Hamm及周寿生酸碱失衡预计代偿公式的对比分析

目的 比较Hamm及周寿生2组酸碱失衡预计代偿范围计算公式的差别及其合理性.方法 将745份实测异常血气分析结果同时用2组公式判断其酸碱失衡类型,用Kappa检验2组公式的一致性.结果 两组公式判断108份代谢性酸中毒一致率为70.4%(Kappa值0.41,P＜0.01);判断132份代谢性碱中毒一致率为59.1%(Kappa值0.18,P＜0.05);判断81份急性呼吸性酸中毒一致率为65.4%(Kappa值0.31,P＜0.01);判断168份急性呼吸性碱中毒一致率为54.8%(Kappa值0.24,P＜0.01):判断119份慢性呼吸性酸中毒一致率为67.2%(Kappa值0.41,P＜0.01);判断137份慢性呼吸性碱中毒一致率为66.6%(Kappa值0.43,P＜0.01).结论 用Hamm和周寿生2组公式判断酸碱失衡类型存在明显差别,周寿生公式组转化后,其继发变化的最大预计代偿系数略高于其原始采纳的代偿系数.     

Paediatric post-injury management: A hospital-based review of deaths

In order to begin to evaluate the need for an integrated trauma management service for injured children, a retrospective review of deaths following admission to a suburban teaching hospital was conducted. The medical records and coroners' reports for 64 consecutive cases over 68 months were reviewed, looking for errors in care which may have contributed to fatal outcomes. There was a male predominance (64%). The main causes of death were pedestrian injuries (42%), drownings (20%), injuries to vehicular passengers (17%) and injuries to cyclists (13%). Errors, often multiple, occurred in 29 cases (45%). Errors most frequently involved airway control and ventilatory support (25%), volume replacement (19%) and delays in performing essential investigations (13%). Errors were most frequent at the referring hospitals (49% [17 of/35 referred cases], compared with 14% at the teaching hospital), and principally involved multiply injured victims of blunt trauma (81%, 13 of 16 patients). In only three cases (5%) would better management have salvaged the patient. This can be explained partly by the predominance of what were judged to be irretrievable intracranial injuries (90%) in patients suffering blunt injuries. In contrast, an analysis of the same patient group revealed that in 30-50% the fatality could have been prevented by the full application of well recognized safety strategies. While strategies such as triage and trauma teams should reduce the error rate, it is yet to be proven that optimal post-injury care will significantly reduce mortality.     

危重病患儿脑脊液和血液气体及酸碱变化的对比研究

目的　探讨危重病患儿脑脊液 (CSF)和血液气体及酸碱含量变化及其与疾病的关系。方法　 6 0例危重病患儿 [危重评分 <70分和 (或 )Glasgow昏迷评分≤ 8分 ]中 ,中枢神经系统 (CNS)疾病组 34例 ,非CNS疾病组 2 6例。同步检测 6 0例急性期CSF和动脉血pH、PO2 、PCO2 、HCO-3 等含量。结果　CSF中pH、PO2 、PCO2 、HCO-3 与血液相应指标变化呈正相关 (r =0 .348～ 0 .872 ,P <0 .0 5或0 .0 1)。CNS疾病组 ,CSF中pH、PO2 、PCO2 、HCO-3 分别为 7.10、5 2 .7mmHg、5 8.8mmHg和 15 .6 2mmol L ,与动脉血指标比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,其中CSF的PO2 比动脉血PO2 (平均 78.8mmHg)低 2 6 .3mmHg ;非CNS疾病组CSF的pH、PO2 、PCO2 、HCO-3 分别为 7.0 4、5 5 .4mmHg、5 9.2mmHg和16 .7mmol L ,与动脉血指标比较差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。两组疾病CSF中各指标比较差异无显著性(P >0 .0 5 )。结论　危重病患儿伴随有CSF酸碱指标的显著变化 ,并与血气指标呈正相关。当CNS疾病动脉血PO2 降低尚不明显时 ,脑组织可能已存在明显低氧状态。CSF气体及酸碱测定可对危重病患儿脑组织氧水平、酸碱状态的评估提供依据。     

A review of neurological disorders seen at the Paediatric Neurology Clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu

A review of 965 children with neurological disorders, seen at the Paediatric Neurology Clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu, over a 3-year period (1985-1987), revealed that epilepsy was the most common neurological problem affecting 60% of the children, followed by cerebral palsy (16%), speech disorders (8.3%), mental retardation (7.2%), behaviour disorders (2.2%), paralytic poliomyelitis (1.55%), premature craniosynostosis (1.0%), visual and auditory impairment (1.0%) and muscle disorders (0.72%). Perinatal problems such as birth asphyxia, severe neonatal jaundice and infections were the most common aetiological factors identified. Facilities for rehabilitation of the children were inadequate and this, together with the people's ignorance of the natural history of some of the neurological disorders, may account for the high rate of default from follow-up observed in this study. The need for improved maternal and perinatal health services and vigorous health education strategies is emphasized by this review. The positive effect of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) is reflected in the sharp decline in the proportion of children with neurological disorders owing to paralytic poliomyelitis, from 9.2% in the period 1978-1980, to 1.55% in the present study.     

Temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: A review

BackgroundTemporomandibular disorders (TMD) are generally observed in individuals between the ages of 20 and 40 years. TMD have also been described in children and adolescents but are still not widely detected and treated in routine practice. Through a literature review, this work aims to improve the diagnosis and management of TMD in children and adolescents by dentists.MethodsThis literature review was performed by a computerized search of the database PubMed for published articles on TMD in children and adolescents. Articles evaluating the prevalence, etiologies and risk factors, diagnosis, signs, and symptoms as well as the comorbidities of TMD, published between 2001 and 2022, were included in this review.ResultsA total of 51 articles were included. Most of studies reported a prevalence of over 20%, with a higher prevalence in females. The two most common diagnoses were myofascial pain and disk displacement with reduction. Headaches were often associated with the condition. The management of TMD in children and adolescents has been poorly studied.ConclusionTMD frequently affect children and adolescents. Therefore, for prevention purposes, an examination of the masticatory system should be included in the dental check-up. Early diagnosis is essential in order to limit effects on their growth, development, and quality of life. TMD management is not currently validated for children and adolescents. Noninvasive and reversible care should be preferred.     

Colonic atresia: spectrum of presentation and pitfalls in management. A review of 14 cases

Fourteen cases of colonic atresia seen over a 38-year period are reviewed with particular reference to clinical presentation and pitfalls in management. Seven had Type I atresia, two Type II and five Type IIIa. Ten had associated gastrointestinal anomalies. Management varied considerably. Six had primary colonic anastomosis. Two of these developed complications due to unrecognized distal hypoganglionosis, two had associated jejunal atresias resulting in short bowel syndrome, and two had primary anastomosis protected by proximal ileostomies. Seven had a staged repair with initial defunctioning enterostomy with only one complication, an unfixed mesentery that later resulted in midgut volvulus. The only mortality was a patient in which a jejunal atresia repair leaked as a result of a missed colonic atresia. Operative strategy should depend on the clinical state of the patients, the level of atresia, associated small bowel pathology and exclusion of distal pathology. Primary anastomosis would only rarely be advised with a circumspect approach. Long-term outlook, as in small bowel atresia is generally excellent. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Evaluation and management of priapism in a newborn: A case report and review of the literature

Idiopathic neonatal priapism is a rare and poorly understood phenomenon. The case of an otherwise healthy premature male newborn who was noted to have a persistent penile erection on the first day of life is presented. A Doppler ultrasound of the penis was performed, along with the first-ever cavernous blood gas analysis reported in a newborn. These investigations indicated that the presentation was consistent with nonischemic (arterial or high-flow) priapism. The patient was managed conservatively and the erection resolved fully on the sixth day of life. A review of the existing literature identified polycythemia as the most common identifiable cause of priapism in newborns, but the majority of cases are idiopathic. In most instances, observation alone is appropriate and spontaneous detumescence occurs. There are no published reports of erectile impairment following neonatal priapism, which suggests that this condition is relatively benign in the absence of other disease states.     

Lysosomal storage disorders: A review of the musculoskeletal features

The lysosomal storage disorders are a collection of progressive, multisystem disorders that frequently present in childhood. Their timely diagnosis is paramount as they are becoming increasingly treatable. Musculoskeletal manifestations often occur early in the disease course, hence are useful as diagnostics clues. Non‐inflammatory joint stiffness or pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, trigger fingers, unexplained pain crises and short stature should all prompt consideration of a lysosomal storage disorder. Recurrent ENT infections, hepatosplenomegaly, recurrent hernias and visual/hearing impairment – especially when clustered together – are important extra‐skeletal features. As diagnostic and therapeutic options continue to evolve, children with lysosomal storage disorders and their families are facing more sophisticated options for screening and treatment. The aim of this article is to highlight the paediatric presentations of lysosomal storage disorders, with an emphasis on the musculoskeletal features.     

