膝关节镜手术采用神经刺激器定位神经阻滞的体会

目的:探讨膝关节镜手术采用神经刺激器定位腰丛和坐骨神经阻滞的效果.方法:选择2003年9月～2004年4月自愿要求行单侧下肢阻滞的膝关节镜手术患者100例,男68例,女32例,年龄15～76岁,采用德国贝朗公司StimuplexR HNS11神经刺激器行腰丛和坐骨神经阻滞,并使用新型长效局麻药罗哌卡因.手术主要包括半月板切除、韧带重建、关节清理、滑膜切除等.结果:神经阻滞成功率高,麻醉效果佳;阻滞范围局限,对机体影响小,血液动力学状态稳定;术后镇痛好,恢复快.结论:膝关节镜手术采用神经刺激器定位腰丛和坐骨神经阻滞是一种安全和效果良好的麻醉方法.更适合老年人和椎管内麻醉穿刺困难者.     

腰丛—坐骨神经联合阻滞在膝关节置换中的应用

目的：评价神经刺激器定位实施腰丛——坐骨神经联合阻滞在单侧膝关节置换术中的临床应用价值。方法：53例病人,通过神经刺激器分别定位阻滞患侧腰丛和坐骨神经,观察麻醉效果。结果：1例因坐骨神经阻滞效果差改为硬腰联合麻醉,其余52例阻滞效果完善,病人血流动力学稳定,术后未见周围神经系统并发症。结论：腰丛—坐骨神经联合阻滞麻醉在膝关节置换术中效果可靠。     

腰丛-神经联合阻滞在膝关节置换中的应用

目的评价神经刺激器定位实施腰丛--坐骨神经联合阻滞在单侧膝关节置换术中的临床应用价值.方法53例病人,通过神经刺激器分别定位阻滞患侧腰丛和坐骨神经,观察麻醉效果.结果1例因坐骨神经阻滞效果差改为硬腰联合麻醉,其余52例阻滞效果完善,病人血流动力学稳定,术后未见周围神经系统并发症.结论腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞麻醉在膝关节置换术中效果可靠.     

下肢手术患者超声引导腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞的效果

腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞是下肢手术麻醉和镇痛的常用方法,目前多采用解剖学定位和神经刺激器辅助定位下进行穿刺,而肥胖患者或外伤致体表标志辨认不清时,常导致操作困难.国外研究明确了腰丛和坐骨神经的超声影像学特点~([1]),超声引导腰丛阻滞已经开始用于临床,且效果较好~([2]).本研究拟评价下肢手术患者超声引导腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞的效果,为临床提供参考.     

腰丛神经阻滞与硬膜外阻滞在老年股骨粗隆骨折手术中比较

目的比较老年患者股骨粗隆骨折手术中神经刺激器定位下的腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞与硬膜外麻醉效果。方法 60例ASA2～3级拟行老年股骨粗隆骨折患者,随机分为腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞组（A组,n=30）和硬膜外麻醉组（B组,n=30）。A组采用神经刺激器定位下的腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞。腰丛：0.5%罗哌卡因25ml和1%利多卡因15ml;坐骨神经：0.5%罗哌卡因10ml和1%利多卡因10ml。B组行硬膜外麻醉,给予0.5%罗哌卡因和1%利多卡因混合液10～18ml。观察两组患者血流动力学变化、阻滞起效,持续时间及穿刺操作时间、麻醉费用、效果。结果 A组在手术过程中的收缩压、舒张压、心率较B组平稳,两组感觉阻滞起效有显著差异（P〈0.05）,A组感觉阻滞维持时问明显长于B组（P〈0.05）;两组穿刺时间、麻醉费用、药物剂量有显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞用于老年患者单侧股骨粗隆骨折不仅可满足手术需要,而且对血流动力学影响小,阻滞维持时间长,麻醉费用低。     

