 岁儿童哮喘患病情况及哮喘发病的危险因素, 为今后儿童哮喘的防治工作提供科学依据。方法 通过多阶段分层随机整群抽样方法, 采用2010年第三次全国儿童哮喘流行病学调查问卷, 调查厦门市同安区10 168名0~14岁儿童哮喘患病情况;其次采用1∶1病例对照研究方法和Logistic 回归分析法对哮喘患儿的发病危险因素进行研究。结果 在调查的10 168人中, 哮喘患儿428人, 总患病率为4.21%。男性患病率(5.88%)高于女性(2.28%)(P＜0.001)。哮喘患儿中, 首次发病以3岁内居多占74.76%;发作诱因最常见的为呼吸道感染占85.61%;发作先兆最常见的为打喷嚏占95.20%;经常发作强度以轻度最常见占68.25%;发作类型以突然发作最多占78.50%;好发季节为换季占50.60%;好发时间为夜间和清晨占71.45%。通过对428例哮喘患儿及428例非哮喘儿童的病例对照研究并且经Logistic 回归分析显示, 哮喘发病的独立危险因素包括:个人过敏史、过敏性鼻炎、家族过敏史、家族哮喘史(P＜0.001)。结论 厦门市同安区0~14岁儿童哮喘患病率高于10年前厦门市区哮喘发病率。男性哮喘患病率高于女性。个人过敏史、过敏性鼻炎、家族哮喘史及家族过敏史是该地区儿童哮喘发病的独立危险因素。     

西安市城区0～14岁儿童哮喘危险因素研究

目的 探讨并寻找儿童支气管哮喘的危险因素.方法 选择西安市0～14岁儿童哮喘流行病学调查中筛查出的220例哮喘患儿(其中婴幼儿哮喘96例,儿童哮喘124例)为研究对象,应用1:1配对病例进行对照研究,调查和分析有关暴露因素.结果 在单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析中显示,家族有支气管哮喘病史、家族有过敏性疾病史、经常吃零食、过敏性鼻炎、其它过敏史χ2值分别为13.435、16.333、8.503、19.722、10.030,均P<0.01;居住环境潮湿、家中养宠物、吃饭口味重与儿童支气管哮喘的发生有关,χ2分别为5.729、4.283、4.709、均P<0.05.结论 家族有支气管哮喘病史、家族有过敏性疾病史、个人有湿疹、过敏性鼻炎、其它过敏史、居住环境潮湿、家中养宠物、经常吃零食、吃饭口味重是形成儿童哮喘的主要危险因素.     

海口市学龄前儿童哮喘的影响因素分析

目的 调查和分析海南省海口市儿童哮喘发病的危险因素,以期为儿童哮喘预防提供参考。方法 通过整群抽样调查法对2016年1月-12月海口市城区13所幼儿园、社区保健机构单位7 256例3～6岁的儿童进行儿童哮喘流行病学问卷调查,通过Logistic回归分析法了解哮喘儿童发病的高危因素。结果 对海口市的学龄前儿童调查发现,哮喘预测指数阳性率为6.74%;影响哮喘发病的因素十分复杂,其中最主要的独立危险因素为个人药物过敏史(OR＝8.437,95%CI:1.538~22.643)、食物过敏史(OR＝5.463,95%CI:1.578~21.727)、过敏性鼻炎(OR＝7.847,95%CI:1.584~25.684)以及家族过敏史(OR＝7.443,95%CI:1.843~13.614)。结论 海南省海口市儿童哮喘发病率较高,和多种因素有关,其中个人药物过敏史、食物过敏史、过敏性鼻炎以及家族过敏史是造成儿童哮喘发病的独立危险因素,必须引起重视,进一步规范治疗。     

宜昌市儿童哮喘的危险因素分析

目的 分析影响宜昌市儿童哮喘发病的危险因素, 为预防儿童哮喘的发生和急性发作提供指导。方法 采用分层随机整群抽样的方法, 在宜昌市抽取10 456名儿童进行初筛问卷调查, 筛选出疑似哮喘儿童, 对其再次发放哮喘儿童调查问卷进一步调查确诊, 同时选取与哮喘儿童数量相近, 性别、年龄相匹配的非哮喘儿童进行病例对照研究。结果 个人药物过敏史、过敏性鼻炎、湿疹史以及一级亲属哮喘或过敏史;家居环境中墙面涂有油漆、用煤炭取暖、做饭、霉斑现象、装修史、家属吸烟以及用毛毯做被褥;3个月以内添加辅食、1岁以内使用抗生素均是影响宜昌市儿童哮喘发病的危险因素。结论 对于有个人或家属过敏性疾病史的儿童, 家长应尽量避免家庭环境中过敏原的暴露, 积极避免危险因素可防止哮喘的发生或减少其急性发作的次数。     

黄山区0～14岁儿童哮喘流行病学调查

目的 了解黄山区0 ～ 14岁儿童哮喘流行状况,探讨哮喘的危险因素,为儿童哮喘防治提供科学依据.方法 随机整群抽样抽取黄山区14岁以下儿童9 180人,所有对象先填写初筛表予以筛查,对可疑对象进行确诊,最后对确诊对象进行详细调查.结果 黄山区0 ～14岁儿童哮喘男女性别比为1.80∶1;5岁之前儿童哮喘的患病率随年龄增长呈升高趋势;城区及周边地区哮喘患病率明显高于偏远乡镇;诱发因素中,感冒最常见(93.71％),其次是天气变化/接触冷空气(67.88％),第三为运动(13.90％);绝大多数哮喘患儿有发作先兆症状,以流涕最常见(78.15％);在哮喘治疗中抗生素的使用率达到99.01％;危险因素调查显示:过敏性鼻炎、湿疹、1岁以内抗生素使用、家具使用人工板材、使用化纤枕头与哮喘发病有关.结论 黄山区0～14岁儿童哮喘患病率较大中城市而言处于低水平.对具有哮喘易感因素的儿童,要进行早期预防,避免接触过敏原、避免不健康的生活方式和生活环境,加强体育锻炼,积极预防呼吸道感染.     

十堰市儿童哮喘患病情况调查及影响因素

目的调查十堰市儿童哮喘患病情况,分析其影响因素,为十堰市儿童哮喘防治工作提供参考依据。方法采用整群随机抽样调查方法,将十堰市1 420例0~14岁儿童根据哮喘是否发病将其分为哮喘组与非哮喘组两组,采用多因素非条件Logistic回归分析方法,分析儿童哮喘发生的影响因素。结果 1 420份调查问卷有效回收率为97.89%,男女比例为1.33∶1,男女患病率比例1.72∶1。单因素分析结果显示,不同家族哮喘史、早产、过敏史、湿疹史、过敏性鼻炎史、居住环境、益生菌添加、添加钙剂及维生素D、近期呼吸道感染、咳嗽等儿童哮喘发病率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,家族过敏史、居住环境灰尘大、过敏性鼻炎史是影响儿童哮喘发生的独立危险因素,益生菌添加持续6个月以上、添加钙剂及维生素D持续1年以上是儿童哮喘发生的保护性因素。结论十堰市14岁以下儿童哮喘发病率较高,应针对其发病影响因素采取积极有效的预防及控制措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.