不同HCO3-浓度透析液对透析患者酸碱平衡和营养状态的影响

目的 旨在分析不同HCO3-浓度透析液对机体酸碱平衡以及营养状态的影响.方法 24例稳定的维持性血液透析患者参与试验,使用单盲、交叉对照分析,共3个月试验周期,参试患者分别接受低HCO3-浓度透析液(30.0 mmol/L)(甲组)和高HCO3-浓度透析液(40.0 mmol/L)(乙组)透析,记录并分析人体生物学指标、生化指标和透析剂量以及透析充分性指标.结果 试验开始时甲、乙组血清总CO2结合力分别为(22.0±2.6)mmol/L、(22.5±3.2)mmol/L,两组比较差异无统计学意义;但乙组3个月后血清总CO2结合力增高到(25.5±1.8)mmol/L,与试验开始时比较差异有统计学意义;甲组无显著性变化.Kt/V(乙组1.294±0.21、甲组1.28±0.15),标准化蛋白代谢率(nPCR)[乙组(1.15±0.16)g/(kg·d)、甲组(1.25±0.18)g/(kg·d)]差异均无统计学意义.三角肌皮褶厚度(TSF)有显著性变化[甲组由试验开始时(14.8±1.6)mm,至3个月后(12.6±1.1)mm,乙组为(14.5±2.3)至(16.5±1.5)mm,P＜0.05].结论 高HCO3-浓度透析液对透析患者是相对安全的,患者均能较好耐受,且能较好地纠正机体酸中毒状态,与低HCO3-浓度透析液相比,能提高患者TSF,提示患者营养状态改善.     

中老年慢性肾衰竭患者改良结肠透析方法的对比研究

目的探讨改良结肠透析方法对中老年慢性肾衰竭患者透析效果的影响。方法对32例中老年慢性肾衰竭患者应用结肠透析机进行结肠透析,分为观察组和对照组,两组,患者分别采取改良方法和常规方法．比较两组的透析疗效．观察治疗过程中及治疗后不良反廊。结果疗效：观察组治疗后血清肌酐平均下降88．4±50．6umol／L．尿素氮平均下降8．3±3．6mmol／L,尿酸平均下降62．2±14．7umol／L;对照组治疗后血清肌酐平均下降42．8±32．3umol,L,尿素氮平均下降4．8±3．1mmol／L,尿酸平均下降36．5±10．2umol／L,观察组肌酐、尿素氮、尿酸清除度较高,与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。不良反应：观察组腹痛、腹胀、腹泻、肛周黏膜水肿的发生率均为16．67％;对照组上述症状的发生率为14．29％～21．43％．两组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论改良后的结肠透析方法效果较好,适用于中老年慢性肾衰竭患者的结肠透析治疗。     

动态检测血清C反应蛋白预测脑梗死复发的临床研究

目的 探讨血清C反应蛋白（CRP）水平预测动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死（ATCI）复发的临床价值。方法 采用免疫透射比浊法测定86例ATCI患者发病后72h内、第1个月、第6个月的CRP浓度，分别记为CRP1、CRP2、CRP3。追踪随访12个月后将其中19例复发脑梗死患者作为复发组，并将67例未复发患者中随机抽出30例作对照组，对照分析两组间CRP水平。结果 ATCI复发患者3个时期的CRP浓度分别为（21，25±5．08）mg／L，（16．53±3，12）mg／L．（16．07±3．78）mg／L；未复发患者3个时期CRP浓度分别为（11，94±3．04）mg／L，（8，64±2．13）mg／L，（8，78±2．0）mg／L。两者间均有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论 血清动态检测C反应蛋白可作为脑梗死复发的预测指标。     

老年人代谢综合征综合治疗的临床疗效观察

目的探索老年代谢综合征切实有效的治疗模式．方法老年代谢综合征患者90例,随机分为治疗组60例及对照组30例．进行为期1年的综合治疗及对照观察。检测治疗前、治疗后6个月及12个月有关指标的动态变化以及与对照组之间的差异。结果经过12个月的综合治疗后,治疗组的收缩压（167．2±16．2降至142．3±12．8mmHg）、空腹血糖（7．3±1．6降至6．5±1．2mmol／L）、餐后2h血糖（11．2±2．2降至8．4±1．6mmol／L）、甘油三酯（2．2±1．0降至1．6±0．6mmol／L）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（2．89±0．56降至2．45±0．29mmol/L）等指标较治疗前及对照组同期均有显著性改善．差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）：而舒张压、胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、体重指数等无明显变化.结论综合治疗是治疗老年代谢综合征的有效方法.     

