Expression of sphingosine kinase gene in the interactions between human gastric carcinoma cell and vascular endothelial cell

AIM：To study the interactions between human gastric carcinoma cell(HGCC)and human vascular endothelial cell(HVEC),and if the expression of sphingosine kinase (SPK)gene was involved in these interactions.METHODS:The specific inhibitor to SPK,dimethyl sphingosine(DMS),was added acting on HGCCand HVEC,then the cell proliferation was measured by MTT.The conditioned mediums(CMs)of HGCCand HVEC were prepared.The CMof one kind of cell was added to the other kind of cell,and the cell pro,liferation was measured by MTT,After the action of CM,the cellular expression of SPK gene in mRNA level was detected with in situ hybridization(ISH).RESULT:DMS could almost completely inhibit the proliferation of HGCCand HVEC.The growth inhibitory rates could amount to 97.21%.83.42%.respectively(P<0.01).The CMof HGCCcould stimulate the growth of HVEC(2.70±0.01,P<0.01)while the CMof HVEC could inhibit the growth of HGCC(52.97±0.01%,P<0.01).There was no significant change in the mRNA level of SPK gene in one kind of cell after the action of the CMof the other kind of cell.CONCLUSION:SPK plays a key role in regulating the proliferation of HGCCand HVEC.There exist complicated interactions between HGCCand HVEC.HGCC can significantly stimulate the growth of HVEC while HVEC can significantly inhibit the growth of HGCC.The expression of SPK gene is not involved in the interactions.     

乳腺癌细胞中HMGA2的表达及其反义寡核苷酸对乳腺癌细胞黏附侵袭的影响

目的观察HMGA2在乳腺癌细胞中的表达以及其反义寡核苷酸(ASODN)对乳腺癌细胞黏附和侵袭能力的影响。方法采用流式细胞术检测检测乳腺癌细胞株中HMGA2蛋白的表达;将HMGA2 ASODN及其对照序列(空白对照和错配序列)通过脂质体转染MCF-7细胞,参照V lodavsky实验方法和采用Boyden小室法检测细胞的黏附能力和侵袭能力。结果 HMGA2 ASODN能特异性下调MCF-7细胞HMGA2蛋白表达,而且能抑制其细胞黏附和侵袭能力。结论 HMGA2 ASODN抑制乳腺癌细胞黏附和侵袭能力具有可行性。     

血管内皮生长因子反义寡核苷酸抑制甲状腺癌血管生成的效应

目的探讨反义寡核苷酸(ASODN)抑制甲状腺癌细胞血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达及内皮细胞生长的效应。方法设计合成靶向VEGF的ASODN转染人髓状甲状腺癌细胞系(TT)细胞,并制备相应条件培养基作用内皮细胞ECV304,设正义寡核苷酸(SODN)和空白对照组进行比较。观察细胞生长状态,RT PCR、免疫细胞化学法检测TT细胞VEGFmRNA和蛋白表达,四氮唑蓝法检测TT和ECV304细胞生长抑制率(IR),流式细胞仪、吖啶橙/溴化乙锭染色法检测ECV304细胞凋亡状态。结果ASODN组TT细胞VEGFmRNA和蛋白表达显著低于SODN和对照组(P<0.01),但IR差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);各转染组ECV304细胞IR差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05);而经各ASODN组TT细胞条件培养基作用的ECV304细胞生长明显受抑,IR(分别为0.21±0.03、0.31±0.01、0.42±0.22)显著高于SODN组(0.05±0.03,P<0.01),并伴明显细胞凋亡,上述效应呈浓度依赖性。结论ASODN可通过特异性封闭甲状腺癌细胞VEGF表达,抑制内皮细胞生长,干扰肿瘤血管生成。     

Effect of Weikangning on gastric cancer cell growth and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors KDR and Flt-1

