晚期类风湿关节炎合并膝关节强直或僵直畸形行人工膝关节置换术

目的探讨晚期类风湿关节炎（RA）患者合并强直或僵直畸形行人工膝关节置换手术及其效果。方法 对1987至2006年,11例晚期RA患者16个屈膝位强直（或僵直）膝关节和3例（3膝）合并伸膝位强直的膝关节行人工膝关节表面置换手术治疗,通过定期随访,记录关节活动度和膝关节协会评分（KSS）及功能评分的改善程度,并记录相应并发症及其预后情况。结果 本组11例（16膝）屈膝位强直或僵直畸形的患者术后恢复良好,术后平均随访8·4年（1-19年）,膝关节平均活动度数为72·5°（45-100°）,残留伸展滞缺平均7·8°（0-15°）,KSS评分平均为78·5分（70-89分）,比术前提高了47·6分。住院期间无伤口感染、皮缘坏死、下肢深静脉血栓及肺栓塞发生,有3例患者术后出现单侧腓总神经一过性麻痹现象,半年后恢复正常。康复中1例发生股骨髁上骨折,2例患者发生远期感染行翻修手术。本组3例患者共3个膝关节为伸直位强直畸形,术后平均随访38·8个月（6个月-9年）,术前膝关节平均活动度为7·4°（0-15°）,KSS评分平均43分（20-85分）,功能评分平均22·9分（0-55分）,最近随访显示膝关节平均屈曲度为90·0°（75-110°）,KSS评分平均79·5分（77-85分）,功能评分85·4分（75-90分）。1个膝关节发生髌腱在胫骨结节止点撕脱,术后残留5°伸展滞缺,1个膝关节术后发生伤口皮缘坏死,1个膝关节发生早期浅部感染,无深部感染、下肢深静脉血栓或肺栓塞,无腓总神经麻痹或侧副韧带损伤。没有膝关节假体发生晚期感染、松动、移位等情况,无异位骨化和关节僵直发生。结论 合并强直畸形的RA患者,尤其对于伸直位强直的膝关节行人工膝关节置换手术具有很高的技术难度;充分显露是强直性膝关节置换的基础和前提;采用二次截骨与软组织松解相结合显露强直膝关节,并通过术后强化康复训练使患膝达到良好的功能;术中和术后并发症的发生率高于常规人工膝关节置换术,应予以相应的预防和处理。     

误诊为半月板损伤的弹响膝122例分析

目的探讨误诊为半月板损伤患者弹响膝的发生机制、临床表现、诊断和关节镜治疗。方法回顾性分析122例术前误诊为半月板损伤的弹响膝患者资料,所有患者均接受膝关节镜手术。分析不同病因导致膝关节弹响的部位、响度、发生频率、镜下表现,最终评价关节镜手术疗效。结果许多疾病均可出现膝关节弹响,最常见原因为半月板损伤,其次是关节内游离体、软骨病变、滑膜病变、髌股关节紊乱、韧带及肌腱损伤等。其弹响各有特点,关节镜诊治后91．8％弹响症状完全消失,少数患者残余部分症状？结论膝关节弹响来源多样,半月板源性的弹响最为常见。掌握弹响特点有助于术前正确诊断,提高手术疗效,避免过度医疗。关节镜手术是诊治弹响膝的金标准。     

Arthroplasty of both hips and both knees in rheumatoid arthritis.

Eleven patients with rheumatoid arthritis underwent total joint replacement of both hips and both knees (four-joint arthroplasty). All patients had increased function and decreased pain. Severe rheumatoid arthritis in both hips and knees does not preclude a satisfactory result after replacement arthroplasty.     

Marmor modular knee plateau positioning and prosthesis survival in 55 knees with rheumatoid arthritis

In a long-term follow-up of 55 Marmor knee arthroplasties in patients with rheumatoid arthritis operated on between 1975 and 1977, the radiologically visible indicator wire was used to identify the position of the tibial components. The survival rate of the prostheses at 15 years was 0.71, and the revisions were evenly distributed over the observation period of 16 years. No significant relationship was found between the slope of the tibial components postoperatively and the survival of the prostheses. However, a postoperative valgus angle of the leg of 3 deg or more tended to increase the risk of revision (RH = 2.7, 95% CL= 0.8–8.9). The patient's sex, affected side or weight did not influence prosthesis survival.     

