Primary tonsillar tuberculosis in a pediatric patient: Case report and literature review

Rationale:Tuberculosis is an entity that usually affects the lungs, although extrapulmonary sites can also be involved. Tonsils are rarely affected, especially in the absence of pulmonary disease, primary tonsillar tuberculosis being a diagnostic challenge for the clinician.Patient concerns:We present the case of a 14-year-old female teenager, presented to our Pediatric Service with a 14-day history of dysphagia, odynophagia and left reflex otalgia associated with a 5 kg weight loss. Clinical examination revealed mild pharyngeal erythema, marked enlargement of the left tonsil infiltrating the lateral pharyngeal wall and the uvula and painful, mobile, nonadherent to deep bilateral latero-cervical adenopathy.Diagnosis:Positive interferon-gamma release assay (QuantiFERON-TB gold). Mantoux test reading was 16 mm.Interventions:During hospitalization, the patient received Clindamycin and Gentamicin for 3 days i.v., with discrete relief of symptoms and inflammatory markers. On the 4th day of hospitalization, treatment with Imipenem/Cilastin is started for 7 days in micro-perfusion, with tonsil hypertrophy decrease in size and favorable clinical evolution.Outcome:Tonsil hypertrophy decreased in size and patient had a favorable clinical evolution. At discharge, the patient was given a 6-month course of anti-tuberculous drug.Lessons:The particularity of this case is represented by the rarity of primary tuberculosis of tonsils in children, with unilateral involvement, displaying at the same time a common issue encountered in the current practice: the limitations and the difficult course of setting the diagnosis due to the involvement of relatives in the medical act.     

Primary Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex cutaneous infection: report of two cases and literature review.

Compared to other organs, skin is an uncommon site of tuberculosis involvement. In the era of HIV infection, increased intravenous drug abuse, and the use of immunosuppressive therapy for various systemic diseases, tuberculosis in all its forms, including skin tuberculosis, has reemerged. We report two cases of primary cutaneous tuberculosis in immunocompetent patients and review the literature of all cases described since 1935.     

Primary extensive pyomyositis in an immunocompetent patient: case report and literature review

Pyomyositis is a suppurative infection of the skeletal muscle; it mainly occurs in immunocompromised patients or, exceptionally, in immunocompetent patients in tropical or other areas. We present a 24-year-old immunocompetent lady with bilateral thigh myalgia and fever. Upon investigation, extensive multifocal bilateral fluid collections involving the extensor muscles of both thighs were demonstrated. Pus aspirate from the involved muscles proved the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. Incision and drainage of the involved muscles were performed with successful and complete recovery.     

Alveolar echinococcosis-spreading disease challenging clinicians: A case report and literature review

Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a potentially deadly disease; recent studies have shown that the endemic area of Echinococcus multilocularis , its causative agent, is larger than previously known. This disease has low prevalence and remains underreported in Europe. Emerging clinical data show that diagnostic difficulties are still common. We report on a 76-year old patient suffering from AE lesions restricted to the left lobe of the liver who underwent a curative extended left hemihepatectomy. Prior to the resection a liver biopsy under the suspicion of an atypical malignancy was performed. After the intervention he developed a pseudoaneurysm of the hepatic artery that was successfully coiled. Surprisingly, during surgery, the macroscopic appearance of the tumour revealed a growth pattern that was rather typical for cystic echinococcosis (CE), i.e. , a gross tumour composed of multiple large vesicles with several centimeters in diameter. In addition, there were neither extensive adhesions nor infiltrations of the neighboring pancreas and diaphragm as was expected from previous imaging results. The unexpected diagnosis of AE was confirmed by definite histopathology, specific polymerase chain reaction and serology results. This is a rare case of unusual macroscopic presentation of AE that posed immense diagnostic challenges and had an eventful course. To our knowledge this is the first case of an autochthonous infection in this particular geographic area of Germany, the federal state of Saxony. This report may provide new hints for an expanding area of risk for AE and emphasizes the risk of complications in the scope of diagnostic procedures and the limitations of modern radiological imaging.     