AIM: To observe the effect of Chinese traditional herbal decoction Weikang-ning (WKN) on cell growth and expression of VEGF and its receptors KDR and Flt-1 in gastric cancer cell line MGC-803. METHODS: A total of 120 male Wistar rats were divided into control group, high dose, medium dose and low dose groups fed with natural saline, 20, 10, and 5 g/kg of WKN, respectively. The experimental animals were finally killed for the preparation of drug-containing serum. The gastric cancer cell MGC-803 was cultured with the drug-containing serum drawn from the rats in different groups. We observed the growth condition of the cancer cells with light microscope and flow cytometer. The expression of mRNA of VEGF and its receptors KDR and Flt-1 was detected with RT-PCR. RESULTS: The proportion of cells in G0-G1 phase was (65.40±0.41)%, (56.92±0.62)%, (55.89±0.69)% in high, medium and low dose groups respectively vs(41.35±0.55)% in control group (P<0.01), while the cells in G2-S and S phases were (11.62±0.62)% and (22.99±0.69)%, (17.08±0.80)% and (26.00±0.71)%, (19.37±0.57)% and (24.74±0.64)% in high, medium and low dose groups, respectively, vs(23.65±0.56)% and (35.00±0.60)% in control group (P<0.01). The expression of mRNA of VEGF and its receptors was significantly decreased, the area of electrophoresis bands (AREA), the absorptivity of mean optical density (A) and the product of AREA and A were significantly lower in WKN-administered groups than that in control group(P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The decoction of WKN suppresses the growth of gastric cancer cell MGC-803 and decreases the expression of mRNA of both VEGF and its receptors KDR and Flt-1.     

CRKL基因对K 562细胞的作用研究

目的：通过研究CRKL基因反义寡核苷酸（AODN）对K562细胞增殖及凋亡的作用。探讨CRKL基因对慢性粒细胞性白血病（CML）发病的影响。方法：应用CRKL基因反义寡核苷酸作用于K562细胞，通过^3H-TdR掺入，流式细胞术，Rt-PCR等方法观察K562细胞形态学，细胞周期，细胞动力学及基因表达等变化。结果：CRKL基因ASODN对K562细胞的增殖有抑制作用。并可诱导K562细胞的凋亡。结论：CRKL基因在CML的发病中可能有重要作用。     

细胞外信号调节激酶信号通路对乙醛刺激的大鼠肝星状细胞周期的影响

目的 观察特异性丝裂原细胞外信号反应激酶1(MEK 1)阻断剂(PD98059)对乙醛刺激的大鼠肝星状细胞(HSC)增殖及细胞周期的影响,并探讨其作用机制。 方法 用不同浓度的PD98059对乙醛刺激的HSC进行处理;以四甲基偶氮唑蓝法检测细胞增殖,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期,逆转录聚合酶链反应方法检测HSC内细胞周期蛋白-D1(Cyclin D1)mRNA和细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(CDK4)mRNA的表达。 结果 20、50、100μmol/L的PD98059均能显著且剂量依赖性地抑制乙醛刺激的HSC增殖,3组A值分别为0.109±0.020、0.081±0.010、0.056±0.020,与乙醛组A值0.146±0.030相比较,F=31.385,P<0.05;20、50、100 μmol/L的PD98059可显著抑制乙醛刺激的HSC由G1期进入S期,G0/G1期细胞百分比逐渐升高,3组G0/G1期细胞百分比分别为(61.9±6.3)％、(64.1±3.3)％、(70.9±4.8)％,与乙醛组(55.2±4.4)％相比较,F=16.402,P<0.05;50、100μmol/L的PD98059能显著抑制乙醛刺激的HSC内Cylin D1 mRNA表达,2组平均光强度比值分别为0.56±0.04,0.46±0.03,与乙醛组0.65±0.07相比较,F=68.758,P<0.05;50、100μmol/L的PD98059能显著抑制乙醛刺激的HSC内CDK4 mRNA表达,2组平均光强度比值分别为0.39±0.07,0.33±0.05,与乙醛组0.50±0.06相比较,F=29.406,P<0.05。 结     

