星形细胞瘤中肿瘤抑制基因及生物学标记表达的研究

目的:检测30例不同病理级别星形细胞瘤中p53基因的表达状况及肿瘤其它生物学特性.方法:采用常规HE染色及免疫组织化学技术检测30例标本中p53、PCNA、GFAP、VIM、S-100的表达.结果:P53免疫组化染色阳性率随病理级别增高而增高,Ⅳ级阳性率 83.3%,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级15.4%,且不同级别染色程度也有差异;PCNA均呈阳性,Ⅳ级病例染色阳性强度大于Ⅰ级.GFAP、S-100随病理级别升高而阳性率降低,VIM却随级别升高而升高.结论:检测P53基因突变产物,可判断星形细胞瘤恶性程度与预后,P53基因在星形细胞瘤发展、演化中有重要作用.PCNA可反映星形细胞瘤增殖活性及恶性程度,GFAP、VIM、S-100的测定也可了解其分化程度,三者结合,可增加判断的准确性.     

GFAP、Vimentin、VEGF和p53的表达与星形细胞瘤预后的相关性研究

目的探讨胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、波形蛋白(Vimentin)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和p53的表达与星形细胞瘤预后的关系。方法采用免疫组化SP法,检测GFAP、Vimentin、VEGF和p53在星形细胞瘤的表达,将其结果与预后随访结果作综合性分析。结果Ⅰ-Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤患者之间,2年生存率及5年生存率之间有显著性差异(P<0.01)。随病理级别增高,GFAP阳性细胞数递减,而Vimentin阳性细胞数递增,Vimentin/GFAP比值亦呈上升趋势。在星形细胞瘤中VEGF和p53的阳性表达率分别为64.1%和47.2%,其表达与病理学分级呈正相关。结论GFAP、Vimentin、VEGF和p53是评价星形细胞瘤病人预后的重要指标。     

脑星形细胞瘤癌基因表达

52例星形细胞瘤应用免疫组化方法,检测癌基因p~(53)、C-erbB-2及增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的表达,结果发现①p53异常表达率为41.2%(24/52),C-erbB-2过度表达率为39%(20/52),PCNA(PI>0.05)增殖指数为77%(40/52),与对照组正常脑组织对比有显著差异(P<0.001).②p53,C-erbB-2,PCNA异常表达与病理级别有明显相关性.病理Ⅲ,Ⅳ级的阳性率分别为80%(16/20),40%(8/20),100%(20/20),(P0.05);C-erbB-2阳性组,PCNA指数;0.361±0.27,阴性组PCNA指数;0.399±0.39,两组间亦无差异(P>0.05).④11例胶质增生组织有1例(9%)显示p53表达,C-erbB-2,PCNA无表达.随访3年,病变复发,病理证实为星形细胞瘤Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,C-erbB-2,PCNA表达.结果提示:①星形细胞瘤p53、C-erbB-2及PCNA的异常表达可作为星形细胞瘤恶性程度及病人预后的指标,以p53过度表达尤为重要;②3种抗体的联合应用对星形细胞瘤发病机理研究及预测早癌发生有一定价值,p53异常表达主要是影响星形细胞瘤的分化,而C-erbB-2对肿瘤进展早期起一定作用.③胶质增生的胶质细胞具有恶性表型.     

星形细胞瘤中肿瘤抑制基因p53的表达及PCNA,GFA …

目的 检测３０例不同病理级别星形细胞瘤标本中ｐ５３基因的表达状况及肿瘤其它生物学特性。方法 采用常规ＨＥ染色及免疫组化技术检测３０例标本中ｐ５３，增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）胶质纤维酸性蛋白（ＧＦＡＰ）波形蛋白（ＶＩＭ），Ｓ１００蛋白的表达。结果 ｐ５３免疫组化染色阳性率随病理级别增高而增高，Ⅳ级染色阳性率８３．３％，Ⅰ～Ⅱ级１５．４％，且不同级别染色有差异；ＰＣＮＡ均呈阳性，Ⅳ级病理染色阳性强度大     