Primary cutaneous mucormycosis in a lung transplant recipient: case report and concise review of the literature

Abstract: Mucormycosis (zygomycosis) is an invasive, opportunistic fungal infection caused by organisms of the class Zygomycetes. Immunocompromised individuals, including both solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, are preferentially affected. Among solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, the sinuses, with or without involvement of the orbits and cerebrum, are the most common sites of disease, although the pulmonary allograft appears to be targeted following lung transplantation. Here, we describe the unique case of a lung transplant recipient who developed multifocal cutaneous mucormycosis without involvement of the pulmonary allograft, and review the published literature regarding incidence, treatment, and prognosis of primary cutaneous mucormycosis following SOT.     

Intrahepatic endometriosis as differential diagnosis: Case report and literature review

Intrahepatic endometriosis is one of the rarest forms of atypical endometriosis; only eighteen cases have been reported in the English literature. We describe the case of a 32-year-old woman, who presented with persistent, non-cyclical upper right quadrant abdominal pain, a central liver cyst, and no history of endometriosis. Three years previous, she was diagnosed with an intrahepatic cyst. The lesion progressed and two laparoscopic deroofing-operations were performed, yet the diagnosis of intrahepatic endometriosis was never reached. She presented in our clinic with further progress of the cyst as well as obstruction of the intrahepatic biliary system. The magnetic resonance imaging showed a 9.5 cm × 12 cm, lobulated intrahepatic cyst. We performed an ultrasonic pericystectomy. Immunostaining confirmed intrahepatic endometriosis. Only one of the previously described eighteen patients with intrahepatic endometriosis presented with cyclical pain in the upper right abdominal quadrant accompanying menstruation. This lack of a "typical" clinic makes it challenging to diagnose extragonadal endometriosis without histopathology. A previous history of endometriosis was described in only twelve cases, thus the diagnosis of this condition should not be limited to patients with a known history of endometriosis. Six of 18 patients were postmenopausal, demonstrating this condition is not limited to women of reproductive age. A preoperative diagnosis was only reached in seven of the previously described cases, highlighting the importance of preoperative biopsies. Yet due to the potential adverse effects, a transhepatic biopsy must be discussed individually. Although rare, intrahepatic endometriosis should always be considered as a differential diagnosis in women with recurrent hepatic cysts, regardless of age or previous medical history. In such cases, histology is essential and a pericystectomy should be performed as standard of care.     

Primary extramedullary leukemia of the prostate: Case report and review of the literature

We present the case of a 67-year-old male with primary extramedullary leukemia of the prostate gland, the first reported case in the literature to the best of our knowledge. His initial symptoms consisted of episodes of urinary retention. He underwent transurethral resection of the prostate, and a diagnosis of high-grade lymphoma was rendered. He then received a course of doxorubicin-based lymphoma chemotherapy regimen. However, based on a panel of immunocytochemical stains, a diagnosis of extramedullary leukemia or chloroma was confirmed. His bone-marrow examination at this point was normal. He underwent radiation therapy to the prostate with a total dose of 3960 cGy. Seven months after his initial presentation, he progressed to acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), M2 by FAB classification. He was successfully treated with induction and consolidation chemotherapy with Ara-C and idarubicin, and was maintained in complete remission up to 19 months of follow-up. Eight other cases of prostatic leukemia reported in the literature are presented. Five cases occurred in association with ANLL, 2 cases as sites of ANLL relapse, and 1 case in association with myelodysplasia. The use of immunohistochemical stains has aided us in diagnosis of extramedullary leukemia. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy play complementary roles in the treatment of prostatic extramedullary leukemia. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Primary pulmonary glomangioma: a coin lesion negative on PET study. Case report and literature review

Glomus tumor is an uncommon perivascular lesion usually located in the dermis of the extremities. It rarely involves the respiratory tract or the lungs. We present the clinical and pathological features of a 39-year-old man who was evaluated for an incidental radiological finding of a pulmonary nodule. A chest computed tomography (CT) confirmed the presence of an upper left lobe coin lesion. Bronchoscopy and 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) were negative. An intraoperative frozen section examination was interpreted as a neuroendocrine tumor; therefore a left upper lobectomy with lymphadenectomy was performed. An immunohistochemical examination supported the diagnosis of a primary pulmonary glomangioma. The patient was free of disease at the 51-month follow-up. Due to its uncertain behavior we stress the usefulness of typical lung resection, lymph node dissection, and accurate follow-up.     