晚期类风湿性关节炎合并屈膝位强直的人工全膝关节置换术

目的 :探讨重症类风湿性关节炎膝关节屈曲位强直患者行全膝关节置换的正确截骨及后关节囊软组织松解方法和疗效。方法:对2009年11月至2012年1月收治的15例晚期类风湿性关节炎患者17个屈膝位强直的膝关节行人工膝关节表面置换手术。男7例,女8例;年龄22~75岁,平均58.7岁;单膝13例,双膝2例。15例17膝均表现为屈膝位纤维性强直或僵直畸形,膝关节屈伸活动度(3.2±1.7)°。术前膝关节学会评分系统(KSS)临床评分23.3±12.5,功能评分35.2±9.8。术中在准确截骨的基础上,对不同程度的膝关节屈曲强直畸形采取不同的后关节囊软组织松解方法。结果:15例均获随访,时间1.6个月~3年,平均2.3年。末次随访时KSS临床评分81.7±6.5,较术前提高;功能评分82.8±9.3,较术前提高。2例3膝遗留5°~7°屈膝畸形,但患膝关节功能良好。结论:正确的截骨及有效的后关节囊软组织松解是矫正屈膝位强直畸形和假体置换的关键,其中有针对性的膝关节后房室结构松解的方法和步骤可避免过量截骨并获得满意的换膝间隙。     

全膝关节置换治疗严重僵硬膝与非僵硬膝的疗效比较

[目的]回顾比较人工全膝关节置换治疗僵硬膝与正常膝关节的临床疗效,探讨僵硬膝与正常膝关节置换术相比术中操作和术后康复的要点.[方法]采用病例对照,研究22例人工全膝关节置换患者,其中僵硬膝组11例16膝,非僵硬组11例16膝.比较两组手术时间、出血量、术后并发症、手术前后HSS评分和关节活动范围等临床指标.[结果]两组性别、年龄、术前HSS评分、术后并发症比较差异均无显著性(P＞0.05).僵硬组术前平均膝关节活动度(6±5)°、术后活动度(78±16)°及HSS评分(66±18)分、平均手术时间(143±21) min、总失血量(740±130) ml,非僵硬组术前平均膝关节活动度(72±18)°、术后活动度(109±16)°及HSS评分(84±19)分、平均手术时间(88±15) min、总失血量(576±107) ml,两组差异有显著性(P＜0.05).两组膝关节活动度相比存在显著差异(73±19)°vs (36 ±22)°(P＜0.05).[结论]术中注意关节暴露、软组织松解、术后积极康复锻炼,全膝关节置换术治疗僵硬膝的患者虽然不能达到正常膝关节置换的评分和活动度,但仍可以取得令人满意的临床效果.     

The snapping knee of infancy

Three infants with generalized joint laxity and a negative family history had painful episodes of snapping of one or both knees caused by involuntary, momentary lateral subluxation of the tibia. These episodes of subluxation appeared to be due to involuntary contraction of the biceps femoris muscle. Older children learned to produce the phenomenon voluntarily. Treatment should be symptomatic, since the two children who were followed gradually stopped having involuntary subluxations.     

Cementless total knee arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis: A report on 51 AGC knees followed for 54 months

Fifty-one primary consecutive cementless AGC 2000 (Anatomically Graduated Components, Biomet, Warsaw, IN) total knee arthroplasties were performed during 1985 through 1990 in 40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Forty-one knees (32 patients) were available for clinical and radiologic follow-up analysis after 24 to 76 months (median, 54 months). There was no pain in 33 knees and mild pain in the rest. Median range of motion was 110° (range, 50°–130°). Median knee score was 90 (range, 71–97), and all knees were rated good or excellent. Radiolucencies greater than 1 mm were found under five tibial components, but no obvious migrations were seen. One tibial component was revised due to aseptic loosening. The cumulative success rate after 4 to 5 years was 97% (lower limit of 95% confidence interval, 91.8%). The medium-term results are considered to compare favorably with reported cemented series.     

痛性神经瘤

痛性神经瘤是周围神经损伤或截肢术后常见并发症,其顽固性疼痛及术后高复发率给病人带来极大痛苦。神经瘤致痛与神经生长因子及酪氨酸激酶B(TrkB)受体作用、外周及中枢致敏、大麻素CB2受体、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、神经瘤纤维结构改变等有关。其早期干预治疗包括镜子理论应用、超声引导局部注射、阿霉素应用等,以及手术神经疏导及重建神经连续性、血管化筋膜皮瓣治疗等。该文就痛性神经瘤形成、相关致痛理论及其防治作一综述。     

弹响髋的关节镜下手术治疗

[目的] 探讨军事训练致外侧型弹响髋的特点及关节镜治疗方法与疗效。[方法] 收治14例18髋军事训练引起的外侧型弹响髋，采用关节镜下髂胫束松解，术后早期功能锻炼。[结果] 疗效优11髋，良5髋，优良率94．1％，有效率100％，未出现感染、血肿、神经损伤等并发症。[结论] 关节镜下髂胫束松解术治疗弹响髋，只要重视围手术期处理，术后疗效满意，可取代传统切开术。