脑星形细胞瘤癌基因表达

52例星形细胞瘤应用免疫组化方法，检测癌基困P^53、C-erbB-2及增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的表达，结果发现④p53异常表达率为41.2%(24／52),C-erbB-2过度表达率为39%(20／52)，PCNA(PI>0．05)增殖指数为77%(40／52)，与对照组正常脑组织对比有显差异(P<0.01)。②p53，C-erbB-2，PCNA异常表达与病理级别有明显相关性。病理Ⅲ，Ⅳ级的阳性率分别为80%(16/20)，40%(8／20)，100%(20／20)，(P<0.001)；Ⅱ级的阳性率为33．3％(8／24)，50％(12／24)，83．3%(20／24)，(P<0．01)：Ⅰ级的阳性率为0：③p53阳性组，PCNA指数(PI)；0.552±0.322，阴性组PCNA指数为024±0．308，两组间无差异(P>0．05)；C-erbB-2阳性组，PCNA指数：0．361±0.27，阴性组PCNA指数：0．399±0.39，两组间亦无差异(P>0．05)．④11例胶质增生组织有1例(9％)显示p53表达，C-erbB-2，PCNA无表达：随访3年，病变复发，病理证实为星形细胞瘤Ⅰ～Ⅱ级，C-erbB-2，PCNA表达。结果提示：①星形细胞瘤p53、C-erbB-2及PCNA的异常表达可作为星形细胞瘤恶性程度及病人预后的指标，以p53过度表达尤为重要；②3种抗体的联合应用对星形细胞瘤发病机理研究及预测早癌发生有一定价值，p53异常表达主要是影响星形细胞瘤的分化，而C-erbB-2对肿瘤进展早期起一定作用。③胶质增生的胶质细胞具有恶性表型。     

PCNA和GFAP在脑星形胶质细胞瘤中表达的双重染色研究

目的研究人脑星形胶质细胞瘤中增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）和胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的表达及其与肿瘤分级的关系。方法采用免疫组化双重染色法对41例人脑星形胶质细胞瘤进行PCNA和GFAP两重标记检测。结果脑星形胶质细胞瘤中PCNA与GFAP表达率均为100％，PCNA表达水平与肿瘤分级呈正相关（r=-0．627，P〈0．01），GFAP表达水平与肿瘤分级呈负相关（r=-0．568，P〈0．01）；Ⅰ-Ⅱ级与Ⅲ-Ⅳ级胶质瘤间PCNA和GFAP表达均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）；GFAP表达和PCNA表达水平呈负相关（r=-0．332，P〈0．05）。结论PCNA与GFAP的表达有一定的相关性。PCNA与GFAP的双重表达与脑星形胶质细胞瘤的增殖活性和恶性程度有关。     

PTEN／MMAC1基因表达与星形细胞瘤细胞增殖的相关性研究

目的研究人脑星形细胞瘤中PTEN/MMAC1基因编码蛋白的表达和星形细胞瘤增殖的关系,探讨PTEN/MMAC1基因突变在人脑星形细胞瘤增殖中的作用。方法应用PCR-SSCP、SP免疫组织化学法检测了52例星形细胞瘤中PTEN/MMAC1基因突变及表达情况,和肿瘤细胞核增殖抗原(PCNA)增殖程度;并用SPSS10.0统计软件分析PTEN/MMAC1基因表达与PCNA的关系。结果52例人脑星形细胞瘤中,PTEN/MMAC1蛋白表达缺失率约40.4%(21/52)。PTEN/MMAC1表达与肿瘤病理分级有显著关系,其中Ⅰ-Ⅱ级阳性率约80.0%,Ⅲ级约55.0%、Ⅳ级为33.3%,各级别组PTEN/MMAC1表达的差异有显著性(P<0.01);PTEN/MMAC1表达程度与星形细胞瘤的增殖呈显著负相关(r=-0.846,P<0.01)。结论PTEN/MMAC1表达与星形细胞瘤的恶性程度有关系,恶性程度越高,病人预后越差,该蛋白水平越低,肿瘤细胞的恶性增殖越明显。     

Survivin、PTEN蛋白在脑星形细胞瘤中的表达及其相关性

目的 探讨Survivin、PTEN蛋白在脑星形细胞瘤中的表达及其相关性.方法 应用免疫组化SP法,检测65例脑星形细胞瘤患者的肿瘤标本中Survivin、PTEN蛋白的表达.结果 不同级别间的脑星形细胞瘤Survivin 蛋白的表达阳性率差异有统计学意义,Ⅱ级显著低于Ⅲ级与Ⅳ级(均P＜0.05);不同级别间PTEN蛋白表达的阳性率差异有统计学意义,Ⅱ级显著高于Ⅲ级与Ⅳ级(P＜0.05,P＜0.001);两者在脑星形细胞瘤中的表达呈负相关(r=-0.5367,P＝0.002).结论 Survivin、PTEN蛋白的表达与脑星形细胞瘤形成有关,抑癌基因PTEN的突变与Survivin基因的表达可能在星形细胞瘤的恶性进展中起协同作用.     