Survivin antisense oligodeoxynucleotide inhibits growth of gastric cancer cells

AIM: To investigate the effect of transfected survivin antisense oligonucleotide (ASODN) on proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. METHODS: The authors designed ASODNs targeting different regions of survivin mRNA, including surviving ASODN1, ASODN2 and ASODN3. ASODNs were transfected into gastric cancer cell line SGC 7901, cell growth was detected by MTT assay. Cells exposed to the potent oligonucleotide were also examined for apoptosis induction by FCM and fluorescence microscopy. Semiquantitive RT-PCR and Western blot examinations were carried for expression of survivin mRNA and protein. RESULTS: ASODN3 caused a statistically significant reduction of cell viability to 60.6% (+/-2.9%) (P<0.01), while ASODN1 and ASODN2 had no such changes (P>0.05). The cell growth was also significantly inhibited by ASODN3, compared with reversal and scrambled sequence. A significant loss of survivin mRNA was presented in ASODN3 treated cells and this was not seen in treatment with sense ODN or scramble ODN. Protein level was significantly decreased 48 h after survivin ASODN trasfected by approximately 2-fold decrease compared with untreated controls. However, ASODN3 did not induce significant apoptosis response until 48 h after transfection (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: ASODN3, which targets translation initiation part, can be identified as a most potent antisense compound. Srvivin ASODN3 may provide a novel approach to therapy of gastric cancer.     

Survvin反义寡核苷酸诱导人胃癌细胞凋亡的作用

目的探讨生存素（Survivin）反义寡核苷酸（ASODN）诱导人胃癌细胞SGC7901凋亡的作用。方法设计合成特异性靶向Survivin的ASODN,将胃癌细胞株分为空白对照组（Sham组）、脂质体转染对照组（Lip组）、正义链转染对照组（Lip-SODN组）和ASODN转染组（Lip-ASODN组）。作用48h后,Westemblot法检测各组Survivin表达情况,流式细胞仪检测各组细胞凋亡率,免疫组化SP法检测细胞中PCNA表达情况。结果脂质体介导Survivin ASODN转染后的胃癌细胞Survivin蛋白表达明显下降;ASODN转染组细胞凋亡率明显高于各对照组（P均〈0．05）,各对照组间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。ASODN转染后胃癌细胞中PCNA表达水平明显降低。结论 Survivin ASODN转染胃癌细胞能下调Survivin蛋白表达,诱导胃癌细胞凋亡,抑制细胞增殖,具有明显的抗癌作用。     

Mouse osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) at different stages of differentiation have opposite effects on osteoclastic cell formation

Using our new culture system for multinucleate cells (MNCs) that have many characteristics of osteoclasts, we examined the effects of factors produced by osteoblastic cells on osteoclastic cell formation. Conditioned medium (CM) from undifferentiated osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells during their growth phase inhibited MNC formation in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3]. Diluted CM (1:81) from differentiated cells obtained after cultivation for more than 20 days stimulated MNC formation, but at lower dilutions inhibited their formation. Dialyzed CM (greater than 2000 mol wt) from the differentiated cells was more stimulatory than undialyzed CM and showed no inhibitory effect on MNC formation. The inhibitory effect was observed with filtered (less than 3000 mol wt) CMs and was specific for osteoblastic cell CM. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was detected in the CM from undifferentiated or differentiated MC3T3-E1 cells at concentrations (317 +/- 66 and 1287 +/- 179 pg/ml, respectively) sufficient to inhibit MNC formation, and this inhibition was partially abolished with CM (at 3-fold dilution) in indomethacin-treated cells (PGE2, less than 20 pg/ml), suggesting PGE2-mediated inhibition of MNC formation and the presence of another factor(s) besides PGE2 that influenced MNC formation. In contrast to day 3 CM plus 1,25-(OH)2D3, day 60 CM plus 1,25-(OH)2D3 induced MNC formation even in the absence of GM-CSF, and this induction was inhibited by an antibody to GM-CSF. Secondary colony formation assays showed the presence of a GM-CSF-like factor in the day 60 CM. These findings indicate that osteoblastic cells are involved in the process of osteoclastic cell formation, with at least two soluble factors produced by osteoblasts, a GM-CSF-like factor, which is stimulatory, and PGE2, which is inhibitory. The effects of CMs also differed depending on the stage of osteoblast differentiation.     

Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) stimulates thyroid cell proliferation via a vascular endothelial growth factor/kinase insert domain receptor/inhibitor of DNA binding-3 autocrine pathway

CONTEXT: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) exerts its biological effects by binding to the tyrosine kinase receptors VEGF receptor type 1 (VEGFR1/Flt-1) and VEGFR2 (Flk-1/KDR). Kinase insert domain receptor (KDR) is the critical receptor controlling proliferation and migration of endothelial cells and has been shown to be expressed in some nonendothelial cells. We recently reported that the proangiogenic pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) stimulates VEGF and up-regulates inhibitor of DNA binding-3 (ID3), an important gene in VEGF-dependent angiogenesis. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to test whether VEGF, ID3, and KDR confer a PTTG-mediated effect on thyroid cell growth. DESIGN: Gene expression, MAPK stimulation, and cell proliferation were assessed in follicular thyroid cancer FTC133 cells. Gene expression and clinical associations were determined in 21 normal and 38 tumorous thyroid specimens (nine follicular and 29 papillary). RESULTS: ID3 correlated with VEGF mRNA expression in our series of thyroid cancers, which also showed up-regulated KDR mRNA. Stimulation of FTC133 cells with exogenous VEGF enhanced ID3 expression, which could be abrogated by the KDR-specific inhibitor ZM323881, suggesting that VEGF regulation of ID3 is KDR dependent. PTTG significantly correlated with KDR mRNA expression in our thyroid cancer cohort and up-regulated KDR and VEGF expression in FTC133 cells. Finally, cells transfected with PTTG demonstrated increased cell proliferation and phosphorylation of MAPK, which was abrogated by ZM323881. CONCLUSIONS: We report the presence of a VEGF/KDR/ID3-dependent autocrine pathway in FTC133 thyroid cells. By up-regulating both VEGF and KDR expression, we propose a novel PTTG-mediated proliferative pathway that may be critical to thyroid cancer growth and progression.     

端粒酶hTR反义寡核苷酸对K562细胞端粒酶活性的影响

目的：探讨端粒酶RNA反义寡核苷酸（antisense oligodeoxynucleotide,ASODN)对人白血病K562细胞端粒酶活性及细胞生长的影响。方法：应用与人端粒酶RNA组分模板区互补的硫代ASODN处理K562细胞，用端粒酶重复扩增分析（telomere repeat amplification protocol,TRAP)-PCR-ELISA检测法观察端粒酶活性的变化；用Annexin V分析法及流式细胞术检测凋亡细胞。结果：经ASODN作用后，细胞端粒酶活性明显受到抑制，并与ASODN的浓度和处理时间相关。作用5d后，凋亡细胞明显增加。结论：端粒酶RNA模板区ASODN可明显抑制白血病K562细胞端粒酶活性，抑制细胞生长和增殖，诱导细胞凋亡，可能成为白血病基因治疗新靶点。     

MUC2反义脱氧寡核苷酸对胃癌细胞体外黏附侵袭活性的影响

目的 探讨黏蛋白MUC2反义脱氧寡核苷酸（ASODN）对人胃癌细胞株SGC7901黏附侵袭活性的影响。方法 采用人工合成的MUC2 ASODN经阳离子脂质体包裹后转染入SGC7901细胞中,采用黏附试验、Boyden小室体外侵袭试验观察比较转染前后癌细胞黏附率,穿膜细胞相对百分率及组织蛋白酶D、钙黏蛋白表达的变化。结果 转染SGC7901细胞48h后,癌细胞黏附率在30、60、90、120min各时间段逐渐升高,但低于空白对照组（P均〈0．01）;转染后癌细胞穿膜细胞相对百分率明显下降;转染后SGC7901细胞的E-钙黏蛋白表达明显增高,组织蛋白酶D水平明显降低。结论 人工合成的MUC2 ASODN能有效抑制胃癌细胞株SGC7901黏附侵袭能力。     