神经刺激器定位神经阻滞在下肢手术中的应用

目的观察神经刺激器定位腰丛神经阻滞对下肢手术患者MAP、HR及SpO2的影响。方法45例股骨中段以下手术患者随机均分为三组:A组,神经刺激器定位下行神经阻滞;B组,行连续硬膜外麻醉;C组,单侧腰麻。A组在神经刺激器定位下行腰丛及坐骨神经阻滞,以2mA强度刺激,出现相应区域肌群收缩后渐减至0.3mA仍有收缩,回抽无血无液,给试验量3～5ml确定位置正确,一次注入0.5%罗比卡因20～25ml,记录术中MAP、HR、SpO2,并与B、C组相比较。结果A组MAP、HR在手术过程中较B、C组平稳(P<0.05,P<0.01)。三组间SpO2变化的差异无显著意义。结论神经刺激器定位下肢神经阻滞应用于下肢手术中定位准确,生理干扰小,镇痛效果好。     

两种神经阻滞方法用于老年糖尿病患者下肢手术的临床观察

目的 探讨两种神经阻滞方法在老年糖尿病患者下肢手术中应用的差异.方法 65岁以上拟行单侧下肢手术糖尿病患者40例,随机均分为腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞组(A组)和硬膜外神经阻滞组(B组).A组:采用神经刺激器定位技术,正确定位腰丛和坐骨神经后分别给予0.375%的罗哌卡因20～25 ml和0.5%罗哌卡因15～20 ml.B组:取L2～3为穿刺点行硬膜外神经阻滞.观察两组血流动力学、阻滞效果及其不良反应.结果 A组患者麻醉后15、30 min的SBP、DBP明显高于、HR明显快于B组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),B组麻醉后30 min的SBP及麻醉后15、30、60 min的DBP低于麻醉前(P＜0.05);术中B组麻黄碱使用率及术中输液量高于A组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);A组感觉阻滞维持时间长于B组(P＜0.05);B组患者术后48 h尿潴留的发生率明显高于A组(P＜0.01).结论 腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞应用于老年糖尿病患者下肢手术时,对血流动力学影响小,阻滞效果好,术后镇痛时间长,未发现明显并发症.     

急性下肢动脉栓塞取栓术患者腰神经丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞的效果

急性下肢动脉栓塞患者多合并严重的心血管病变，动脉栓塞后所致的血液动力学紊乱和代谢障碍进一步加重了心脏的负担。动脉取栓术时，术中及术后需抗凝治疗，这些给麻醉的选择与管理带来一定困难。采用神经刺激器定位，行腰神经丛．坐骨神经联合阻滞具有定位准确、效果确切、对全身影响小和术后镇痛好的特点。本研究拟评价神经刺激器定位行腰神经丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞用于急性下肢动脉栓塞取栓术的效果。     

罗比卡因用于腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞的临床观察

目的：比较长效局麻药罗比卡因应用于单侧腰丛－坐骨神经联合阻滞和硬外麻醉时临床麻醉起效和恢复时间、术后镇痛效果及对血液动力学的影响。方法：34例临床拟行单侧下肢手术的病人，随机分为腰丛－坐骨神经联合阻滞（NER，n=17）和硬膜外麻醉（EPI，n=17）两组，分别施行单侧腰丛复合坐骨神经阻滞和硬膜外麻醉。NER组腰丛和坐骨神经阻滞采用神经刺激器定位技术，刺激器电流频率2Hz，起始强度1－2mA，正确定位后两点分别给予0．5％罗比卡因20－30ml；EPI组则选择L2－3或L3－4间隙行硬膜外麻醉，予0．75％罗比卡因15－20ml。记录麻醉前，手术开始，手术开始后15、30、45、60分钟，术后1小时的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）和心率（HR），以及感觉、运动神经阻滞起效及恢复时间、镇痛维持时间及效果（术后1、4小时VAS评分）、局麻药和辅助药物用量、术中输液量、药物不良反应等指标。结果：手术开始后15分钟，EPI组病人DBP降低明显（P＜0．05），随后30、45、60分别及术后1小时EPI组病人SBP、DBP均明显低于NER组；NER组感觉、运动神经阻滞起效时间均小于EPI组（P＜0．05），EPI组感觉神经、运动神经恢复较NER组快（P＜0．05）；NER组罗比卡因平均用量大于EPI组（P＜0．05）。NER组术后镇痛维持时间明显长于EPI组（P＜0．05）。结论：应用罗比卡因在神经刺激器定位技术下行外周神经阻滞，对血液动力学影响小，麻醉起效快，术后镇痛维持时间长，术后对病人的活动能力限制少，是外周神经阻滞较为适宜的局麻醉。     