增殖细胞核抗原在星形细胞瘤中表达的研究

对３３例星形细胞瘤标本进行增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）抗体免疫组化标记。结果表明：ＰＣＮＡ阳性细胞数随肿瘤的恶性度增高而升高，各级星形细胞瘤的ＰＣＮＡ阳性细胞数除Ⅰ级与Ⅱ级之间无显著差异外（Ｐ＞０．０５），其余各级间都有非常显著的差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），而且Ⅰ、Ⅱ级与Ⅲ、Ⅳ级间有非常显著的差异。提示星形细胞瘤ＰＣＮＡ阳性细胞数与肿瘤的分级有密切的关系，ＰＣＮＡ表达水平能较客观地反映肿瘤的恶性程度，可作为临床评价星形细胞瘤生物学行为及病人预后的参考指标。     

神经胶质细胞瘤增殖细胞核抗原定量分析

目的:探讨神经胶质细胞瘤增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的变化。方法:对51例神经胶质细胞瘤作SP免疫组化染色,并以真彩色图像分析系统检测,结合PCNA指数计数分析。结果:Ⅱ级以上神经胶质细胞瘤PCNA表达高于Ⅰ级神经胶质细胞瘤(P<0.05);PCNA阳性核面积及着色度定量测定可用于Ⅱ级与Ⅲ、Ⅳ级神经胶质细胞瘤的鉴别(P<0.05);Ⅲ级与Ⅳ级肿瘤PCNA表达无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:PCNA表达与胶质细胞瘤分级相关,定量分析对胶质细胞瘤恶性程度的判定有意义。     

Customer, Client, Consumer, Recipient, or Patient

Since the arrival of managed care, there has been a trend toward changing the basic terminology used to address clinicians and patients. Instead of the term patient, third party payors frequently use terms such as customer, client, consumer or recipient. One study demonstrated that patients prefer to be called patients. To investigate the preferred term to refer to patients and to be referred to by patients, we mailed a questionnaire to 100 physicians in four medical specialties each and to 100 psychologists. The overall response rate was 61%. Physicians overwhelmingly preferred to refer to patients by the patient's last name, their second preference was the patient's first name. Psychologists preferred to refer to the patients by first name, their second preference was the patient's last name. No group favored using terms such as client, customer, consumer, or recipient. Most physicians and psychologists preferred being referred to as doctors and nobody favored the term provider.     

Fasciitis, perimyositis, myositis, polymyositis, and eosinophilia

Several groups of cases of fasciitis and myositis with eosinophilia are reported. The common features are inflammation into fascia and/or perimysium, and/or muscle fibers; eosinophilia in blood and/or in muscle biopsy. The following classification of 24 cases is suggested: at one end of the spectrum are fasciitis with eosinophilia: diffuse fasciitis (Shulman syndrome): 10 cases (3 with hematological complications); 2 cases of diffuse fasciitis with muscle atrophy; 3 cases of restricted fasciitis. Relapsing perimyositis with eosinophilia belong to the same spectrum, either diffuse (5 cases) with myalgias, or localized (2 cases). Other cases are focal myositis or multiple myositis, polymyositis with eosinophilia. The relationship among these cases is discussed. There is a continuum among the different groups. The pathophysiology remains unknown.     

高海拔地区缺血性卒中患者单核 细胞/HDL-C比值与脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的相关性