Paediatric Castleman disease: report of seven cases and review of the literature

Castleman disease is a distinct lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown origin. Seven new cases in children are reported here and 76 cases from the paediatric literature are reviewed. The disease has been reported in 46 females and 37 males, their age ranging from 2 months to 17 years. The disease was localized in 72 cases and multicentric in 11 cases. The hyalinovascular type was more frequently encountered (54%) than the plasma cell type (24%). Laboratory abnormalities were more often associated with the plasma cell type and were mainly represented by anaemia and hypergammaglobulinaemia. Treatment of the localized tumour consisted of surgical excision, whereas treatment of the multicentric form was medical, comprising prednisone and other immunosuppressor drugs. The disease in the paediatric population seems to have a more favourable course than in adults. Conclusion The paediatric features of the disease suggest that Castleman disease in this population could represent an earlier form of the pathology or even suggest a benign lymphoproliferative disorder. Received: 14 November 1997 / Accepted in revised form: 9 September 1998     

Blood pressure disorders in the neonate: hypotension and hypertension

Although many sick newborns are treated for hypotension and hypertension, the normal physiologic blood pressure range ensuring appropriate organ perfusion is uncertain. Treatment decisions are based on statistically defined gestational and postnatal age-dependent normative blood-pressure values, combined with clinical intuition, because of difficulties evaluating organ perfusion and adequacy of cerebral oxygen delivery. Early-onset hypotension usually results from the combined effects of abnormal peripheral vasoregulation, myocardial dysfunction, and hypovolemia. Volume administration is the primary initial therapy but its use can be associated with significant untoward effects, especially in preterm infants, and should be limited to 10-20 mL/kg of isotonic saline. If the blood pressure cannot be normalized, dopamine should be added, and sometimes followed by adrenaline (epinephrine) and corticosteroids. Hypertension, most often caused by congenital or acquired renovascular disease or volume overload, needs a thorough search for the etiology and cautious treatment, so that blood pressure does not fall too quickly or too low.     

Childhood drowning in Manitoba: A 10-year review of provincial Paediatric Death Review Committee data

BACKGROUND:

Drowning is the second leading cause of unintentional injury death for Canadian children up to 19 years of age. Specific regional drowning prevention strategies require a detailed understanding of patterns of injury, including risk factors. Paediatric death review committees have the opportunity to identify these risk factors, and to identify and advocate prevention strategies.

OBJECTIVES:

The purpose of the present study was to analyze Manitoba Paediatric Death Review Committee (PDRC) drowning data to identify drowning risk factors and potential prevention strategies.

METHODS:

A 10-year (1988–1997) review of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba PDRC database was performed. Drowning deaths were summarized in terms of demographic variables and lack of supervision at the time of the drowning events.

RESULTS:

Seventy-three drowning deaths were reviewed by the PDRC during the study period. These children ranged from 29 days to 14 years of age. They included 50 boys and 30 First Nations children. The highest mortality rates were found in First Nations children (12.4/100,000 First Nations children compared with 1.9/100,000 non-First Nations children), boys (3.9/100,000 boys compared with 1.9/100,000 girls) and toddlers aged one to four years (5.9/100,000 children).

CONCLUSIONS:

Priority populations for drowning prevention in Manitoba include First Nations children, boys and toddlers. Death review committees can contribute to childhood injury prevention by reviewing injury deaths, analyzing and reporting injury mortality data, and identifying and advocating prevention strategies.     

Antenatal diagnosis of urological disorders by ultrasound: A critical review

The suspected diagnosis of urological disorders made on the basis of antenatal ultrasonography was compared with the final outcome in 23 cases. In 18 cases the initial diagnosis could be confirmed, whereas 5 showed no postnatal urological anomalies. Further efforts should be undertaken to improve prenatal diagnosis in order to facilitate treatment as early as possible.     

Practitioner review: early adversity and developmental disorders

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of genetic influences, on developmental disorders such as autism spectrum, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities, has increased the opportunities for understanding the influences of the early environment. METHODS: This paper provides a selective, narrative review for clinicians of the effects of factors such as exposure to toxins and stresses in utero and in postnatal life; brain injuries and perinatal compromise; neglect, malnutrition and selective food deficiencies. It also considers what is known about the mechanisms through which early adversities operate. RESULTS: Gaps in the research are identified and suggestions made about clinical investigations. Several types of environmental adversity have associations with later disorders that suggest a causal role. The effects are often on a broad range of psychological processes, and are not always quickly reversible. Several adversities often coexist, calling for skilled judgement about priorities in treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals vary considerably in their exposure to adversity and their vulnerability to its effects, and genetic inheritance can influence both.     

Prenatal imaging of posterior fossa disorders. A review

With advances in fetal imaging, prenatal diagnosis of posterior fossa anomalies has been greatly improved. Based on the anatomical approach proposed by Guibaud and Desportes in 2006, the main anomalies depicted according to the algorithm includes: (1) increased “fluid-filled” space of the posterior fossa, (2) abnormal biometry of the cerebellum, and (3) abnormal cerebellar anatomy. In this review, the spectrum of PF anomalies is covered in an attempt to update this approach in the light of both our experience, more than a decade since this algorithm was published, and the latest data in the literature.