Primary plasma cell leukaemia. A case report and a review of the literature

A case history of a patient with primary plasma cell leukaemia is presented. Analysis of serum showed an IgD lambda paraprotein, and lambda-light-chains were found in the urine. Immunofluorescence studies of a bone marrow aspirate revealed intracytoplasmatic IgD of lambda-type in plasma cells. Moreover J-chain could be demonstrated in these plasma cells. A complete remission of the disease, with disappearance of the paraprotein, was obtained following treatment with a combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone. 12 months later, the patient developed multiple extramedullary plasmocytoma lesions in the skin. After treatment with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin and prednisone, another remission was achieved. The literature on the clinical features and the response to chemotherapy of primary plasma cell leukemia is reviewed.     

支气管类癌1例报道并文献复习

目的提高对支气管类癌的认识。方法结合1例支气管类癌患者的临床资料和文献复习,详细分析该病的组织起源、临床病理特点、分类、诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗及预后等。结果纤支镜肺活检是诊断的重要方法,免疫组化NSE（神经特异性烯醇化酶）、CgA（嗜铬素A）、Syn（突触素）阳性则是确诊的可靠依据。手术切除是目前支气管类癌可能治愈的唯一方法。结论支气管类癌易误诊为支气管哮喘。典型类癌的早期诊断与手术治疗对患者术后生存率的影响较大。     

先天性耐药结核病一例并文献复习

目的: 结合文献复习先天性结核病的临床特点以及诊治过程,旨在积累临床医师的诊疗经验。 方法: 回顾性分析西安市胸科医院2020年10月31日收治的1例先天性耐药结核病患儿及患儿母亲的临床资料,通过查阅中国知网、万方数据库、中华期刊全文数据库及PubMed数据库,以“先天性结核病”为中文关键词,以“Congenital tuberculosis”为英文关键词进行文献检索,共搜索到国内外相关文献24篇,其中2例为耐药结核病。本研究主要选取母亲行体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)后新生儿发现先天性结核病的11篇文献共17例患儿,结合本例患儿对其临床特征、诊断及治疗情况进行分析。 结果: 文献报道加上本例共18例患儿,其中2对双胞胎。本研究中患儿母亲有结核病病史或结核病密切接触史的共12例,无结核病病史以及密切接触史的4例;母亲在助孕前行结核感染筛查的5例,未进行筛查的11例。18例中16例患儿前期按“新生儿肺炎、脓毒血症、发热待查等”抗感染治疗无效后才进行结核病的筛查,发病到诊断时间范围为3~44d。先天性结核病的临床主要表现为:发热、咳嗽、呼吸困难、肝脾肿大、黄疸、呼吸暂停、腹泻、耳部流脓。胸部CT扫描结果多提示:弥漫分布的粟粒状结节影,纵隔、肺门淋巴结肿大,少量胸腔积液。本研究中15例患儿按一线抗结核方案治疗后,11例预后良好,4例因发现结核病时病情危重,死亡。3例为先天性耐药结核病,1例胃液标本行药物敏感性试验(简称“药敏试验”),结果显示“利福平”耐药,1例胃液标本药敏试验提示“异烟肼”耐药,本例药敏试验提示“异烟肼、利福平、利福喷丁、帕司烟肼”耐药。3例均给予二线抗结核治疗,未见明显药物不良反应,患儿预后良好。 结论: 先天性耐药结核病临床表现缺乏特异性,但临床症状却较为严重。二线抗结核治疗药物不良反应少,相对安全。     