Differential TIMP3 expression affects tumor progression and angiogenesis in melanomas through regulation of directionally persistent endothelial cell migration

The angiogenic potential of solid tumors, or the ability to initiate neovasculature development from pre-existing host vessels, is facilitated by soluble factors secreted by tumor cells and involves breaching of extracellular matrix barriers, endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, migration and reassembly. We evaluated the angiogenic potential of human melanoma cell lines differing in their degree of aggressiveness, based on their ability to regulate directionally persistent EC migration. We observed that conditioned-medium (CM) of the aggressive melanoma cell line BLM induced a high effective migratory response in ECs, while CMs of Mel57 and 1F6 had an inhibitory effect. Further, the melanoma cell lines exhibited a varied expression profile of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP3), detectable in the CM. TIMP3 expression inversely correlated with aggressiveness of the melanoma cell line, and ability of the respective CMs to induce directed EC migration. Interestingly, TIMP3 expression was found to be silenced in the BLM cell line, concurrent with its role as a tumor suppressor. Treatment with recombinant human TIMP3 and CM of modified, TIMP3 expressing, BLM cells mitigated directional EC migration, while CM of TIMP3 silenced 1F6 cells induced directed EC migration. The functional implication of TIMP3 expression on tumor growth and angiogenic potential in melanoma was evaluated in vivo. We observed that TIMP3 expression reduced tumor growth, angiogenesis and macrophage infiltration of BLM tumors while silencing TIMP3 increased tumor growth and angiogenesis of 1F6 tumors. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TIMP3 expression correlates with inhibition of directionally persistent EC migration and adversely affects the angiogenic potential and growth of melanomas.     

Expression of heparanase mRNA in anti-sense oligonucleotide-transfected human esophageal cancer EC9706 cells

AIM: To investigate the effects of anti-sense oligonudeotides (ASODNs) on mRNA expression of heparanase in human esophageal cancer EC9706 cells. METHODS: One non-sense oligonucleotide (N-ODN) and five ASODNs against different heparanase mRNA sites were transfected into EC9706 cells, then the expression of heparanase mRNA in EC9706 cells was studied by in situ hybridization. RESULTS: The expression of heparanase mRNA could be inhibited by ASODNs.There was no significant difference among five ASODNs (P>0.05), but there was a significant difference between ASODNs and N-ODN or non-transfected group (ASODN1: 2.25±0.25, ASODN2: 2.21±0.23, ASODN3: 2.23±0.23, ASODN4: 2.25±0.24 vs N-ODN: 3.47±2.80 or non- transfected group: 3.51±2.93 respectively,P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The expression of heparanase mRNA in EC9706 cells can be inhibited by ASODNs in vivo, and heparanase ASODNs can inhibit metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma or other tumors by inhibiting the expression of heparanase.     

Inhibitory effect of endostatin expressed by human liver carcinoma SMMC7721 on endothelial cell proliferation in vitro