目的 研究高海拔地区缺血性卒中患者单核细胞/HDL-C比值（monocyte/HDL-C ratio,MHR）与颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄（intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,ICSA）程度的相关性。 方法 回顾性连续纳入2017年6月-2021年6月在青海省人民医院住院治疗的高海拔地区（海拔2260～4080?m）的急性缺血性卒中患者,依据DSA上脑血管狭窄程度（以狭窄最严重的动脉为准）分为无狭窄组、轻度狭窄（狭窄率≤50%）组、中度狭窄（狭窄率50%～70%）组、重度狭窄（狭窄率≥70%）组及闭塞（100%）组。比较5组患者的临床资料、实验室检查指标和MHR,并采用logistic回归模型计算不同程度血管狭窄的独立危险因素。 结果 共纳入349例患者,其中无狭窄组69例、轻度狭窄组78例、中度狭窄组41例、重度狭窄组84例、闭塞组77例。5组中年龄、性别分布、吸烟、饮酒、高血压、糖尿病比例方面差异均有统计学意义,实验室检查中白细胞、单核细胞、中性粒细胞、血小板计数以及血红蛋白、HDL-C水平和MHR差异也有统计学意义。多因素logistic回归分析显示,相对于无动脉狭窄,高龄为脑血管轻度狭窄（OR?1.061,95%CI?1.027～1.097,P＜0.001）,中度狭窄（OR?1.057,95%CI?1.017～1.099,P＝0.005）,重度狭窄（OR?1.096,95%CI?1.057～1.137,P＜0.001）,闭塞（OR?1.036,95%CI?1.001～1.072,P＝0.046）的独立危险因素;相对于无动脉狭窄,高MHR为轻度狭窄（OR?1.041,95%CI?1.009～1.074,P＝0.011）,中度狭窄（OR?1.082,95%CI?1.045～1.119,P＜0.001）,重度狭窄（OR?1.096,95%CI?1.062～1.131,P＜0.001）,闭塞（OR?1.101,95%CI?1.067～1.136,P＜0.001）的独立危险因素;相对于无动脉狭窄,单核细胞计数升高是中度狭窄（OR?1.684,95%CI?1.569～2.725,P=0.027）、重度狭窄（OR?3.529,95%CI?1.541～5.766,P=0.002 ）和闭塞（OR?5.446,95%CI?4.453～6.917,P=0.002）的独立危险因素。 结论 高龄、高MHR和单核细胞计数升高在高海拔地区对急性缺血性卒中患者的脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄程度具有一定预测价值。     

Pregabalin effect on steady-state pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, topiramate, valproate, and tiagabine

By reducing neuronal excitability through selective binding to the α(2)δ subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels, pregabalin effectively treats epilepsy, chronic pain, and anxiety disorders. To evaluate if pregabalin coadministration affects pharmacokinetics of other antiepileptic drugs, population pharmacokinetic analyses using NONMEM software were performed on data from three epilepsy trials involving seven antiepileptic drugs with pregabalin as add-on therapy. Results demonstrated that pregabalin did not alter the steady-state plasma concentrations of carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, tiagabine, topiramate, and valproate. Furthermore, the small percent change in the population estimate of antiepileptic drug plasma clearance values (-2% to +7%) suggests that pregabalin coadministration exerted no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of these antiepileptic drugs, with the possible exception of tiagabine (+34.9%). These findings are in agreement with those of previously published reports. A further clarification study is necessary for tiagabine. In conclusion, it appears that pregabalin can be coadministered with other antiepileptic drugs without concern for significantly altering their pharmacokinetic profiles.     

Clobazam, Oxcarbazepine, Tiagabine, Topiramate, and Other New Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Clinical investigators recently have studied at least 21 new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in people with epilepsy. This review briefly examines 15 of these new AEDs: clobazam (CLB), dezinamide, flunarizine (FNR), loreclezole, milacemide (MLM), MK-801, nafimidone, ORG-6370, oxcarbazepine (OCBZ), progabide (PGB), ralitoline, stiripentol, tiagabine (TGB), topiramate (TPM), and zonisamide (ZNS). CLB, PGB, and TGB represent agents that act on the GABA system, and MLM acts on the glycine system. MK-801 and ZNS (in part) are excitatory amino acid antagonists, and FNR is a calcium-channel antagonist. OCBZ is a keto analogue of carbam-azepine, which is not metabolized to the epoxide and may have fewer side effects. The remaining agents are novel compounds with a variety of suspected mechanisms. TPM appears especially effective for intractable partial seizures but has a high incidence of cognitive side effects. None of these new AEDs is useful for all patients with inadequate seizure control or ongoing toxicity. The role of each will require further clinical study and experience.     

Consecutive Gas Chromatographic Determination of Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Primidone, Phenylethylmalondiamide, Carbamazepine, Trimethadione, Dimethadione, Ethosuximide, and Valproate from the Same Serum Specimen

A quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the consecutive determination of phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, phenylethylmalondiamide, carbamazepine, trimethadione, dimethadione, ethosuximide and valproate from a single serum specimen of 1.2 ml. After extraction from serum by two different procedures, the anticonvulsants are chromatographed without further purification on a 3% OV 17 column either with or without derivative formation by means of "on-column" methylation. Multiple internal standards are employed in order to enhance the reproducibility of drug-concentration measurement.