Primary adrenal lymphoma presenting as Addison's disease. Case report and review of the literature

Primary Adrenal Lymphoma (PAL) is a very rare clinical entity. Adrenal insufficiency is a common complication of this pathology. Most patients present with clinical and laboratory findings of adrenal insufficiency and bilateral enlargement of the adrenal glands. We present a 78-year-old woman admitted to our institution with typical clinical and laboratory findings of adrenal insufficiency. Computerized tomography (CT) of the abdomen revealed bilateral enlargement of the adrenal glands. The patient was eventually diagnosed with a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma after a CT-guided needle adrenal biopsy and treated with combined immuno-chemotherapy (R-LPD-COP). Twenty months after the initial evaluation, she is in good condition, with no signs of adrenal insufficiency.     

Malignant transformation of perianal condyloma acuminatum: A case report with review of the literature

A case of squamous-cell carcinoma arising in association with perianal condyloma acuminatum was studied by light microscopy. The eight previously reported cases of malignant transformation of perianal and anorectal condylomata acuminatum are reviewed and the salient features described. Light microscopic examination of the case reported here demonstrated several foci of subtle and abrupt transition from condyloma acuminatum to epithelial dysplasia and to carcinomain situ with focal frank invasion. This study further substantiates the existence of malignant transformation of condyloma acuminatum, particularly in perianal skin.     

Primary peritoneal tuberculosis,a forgotten localization. Case report

We present a case report of a young nulliparous woman that presented with progressive ascites, night sweats and weight loss. Clinical and para-clinical findings were not suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) or other peritoneal conditions. A laparoscopy revealed important ascites and granulomatous peritoneal infiltration with normal genital anatomy. Tests for tuberculosis revealed primary peritoneal involvement in absence of pulmonary TB. This was a case of TB with primary and limited localization in the peritoneum. A strength of this report is that it has adequate illustration of the macroscopic and microscopic findings. In this brief report, we argue that the peritoneal localization of TB has been forgotten, but in countries with a high incidence of this condition, it should always be taken into consideration by doctors from all specialities when making differential diagnosis.     

Primary hepatic carcinoid： A case report and literature review

Carcinoids are tumors derived from neuroendocrine cells and often produce functional peptide hormones. Approximately 54.5% arise in the gastrointestinal tract and frequently metastasize to the liver. Primary hepatic carcinoid tumors （PHCT） are extremely rare;only 95 cases have been reported. A 65-year-old man came to our attention due to occasional ultrasound findings in absence of clinical manifestations. His previous medical history, since 2003, included an echotomography of the dishomogeneous parenchymal area but no focal lesions. A computed tomography scan performed in 2005 showed an enhanced pseudonodular-like lesion of about 2 cm. Cholangiomagnetic resonance imaging identified the lesion as a possible cholangiocarcinoma. No positive findings were obtained with positron emission tomography.Histology suggested a secondary localization in the liver caused by a low-grade malignant neuroendocrine tumor. Immunohistochemistry was positive for anti chromogranin antibodies, Ki67 antibodies and synaptophysin. Octreoscan scintigraphy indicated intense activity in the lesion. Endoscopic investigations were performed to exclude the presence of extrahepatic neoplasms. Diagnosis of PHCT was established.The patient underwent left hepatectomy, followed by hormone therapy with sandostatine LAR. Two months after surgery he had a lymph nodal relapse along the celiac trunk and caudate lobe, which was histologically confirmed. The postoperative clinical course was uneventful, with a negative follow-up for hematochemical, clinical and radiological investigations at 18 mo post-surgery. Diagnosis of PHCT is based principally on the histopathological confirmation of a carcinoid tumor and the exclusion of a non-hepatic primary tumor. Surgical resection is the recommended primary treatment for PHCT. Recurrence rate and survival rate in patients treated with resection were 18% and 74%, respectively.