C反应蛋白与血糖相关性的临床研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者血清C反应蛋白（CRP）变化情况与血糖动态波动的关系。方法选择2型糖尿病患者30例，治疗前后行72h动态血糖监测，并测定CRP，分析血糖与CRP的关系。结果患者治疗后，血糖均有明显改善，空腹血糖全部达标，血糖达标时间从（35．37±5．70）h增加为（66．20±4．71）h，最高血糖从（15．14±1．08）mmol／L下降为（10．77±1．50）mmol/L，平均血糖从（11．38±1．56）mmol/L下降为（7．63±0．77）mmol／L；同时治疗后血清CRP低于治疗前。结论通过研究血清CRP与2型糖尿病疗效的关系。为治疗2型糖尿病及其血管并发症提供了有效的监测指标。     

剖宫产瘢痕妊娠病灶处注射甲氨蝶呤临床分析

目的观察那格列奈联合二甲双胍和那格列奈联合罗格列酮治疗初诊2型糖尿病患者的疗效。方法选择46例初诊2型糖尿病患者，随机分为治疗组与对照组，各23例。治疗组用那格列奈联合二甲双胍治疗；对照组用那格列奈联合罗格列酮治疗。结果治疗组和对照组的治疗方法均能有效控制空腹血糖[（6．67±1．34）mmol／L和（7．33±1．52）mmol／L]、餐后2h血糖[（7．57±1．24）mmol／L和（8．02±1．45）mmol／L]和糖化血红蛋白[（7．85±1．21）％和（8．13±1．37）％]，改善血脂，P〈0．05，治疗组体重指数明显改善（P〈0．05）。血压，血、尿常规，心电图，肝、肾功能治疗前后比较，差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组不良反应轻微，依从性好。结论两种组合均能有效治疗初诊2型糖尿病，有利于防治心血管疾病，而且也适合老年人。     

经内镜鼻胰管引流在急性胰腺炎治疗中的应用

目的初步总结经内镜鼻胰管引流在急性胰腺炎治疗中的疗效。方法自2002年1月以来，在急性胰腺炎患者入院后常规非手术监测治疗的同时。随机行经内镜置放鼻胰管引流30例。其中明确合并胆结石16例。观察每天胰管引流量和入院后第5天体温、心率、白细胞计数、血糖、血钙、动脉氧分压和血、尿淀粉酶的变化，并与第1天比较。记录治疗结果和住院时间。并进行引流管的观察及护理，心理护理及卫生宣教。结果经鼻胰管引流时间为（6．9±3．1）d，前5天的胰液引流量分别为168．6±38．1、210．7±56．3、268．1±71．9、391．6±63．9ml和306．0±73．8mL。入院后第1天和第5天的体温为38．6±1．3和37．0±1．1℃（P〈0．05=、心率为108±16和87±13次／min（P〈0．05=，白细胞计数为15．8±3．1和9．7±2．6×109／L（P〈0．05=，血糖为13．3±3．9和7．3±2．7mmol／L（P〈0．05=，血淀粉酶为739±68和103±39u／L（P〈0．05=，尿淀粉酶为3361±677和373±136u／L（P〈0．05=，血钙为2．0±0．7和2．1±0．6mmol／L（P〉0．05）．30例全部治愈出院，平均住院时间为26．0±9．1天。结论经内镜鼻胰管引流能有效引流胰液，在重症急性胰腺炎治疗中是一项重要的措施，值得进一步观察和对比总结。引流管的观察及护理。心理护理及卫生宣教对病情恢复起到良好的作用。     