超声引导腰丛和坐骨神经阻滞中两种体位的比较

目的 比较俯卧位和侧卧位下超声引导腰丛和臀大肌下入路坐骨神经阻滞的效果.方法 择期下肢手术患者40例,随机分为侧卧位组和俯卧位组,在超声联合神经刺激器引导下行腰丛和臀大肌下入路坐骨神经阻滞.超声测量穿刺深度,记录实际穿刺深度,对比操作时间和调整穿刺方向次数,评价手术麻醉效果并记录术后并发症.结果 俯卧位组腰丛阻滞操作时间短于侧卧位组(P<0.01),但俯卧位下行坐骨神经阻滞时常需改变体位方能成功,两组阻滞效果差异无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位和侧卧位均可用于腰丛和坐骨神经阻滞,腰丛阻滞时俯卧位优于侧卧位,臀大肌下入路坐骨神经阻滞侧卧位优于俯卧位.     

Quantification of nerve tension after nerve repair: correlations with nerve defects and nerve regeneration

This study tested the validity of a quantitative in vitro nerve-tension-measuring technique, by correlating the tension measurements with functional and morphologic assessments of nerve regeneration. Initially, harvested nerves were used in vitro to determine a K value for lateral displacement in this tissue. Next, this value was used to calculate the tension of nerve repair, following 0-, 3-, 6-, and 9-mm resections of nerves in groups of rats. After quantifying the nerve tensions following excision and repair, the authors determined a sciatic function index to evaluate functional recovery and axon diameter in the animals. Functional recovery was significantly impaired in animals with elevated measurable tension (9.04 +/- 0.74 g in a 6-mm defect, 27.76 +/- 8.86 g in a 9-mm defect), compared to animals with no or 3-mm excision and measured tension of 3.3 +/- 1.09 g or less. Increased tension was also associated with a significant decrease in axon diameter. This study succeeded, therefore, in quantitatively relating the elements of measured nerve tension, nerve gaps, functional nerve recovery, and morphologic regeneration. Quantification of nerve tension by lateral displacement in vivo offers a possible solution to clinical management of nerve gaps, when the choice between primary repair and nerve grafting is not a clear one.     

Cavernous nerve regeneration using acellular nerve grafts

INTRODUCTION: The restoration of erectile function following complete transection of nerve tissue during surgery remains challenging. Recently, graft procedures using sural nerve grafts during radical prostatectomy have had favorable outcomes, and this has rekindled interest in the applications of neural repair in a urologic setting. Although nerve repair using autologous donor graft is the gold standard of treatment currently, donor nerve availability and the associated donor site morbidity remain a problem. In this study, we investigated whether an "off-the-shelf" acellular nerve graft would serve as a viable substitute. We examined the capacity of acellular nerve scaffolds to facilitate the regeneration of cavernous nerve in a rodent model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acellular nerve matrices, processed from donor rat corporal nerves, were interposed across nerve gaps. A total of 80 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. A 0.5-cm segment of cavernosal nerve was excised bilaterally in three of the four groups. In the first group, acellular nerve segments were inserted bilaterally at the defect site. The second group underwent autologous genitofemoral nerve grafts at the same site, and the third group had no repair. The fourth group underwent a sham procedure. Serial cavernosal nerve function assessment was performed using electromyography (EMG) at 1 and 3 months following initial surgery. Histological and immunocytochemical analyses were performed to identify the extent of nerve regeneration. RESULTS: Animals implanted with acellular nerve grafts demonstrated a significant recovery in erectile function when compared with the group that received no repair, both at 1 and 3 months. EMG of the acellular nerve grafts demonstrated adequate intracavernosal pressures by 3 months (87.6% of the normal non-injured nerves). Histologically, the retrieved regenerated nerve grafts demonstrated the presence of host cell infiltration within the nerve sheaths. Immunohistochemically, antibodies specific to axons and Schwann cells demonstrated an increase in nerve regeneration across the grafts over time. No organized nerve regeneration was observed when the cavernous nerve was not repaired. CONCLUSION: These findings show that the use of nerve guidance channel systems allow for accelerated and precise cavernosal nerve regeneration. Acellular nerve grafts represent a viable alternative to fresh autologous grafts in a rodent model of erectile dysfunction.     