AIM: To construct a stable transfectant of human liver carcinoma cell line SMMC7721 that could secret human endostatin and to explore the effect of human endostatin expressed by the transfectant on endothelial cell proliferation. METHODS: Recombinant retroviral plasmid pLncx-Endo containing the cDNA for human endostatin gene together with rat albumin signal peptide was engineered and transferred into SMMC7721 cell by lipofectamine. After selection with G418, endostatin-transfected SMMC7721 cells were chosen and expanded. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot were used to detect the expression of human endostatin in transfected SMMC7721 cells and its medium. The conditioned medium of endostatin-transfected and control SMMC7721 cells were collected to cultivate with human umbilical vein endothelial cells for 72 hours. The inhibitory effect of endostatin, expressed by transfected SMMC7721 cells, on endothelial proliferation in vitro was observed by using MTT assay. RESULTS: A 550 bp specific fragment of endostatin gene was detected from the PCR product of endostatin-transfected SMMC7721 cells. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis confirmed the expression and secretion of foreign human endostatin protein by endostatin-transfected SMMC7721 cells. In vitro endothelial proliferation assay showed that 72 hours after cultivation with human umbilical vein endothelial cells, the optical density (OD) in group using the medium from endostatin-transfected SMMC7721 cells was 0.51 +/- 0.06, lower than that from RPMI 1640 group (0.98 +/- 0.09) or that from control plasmid pLncx-transfected SMMC7721 cells (0.88 +/- 0.11). The inhibitory rate for medium from endostatin-transfected SMMC7721 cells was 48%, significantly higher than that from empty plasmid pLncx-transfected SMMC7721 cells (10.2%, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Human endostatin can be stably expressed by SMMC7721 cell transferred with human endostatin gene and its product can significantly inhibit the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cell in vitro.     

导入外源肝细胞生长因子基因对肝细胞增殖的影响

目的 利用重组腺病毒载体将外源人肝细胞生长因子(HGF)基因导入原代培养的大鼠肝细胞, 观察HGF表达对肝细胞增殖特性的影响。方法 同源重组构建表达HGF的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒AdHGF,用 其感染原代培养的肝细胞。逆转录聚合酶链反应检测肝细胞HGF和c—met(HGF受体)mRNA的表达;酶联免 疫吸附实验测定培养上清液中HGF水平。MTS测定感染前后细胞增殖情况;流式细胞仪测定细胞周期的变化; 细胞免疫荧光法检测HGF基因导入后增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达。结果 同源重组获得约4×10~(10)efu/ml 滴度的AdHGF。AdHGF感染原代培养肝细胞后,肝细胞HGF和c-met mRNA表达均明显上调;细胞上清液 中HGF分泌水平显著增加,达到(5 939.00±414.39)pg/ml(F=13.661,P<0.01)。细胞增殖能力增强(F ≥15.158,P<0.01),细胞周期由G_0/G_1期向S期转化(X~2=41.616,P<0.01);细胞免疫荧光法提示HGF 基因导入后PCNA指数显著提高(F=42.122,P<0.01)。结论 通过重组腺病毒载体将外源HGF基因 导入肝细胞后可维持HGF高效表达并能促进肝细胞增殖,是基因修饰供体肝细胞、增强肝细胞移植治疗效 果的有效方法。     

反义miRNA-21/rAV-Tumstatin腺病毒载体对膀胱癌细胞生长的抑制作用

目的探讨反义miRNA-21/rAV-Tumstatin腺病毒载体双靶向治疗对裸鼠原位膀胱移植瘤生长的抑制作用。方法应用携带反义miRNA-21/rAV-Tumstatin的载体经尿道膀胱灌注治疗移植癌,采用二苯基溴化四氮唑蓝(MTT)法测定瘤细胞的增殖,原位末端标记(TUNEL)法检测瘤细胞的凋亡。结果 MTT法检测结果显示,反义miRNA-21,rAV-Tumstatin和联合应用组细胞的增殖率分别为48.7%±6.2%、35.8%±9.4%和27.8%±3.7%,均明显低于对照组(92.8%±7.4%,P<0.01)。TUNEL法检测结果提示,四组的瘤细胞凋亡率依次是:联合用药组(79.3%±4.1%),反义miRNA-21组(51.2%±7.5%),rAV-Tumstatin组(57.8%±6.9%),对照组(8.3%±2.6%),组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。用载体分别治疗的三组成瘤裸鼠的肿瘤生长均受到不同程度的抑制,但是联合应用组肿瘤生长更缓慢,与另外两组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),而且自28 d始其肿瘤生长几乎处于停滞状态。结论反义miRNA-21和rAV-Tumstatin单独应用虽也能不同程度地通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导其凋亡,从而遏制膀胱癌细胞生长,但针对致癌基因和抑癌基因的双位靶向用药,疗效显著优于单一用药,也更接近理想治疗。