南京地区部分军队老干部血脂达标状况分析

目的分析近4年来通过服用他汀类药物、合理膳食及适当运动等对老干部血脂达标情况的影响。方法对南京地区9个干休所476名离休干部4年来的体检资料进行回顾性调查。结果（1）本研境人群血脂的基线水平为：TC5．57±1．45mmol／L、LDL-C3．61±1．15mmol／L、TG2．06±1．07mmol／L,经4年综合干预后血脂水平为：TC4．65±1．02mmol／L、LDL-C2．76±1．07mmol/L、TG1．78±0．68mmol／L,3项指标下降具有统计学意义（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）。（2）本人群血脂达标率的基线水平为：TC31．27％、LDL—C44．75％、TG56．71％,经干预后上升为：TC56．86％、LDL—C63．28％、TG68．64％,差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论他汀类药物的服用及合理膳食措施等综合干预,能够使血脂显著下降．达标率显著提高。     

白细胞介素-13对成年人支气管哮喘的影响

目的通过检测白细胞介素（IL）-13浓度及其变化，探讨它在成人支气管哮喘（哮喘）发病机制中的意义，同时检测IL-10、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α浓度，探讨它们与IL-13的相互关系。方法以31例哮喘患者（哮喘组）及9例健康者（对照组）作为研究对象。采集诱导痰及外周血标本，制作成涂片进行细胞学分析；用酶联免疫吸附法测定IL-13、TNF-α及IL-10浓度。结果哮喘组血清IL-13浓度高于对照组[分别为（89．88±36．75）ng／L和（27．03±12．19）ng／L，P〈0．01]，诱导痰中浓度也高于对照组[分别为（69．14±24．48）ng／L和（18．74±8．87）ng／L，P〈0．01]，且血清中的浓度高于诱导痰中的浓度（P〈0．05）；激素使用患者诱导痰中浓度比非激素使用患者低（P〈0．05），诱导痰中IL-13浓度与嗜酸粒细胞百分比呈显著正相关（r=0．54，P〈0．05）。哮喘组诱导痰中TNF-α及IL-10浓度均较对照组高[TNF-α分别为（66．32±18．74）ng／L和（5．36±6．86）ng／L，P〈0．01；IL-10分别为（118．08±55．17）ng／L和（5．66±8．03）ng／L，P〈0．05]。哮喘组中，发作期诱导痰中IL-10浓度高于稳定期浓度（P〈0．05）。轻度哮喘患者诱导痰中TNF-α浓度与重度哮喘患者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论IL-13是与哮喘发病病理过程相关的细胞因子，与嗜酸粒细胞的活动关系密切，参与哮喘气道炎性反应及气道高反应性的发生，哮喘患者在激素治疗后其浓度降低。     

肝硬化患者血栓调节蛋白、抗凝及纤溶系统的变化与Child-Pugh分级的关系

目的探讨肝硬化患者血栓调节蛋白（TM）、抗凝及纤溶系统指标的变化及其与Child-Pugh分级的关系。方法肝硬化患者77例，按Child-Pugh分级进行分组：A级组12例，B级组32例，C级组33例；对照组20例。均检测TM、抗凝血酶-Ⅲ（AT-Ⅲ）、蛋白-C（PC）、蛋白-S（PS）、D-二聚体、组织纤溶酶原激活物（t-PA）和纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1（PAI-1）。结果在对照组、A级组、B级组、C级组中，TM随病情加重而升高，分别为（4．24±0．81）μg／L、（4．36±2．56）μg／L、（6．66±3．30）μg／L、（6．79±3．69）μg／L；AT-Ⅲ随病情加重而逐渐降低，分别为（102．35±8．12）％、（105．46±8．71）％、（102．09±8．39）％、（94．32±9．85）％；PC和PS随病情加重而有逐渐减低的趋势；D-二聚体随病情加重而逐渐增高，分别为（0．27±0．13）mg／L、（0．42±0．26）mg／L、（0．79±0．35）mg／L、（0．93±0．43）mg／L；t-PA和PAI-1随肝功能恶化而变化的现象不明显。结论肝硬化患者的TM、抗凝和纤溶系统指标存在明显的异常且和Child-Pugh分级相关。检测以上指标有助于对肝功能损害程度及预后的判断。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.