埃及伊蚊叮人吸血活动观察

关于埃及伊蚊叮人吸血活动规律，许多文献资料只笼统地认为以白天为主，早晨和黄昏各有一个活动高峰“。”。可能我国尚缺乏此类资料。因此，我们在登革热防治工作中，于1981年8月6～16日，对埃及伊蚊在一昼夜中盯人吸血活动进行了观察。l材料与方法1．l选点在昌江县沿海的昌化、海尾、南罗3个乡镇各选一个自然村，每个自然村各选2户，每户选一人房做为观察点，共6房。其中茅房4iN，瓦房ZIw。各房经观察，能从悬挂之衣物、蚊帐等处观察到3只以上未经吸血的雌蚊，与此同时住户饮用水缸也必有埃及伊蚊幼虫。1．2观察人房条件供观察房间除执…     

长白山吸血蠓的垂直分布

长白山吸血蠓的垂直分布空军医学专科学校吉林１３２０１１叶青山，李民飞在不同的地形地带，吸血蠓的组成不同［１］。长白山吸血蠓曾有记述［２］，但吸血蠓的垂直分布尚不了解。为此，作者于１９８８年７－８月选择５个采集点作了调查。调查地区概况长白山位于吉林省东...     

方叶栉眼蚤嗜血性、寿命及体重的观察

用实验室饲养的方叶栉眼蚤，在室温环境下叮咬６位自愿者前臂的观察显示，在饥饿后第１和第２大的吸血率仅为１．１％（１／９０），表明该蚤对人的嗜血能力较差，基本不叮吸人血。在温度１８±１℃，相对湿度８０±５％的条件下，饥饿幼龄蚤寿命为７．８５（２～１３）ｄ，成龄蚤６．９５（６～８）ｄ；吸血蚤寿命４８．１８（６～８４）ｄ。新羽化蚤体重０．２６８±０．０６６ｍｇ，吸血后成蚤体重０．３８３±０．０５８ｍｇ。吸血鼠雌蚤为０．１１５１ｍｇ（０．０００１０７ｍｌ），雄蚤为０．１２３ｍｇ（０．０００１１４ｍｌ）。     

特新蚤指名亚种的嗜血性,寿命及体重

用实验室饲养的特新蚤指名亚种，在室温条件下叮咬８位志愿者前臂的观察显示，在饥饿后第１、第４和第６天的吸血率分别为５４．０４％、４９．２３％和６３．０８％，总吸血率为５４．８８％，证明该蚤具有嗜吸人血的特性。平均吸血量雌蚤为０．３６４ｍｇ（０．０００３８ｍｌ），雄蚤为０．０９１ｍｇ（０．００００８８４ｍｌ）。     

H1和H2组胺受体拮抗剂对中华硬蜱感染宿主的影响

中华硬蜱雌性成虫再次感染家兔后，叮咬局部组织中组胺含量较初次感染显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。为了进一步证实组胺在抗蜱免疫中的作用，本文选用苯海拉明（Ｈ１组胺受体拮抗剂）、盐酸雷尼替丁（Ｈ２组胺受体拮抗剂）给再次感染组家兔灌胃，观察使用组胺拮抗剂对中华硬蜱吸血、生殖能力的影响。结果显示：单独给予Ｈ１或Ｈ２受体拮抗剂不改变家兔获得性抵抗力，但同时给予Ｈ１和Ｈ２受体拮抗剂则可明显降低家兔的抗蜱免疫反应，从而使中华硬蜱吸血量、吸血时间、产卵量等较再次叮咬组家兔有显著变化（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

云南七种蚤类对人的吸血特性研究

用实验室饲养的七种蚤，在室温条件下叮咬８名志愿者前臂的观察显示，人蚤、印鼠客蚤、缓慢细蚤、不等单蚤、特新蚤指名亚种、棕形额蚤和方叶栉眼蚤的吸血率依次为１００％（５７／５７）、４２．１３％（１６６／３９４）、２１．８４％（５７／２６１）、４０．７６％（７５／１８４）、５４．８８％（１８０／３２８）、７１．７４％（１６５／２３０）和１．１％（１／９０）。结果表明，除方叶栉眼蚤几乎不叮吸人血外，其它六种     

核酸杂交和McAb—IFA快速检出鉴定白纹伊蚊体内登革热病毒…

本文报道用实验感染和自然叮咬吸血感染带毒的雌性白纹伊蚊，用克隆的Ｄｅｎ．Ｖ－ｃＤＮＡ探针作斑点杂交检测蚊体内病毒ＲＮＡ和Ｄｅｎ．ｖ－ＭｃＡｂ－ＩＦＡ检查蚊头压片的病毒抗原。探针检出病毒ＲＮＡ的时间分别为实验感染后第２ｄ，自然叮咬血后第１ｄ。ＭｃＡｂ－ＩＦＡ检出病毒抗原的时间分别为实验感染后第３ｄ，自然叮咬后第２天。从登革热监测点中，检出Ｂ组虫媒病毒的存在，提示早期检出蚊虫携带病毒水平，可预测Ｂ组虫     

影响白纹伊蚊多次吸血因素的研究

本文观察了温度与白纹伊蚊多次吸血的关系,对幼虫营养与白纹伊蚊多次吸血习性的关系也作了初步的观察。 将刚吸饱血的雌蚊分别置20、23、25、28和30℃条件下,根据各个实验温度白纹伊蚊的生殖营养周期内每1/3和2/3时间分别供血1h,观察每个实验温度的刺探(probe)和吸血(feeding)频率。同时解剖一定数     

蚊吸血时间的影响因素:特立尼达室内饲养和野外埃及伊蚊的实验现察

本研究观察在实验饲养和野外条件下埃 及伊蚊的吸血时间。实验在特立尼达进行。野外收集的蚊卵按低营养和高营养两种条件饲养。低营养组71％雌蚊吸血时间短于2min,为快吸血蚊;高营养组仅有40％雌蚊为快吸血蚊。对快吸血蚊的子代F1和F2的观察发现,快吸血特性并不能在后代保持。实验室克隆的埃及伊蚊的实验也得到同样的结果。     

武穴市中华按蚊吸血习性三种方法调查结果比较

用三种方法调查了武穴市中华按蚊吸血习性。全村人房和各种牡畜房早晨全面搜捕采集蚊胃血标本，计算人血指数为０．０４８；夜间不同宿主直接诱捕，趋吸人血比例为１２．４３％；室外栖息场所搜捕，仅捕到少量吸血按蚊。结果分析表明，采用全村室内全面搜捕方法调查中华按蚊的人血指数，较为适合。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.