End-to-side nerve repair in peripheral nerve injury

In peripheral nerve injury, end-to-side neurorrhaphy has been reported as an alternative in cases that the proximal nerve stump is not accessible. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain peripheral nerve regeneration after end-to-side neurorrhaphy. Recent evidence suggests that nerve regeneration occurs by collateral sprouting. Although a great number of humoral factors have been identified, molecular mechanism of nerve regeneration after end-to-side neurorrhaphy has not been completely clarified yet. The goal of this technique is to provide satisfactory functional recovery for the recipient nerve, without any deterioration of the donor nerve function. End-to-side technique has been investigated in detail in both experimental and clinical studies. Only a limited number of reported cases in clinical practice, until today, can reveal that end-to-side technique may become a viable means of repairing peripheral nerves in certain clinical situations.     

内脏神经-体神经端侧吻合后神经纤维再生研究

目的 观察大鼠内脏神经-体神经端侧吻合后神经纤维的再生.方法 24只成年SD大鼠随机分为实验组(n=12)和正常对照组(n=12),实验组大鼠通过内脏神经-体神经端侧吻合建立人工体神经-内脏神经反射弧6个月后,在吻合口近端和远端分别截取10 mm的供体神经(L4VR)和受体神经(L6VR),在L6VR延续的盆副交感神经(PPN)和阴部神经(PN)分别截取10 mm的神经.正常对照组大鼠分别取相应节段的L4VR、L6VR、PPN和PN神经.标本经石蜡包埋切片并行甲苯胺蓝染色,比较实验组和对照组大鼠L6VR、PPN、PN神经纤维数量.结果 实验组大鼠横断面可见新生的有髓神经纤维,L4VR、L6VR、PPN和PN的神经纤维数量分别为1602.2±75.7、1037.9±123.6、817.0 ±52.2、510.4±29.1,吻合口远近端神经纤维通过率为64.8%,实验组和对照组大鼠相应的L6VR、PPN、PN神经纤维数目比率分别为70.2%、68.9%和62.2%.结论 大鼠内脏神经-体神经端侧吻合后体神经能够长入并替代内脏神经.     

End-to-side nerve graft for facial nerve reconstruction

Reconstruction of multiple branches of the facial nerve by sural nerve graft using end-to-side nerve suture was performed successfully on a patient with advanced parotid tumor. In this technique, one end of the grafted nerve is sutured with the stump of the facial nerve trunk in an end-to-end manner. Epineural windows are made on the nerve graft, and the distal stumps of the facial nerve branches (temporal, zygomatic, and buccal branches) are sutured with the graft in an end-to-side manner. Functional recovery of all branches and satisfactory facial expression were obtained within 2 years postoperatively. Axonal regeneration through the graft was confirmed by electrodiagnosis. Regeneration through the anastomosis at the stump of the facial nerve trunk using this technique is more efficient than conventional cable grafting, and the length of the nerve required is minimal. This technique may be a useful option for facial nerve reconstruction managing multiple branches.